Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
NGHllN DUU U U l i u ! PHAT TRIEN NANG LUIC GIAI TOAN CHO SINH VIEN THONG QUA VIEC REN LUYEN KHA NANG UEN TU^NG IRJM TMIT HOikNG HEN DMNBll l lKMnilUp E>altinniieiiita,ealtinniieiiita,e^">"''"9dy22/d^Uld:Nhdnketgudphdnbi,„vdchlnhsUangdyig/y/20,e:T>uy,tddng„gdy27/,/20m 1, Dat vfn ffl ' trgng hon viec giSi quyit va'n d i dd vl glii quye? chl l i n«l"; , ^ " 'nhan f - " ^ qui ^ i " v i khdng gian va thdi gian; Liin tuong " • " ? " ''ens (/i"/et Uin tddng vdo i^ud (rin/i rfoy ligc gidl tdan •' S i ' l i f d , ' , ? '"-™;? ' T ' " " ' ' ° " " ' v kinh'nghiir; Neu lin dugc van de mdi, nhflng ning mdi nhin r^hjn van d i cQ dudi mot gdc mdi ddi hd, phi cd rl hi-t ?,,"ã ''L"^-*""'' "^fc "'P'''ô" " " * " » 'hue chat l i day k S l S " " r t " ' " ! ; •'^" " " ^ * ' " Kd thit su cda hmh kien thuc khoa hgc, KN theo co chi hlnh ^^d^ llTV'^" " " " ' '^ '"">"'> « m « hoc da duoc thinh cac moi liin tudng (2: tr.821 Cich day niy cd cic v,n dung nh^u vao trdng day hoc (DH va cd tic dac tn/ng sau: n ^ K " " , ' " " " ' * " " a» hay dinh hfldng tim ldi hn h'a^.il';"^'' "* " * ' ' ' " " °" '* ™"g ca'p cho ngudi g^il, khai thac Id, gii, cfla bi, toan vi sang tao bi, toan ci- hinh T V " " " • " " " "^"3 " ' " " S «" chda mdl, gdp phSn phit tnin nang luc giii toin (NLGT) chC cac hmh inh, bieu tucing, kmh nghiim de ngudi hoc Sep nhan va lien ket tn thflc cua minh; giup ngfldi hoc w S t t T ^ * ' " * * * " ' ' ' ™ "=""?>'Toin Trong each go, racactri thflc, kinh nghiim d i cd liin kitcictri oui trfnh ,^' h ;;"2 " ' ' ^*" ''""S " ' " y ^ ' «*" " " n g «io tfiuc md, v i cu, khai thac cic mdi lien kit mdt cich chu hil , n l „ uf T.V""'"^ " ' " " " 9'*' ' * khai thic each g,J, , h ™ ?^'' = ^^™ =="S tao d i hlnh tn thflc mdi ,1m i ; " ' ; ^ ' ' " "> " > 9i"P ^V nhin tha-y ring viic theo cac luat lien tudng nhat dmh tin, Id, g,i, bi, toin Hlnh hoc cd nhiiu each Qua dd Irhd-" h° * * *^-^\ ' " ' ' ' " ' ' " ' ' " h , cflng cd, luu gio v i kho, phuc cac mo, hen tudng Ngudi hoc sfl dung cic giic quan de thu nhin cic hinh inh cim tlnh, cic thd^g i l Mdtsd ndi dung cabin vi thuyit lidn tirtno kft cic h i n h ' h ' i ' " ' ' ' ^ - " ' * " ' " " " S «« »"S loc Bin hoc m^nJ"!!,""^'^'' " " " " S phi, trie-t hoc - t i r j II c CO chi c ' "LT.""; ^ " * "">"9 mdi; sfldung S c v l cic 1^- h ; • * ! '"" 5'" " ' " ' * *"h " " « tri f i r OB u n'S'l"' cam Anh Theo Tfl dien Tling Mit cic Jnh „ h " "t""" "' " " K " " ^ " """"S; khdi phuc tic gii Hoang Phe da giii nghla "Liin tudng cd nghla la cac kinh nghiem tinh hudng can thift v i l , , , * ; , ! " " ' : ' ' * " ^ ™ ^ * ' ! ! " " ! ™ " ' " ' n h d , tuduy inJm?hflrd""'"-?f''"=-""'3*==""klin,hlnh Z l Ein'tfldngTl "tr l ^ "" '' '"'" *'"• '""' '^ cic h nh i l t " ' " ' *•?" " ' f c '*"> Sifc' hlnh thinh c1c m d n S , ; « " ° - ' " ' * * " * " * " S " " hoc xac lip a i c f l ^ ^ S S m r ' ^ ' " ' ^ - " * " = ' ^ = ^ - cac moi i,er^ tuong; giup ngudi hoc dn luyin, cflnq cd cir ,h»?h "f- ' ' ? ' " l * " ' quy dinh bdi Sd linh hoat cua kho phuc va sing tao cac md, liin tudng Phuing cham chunn,,^ " I," f ° ' ! ' " ""^0 ™ •»" ' " S ' "hfc lai cua cine t'-.'J"- " " ? " " " " I " " " ^ " l l - ' " kion cho nguS siphittnSn h f "S'^'^iT- ™=° "f™ " "S'C Nin tfldng, hoc hoc cing tot de ngudi hoc cd nhiiu Cd hdi tao cac r n * Sfl phit tr en nhin thdc IJ qua trinh tich luy cac mdi lien lien tudng, luyen tip vi khdi phuc chung Udng, sukhacbietvi trlnh d d n h a n t h f l c d d d c q ^ S ' ^ ' ' ° " - ' ! « ' lion tudng dua IflSg dd ™ ' ' " " " " * " * ' « ' " * hoat hda cicVdi Nen trin tSl^u"i!"i!™' tren hen de ia hmh thflc, ndi dung va phUdnq nhin oHi ba, toan TU hinh thUc v i no, dung cOa g i ? „ i n ^ S nh,-J " ' ?*? "^" ""*"g ''"CC hlnh dfla trin cua i n l u r ' ^ h " " ' " " " " " " S Phip giii toin PhUdng thU? nhui^g quy luit: Quy ludt tuons tu, Quy ludt tdoni nhdn lien tudng thUdng cd dang: b i n tudng dinh nqhia Bin tddng: Liin tudng gidng nhau; Liin tudng tuong « r , " u i ; * t - ' ' ™ ? " ^ ' ' ' ^ " ^ ' ' ' ' ' ' * " « * " h " n g v t ' de da tung giii quye,; Liin tudng din phUdng phip, kl sAl32-TlUNGS/Z0ie>S7 I NGHIEN cuu U UIAN xao I h u d n g d u n g (Xem So 1) Cac gidi p h a p r^n luyen khA n i n g lien tUAi^ cho sinh viSn g l d i t o d n Hinh hgc - Gidi phdp 1: Tdp luyen eho SV thac hdnh vdn difitf kien thdc thadng xuyen de SV ndm vdng kien thde Idma sd tiin hdnh cdc HD lien tadng Saddl Cdc phaang thae lien tadng Su lien tudng the hien ro qua hai edng cu eua qua Trong HD giSi t o a n , viec nam vCmg kien t h d e l J o sd d e tien hanh cac HD lien t u d n g , sU hieu biet vJ cfc, kien thdc t o a n hpe eang s3u s3e t h i lien tUdng cangdj dang, ChSng han, neu k h o n g n i m v d n g cac kien thft eo ban ve dau hieu nhan biet eae hinh n h U hlnh t A i hanh, hinh t h o i , hlnh e h d nhat thi k h o n g t h e g i S i d i ^ n h d n g bai toan hen quan den c h u n g , d d , khdng ttf t i e n hanh eae HD Ii6n t u d n g de khai thae eae each gSI khae eCia bai t o a n hay p h a t hien bai toan mcS trinh giai toan la phep suy nguac ICii va ban gOi y cua Polya: - Lien t u d n g phep suy nguoc ILII la hen t u d n g nhan qua, thu'dng duoe ddng d e t l m I d i g i a i T a e o s o d o eua phep suy ngUoc lul A^ => A^ , => „ => A^ ; ^ A| = • A, tdc la m u d n ehdng minh A thi ta can ehdng m i n h A^, mudn ehdng mmh A, thi ta ean ehung m m h A^, , euoi cung m u d n chdng minh A^_| thl ta ean chdng m m h A Khi A^ la dieu da biet (tien de, d m h II, d m h nghia, „) thi ddng lal - Ban g o i y cua Polya va mdi lien he vdi eae p h u o n g thde lien t u d n g ' PhUdng thdc lien tirdng Bin goi y cua Polya - Ban da gap bai toan lan nao chUa' Hay da gap bai toan d mot dang khae' - Xet ki cai chua biet (an) vh t h d nhd lal mdt bai toan quen thuoe ed eung an hayed an tuong t u - N^u ban chua giai dUOc bSi toan da de thi hay t h d gi^i mdt hk\ toan ed lien Lien tudng ve quan ma de hon k h o n g ' Mdt bai toan bai toan gan tdng quat hon khong? Mot trudng hop neng? Mdt bai toan tuong t u ' Ban eo the giai mot phan bai toan khong? Hay gid lai mot phan eua dieu kien, bd qua phan kia? Ban ed the t d giiJ kien rut mdt yeu td c6 ich I