Phát triển tư duy phê phán cho sinh viên thông qua dạy học phần tâm lí học đại cương

Nguyin Chi Tang, Pham VSn Hieu Phat trien tif phe phan cho sinh vien thong qua day hpc phan Tam ii hpc dai cifdng Nguyen ChJTang\ Pham Van Hieu^ ' Email; chitarg_sp@yahoo com.vn ' Email; hiejpv123@gmail.com TrKOig Cao fl^ng SU ptiam BS Ria - VDng Tiu 689 each Mang Tiiang TSm, ttiSnh Ba Ria, tirh Ba Ria - Vurg Ttii, Viet Nam TOM TAT: Td phe phin cd vai trd het sdc quan trgng va can thiet doi vdl mdi ngudi noi chung vi ngddi hgc ndi rieng Tuy nhien, nhdng nghien cdu vS su hinh phit trien tu phe phin cho hgc sinh, sinh vien qui trinh day hgc van ban che Trong bai viet niy tac gii phin tfch va lim sing to mgt so vin dell luan cabin vS tuduy phe phin (Khii niem tuduy phe phin; fvJdt sd kT ning de phit trien td phe phin; Mot sd dau hieu chdng td sinh vien cd tu phe phin), ddng thdi dUa md hinh thiet ke bai day hgc phan Tam li hgc dai cUOng nham phit trien tu phe phan cho smh vien lis KHOA: Phat trien tu phe phan; tti phe phan; Tam li hqc dai cifdng •> Nhan bai 15/8/2019 -> Nhan ke't qua phan bien va chinh sila 20/9/2019 • • Duyet iJang 25/10/2019 Dat van d e Nghi quyet Hoi nghi Trung ucmg khoa XI ve Doi moi can ban, toan dien giao due va dao tao (Nghi quyet so 29NQ/TW) cua Dang da neu ro: "Doi moi can ban, toan dien giao due va dao tao la doi mcri nhimg van de Ion, cot loi, cap thiet, tu quan diem, tu tucmg chi dao den muc tieu, ngi dung, phuang phap, ea che, chinh sach, dieu Icien bao dam thuc hien" "Chuyen phat trien giao due va dao tao tir chu yeu theo so lugng sang chu chat lirgng va hieu qua, dong thoi dap iing yeu cau so lugng" De quan triet quan diem nay, Dang ta cQng da de nhiem vu, giai phap rat cu the, la; "Tiep tue doi mcri manh me phucmg phap day va hpc theo huong hien dai, phat huy tinh tich cue, chii dgng, sang tao va van dung kien thiic, kT nang (KN) cua nguoi hgc, khac phuc loi truyen thu ap dat mgt chieu, ghi nho may moc Tap trung day each hgc, each nghi, khuyen khi'ch ttr hgc, tao eo so de nguoi hge ty cap nhat va doi moi tri thuc, KN, phat trien nang lire" Nhu vay, doi moi phuang phap day hgc (PPDH) la mgt yeu cau biic thiet can dugc coi trgng mgi nha truang, hoat dgng ciia moi giao vien (GV) phap giang day hgc phan Tam h' hgc (TLH) dai cuong nham phat triln TDPP cho sinh vien (SV) Npi d u n g nghien eu'U 2.1 Cd si li luan ve \ti phe phan a Khdi niim TDPP Theo R, Ennis (1987), TDPP !a: "Su suy niem hgp li tap trung vao viec quyet dinh nen tin dieu gi hay lam dieu gi" Mgt nguai co TDPP thuang: 1/ Danh gia tin cay ciia cac nguon thong tin; 2/ Xae dinh ket qua, nguyen nhan va gia thiet; 3/ Danh gia chat lugng cua cac luan ehiing, bao gom ea su thiia nhan nguyen nhan, gia thiet va bang chimg; 4/ Phat tnen va bao ve quan diem ve van de; 5/ Dat nhiing cau hoi lam ro thich hgp; 6/ Lap ke hoach thuc nghiem va xem xet de cuong thuc nghiem; 7/ Xae dinh cac dieu khoan phu hgp voi ngii canh; 8/ Cong bang, khach quan, khong thien vi; 9/ Co gang thu thap day dii thong tin; 10/ Riit ket luan da dugc chimg thuc, nhung voi su than trgng [ 1, tr, SO] Paul va Scriven cho r5ng: TDPP la mgt ti6n trinh tu tieh cue va thao viec khai niem hoa, phan tich, tdng hgp, va danh gia nhimg tin tire thu nhan dugc tir su quan sat hay kinh nghiem, suy niem, li luan, hay giao Thuc tien viee doi moi PPDH nha truang hien tigp (voi cac ngudn tin khae) de huong dSn hanh dgng va su da dugc trien khai, GV tieh cue hudng iing nhung hieu qua tin tuang Richard Paul va Linda Elder dk mgt eau tnic chua dugc nhu mong muon Co khong it GV van truyen thu CO ban vSn thuang dugc ggi chung la cau tnic Paul-Elder, kien thiic theo loi truyen thong, mgt chieu, hgc sinh ITnh hoi cho viee giang day va dao tao KN TDPP, g6m ba phan- 1/ tri thirc thu dgng Doi moi PPDH khong chi van dung dugc Phan tich tu duy; 2/ Danh gia tu duy; 3/ Cai thien lu [2], PPDH hien dai vao nha truang ma dieu co ban la Eichhom (2014) dua dinh nghia: TDPP la mgt su tu giup nguoi hgc tham gia hoat dgng nhan thiic tieh cue, dgc CO ki luat, tu dinh huang, phan anh mgt trinh cao lap sang tao va biet each hgc Trong qua trinh day hgc, GV vk KN va kha nang tu - tu vk su tu eua chinh phai chu y den cac phuang phap phat trien tu cho hgc minh liic suy tu dg lam cho su tu ciia minh tro sinh, dac biet la nhiing tu bac cao nhu tu phe phan nen tot hem [3] (TDPP) Day la mgt viee Iam khong he de dang, doi hoi Phan Thi LuySn da cong b6 mgt s6 cong trinh nghien phai CO nhimg nghien ctiu, tim toi, iing dung va chia se kinh ciiu ciia minh vk dk tai va tac gia da dua dinh nghTa: nghiem ciing dong nghiep Xult phat tir nhijng li tren, "TDPP la tu co suy xet, can nhSc, danh gia va Hen he bai vi6t nay, chiing toi trinh bay viec doi mai phuang mgi khia canh ciia cac nguon thong tin vai thai hoai So 22 thang 10/2019 13 NGHIEN COTULfLUAN nghi tieh cue, dua tren nhiing tieu chuin nhat dinh dk tim nhiing thong tin phii hgp nhat nhkm giai quyet cac vkn de datra" [4] Tir viee nghien ctiu, tim hiSu cac khai mem vk TDPP tren day, ehiing toi nhan thiy, cac tac gia da d^ cap tai tinh tich cue, ki luat, su tin tuong va hoai nghi, sir suy xet, can nhlc, phan tich, tong hgp va danh gia khai niem TiSp thu nhirng tu tucmg tren, chiing toi dua khai niem vg TDPP nhu sau lam khai nigm cong cu bai viet eiia minh: TDPP la each nghT va lap luan logic tich cue, co ki luat su dung cac thao tac tri tug vao viec phan tich, tong hgp, danh gia su viee, xu huong, y tuong, gia thuygt tir su quan sat, kinh nghiem, chting cii, thong tin, su suy xet, li le nham muc dich nhan thirc dung, chinh xae va khoa hge ve su vlt va hien tugng (diing - sai, tot - xau, hay - do, hgp li khong hgp li, nen - khong nen, can - khong can, each nhat - nhieu each ) va nit quyetdjnh, each irng xii cua ca nhan, nha ca nhan dua quygt dinh phii hgp de giai quygt van dg tot nhat, b Mgt so KN dephdt triin TDPP • KN quan sAt: KN quan sat la each nhin nhan hien tugng, su vat mgt each chi riet, co phan tieh va phuc vu cho muc dich ro rang Khac voi quan sat thong thucmg, KN quan sat khong nhin mgi thu' mgt each ngau nhien, ma quan sat CO chii dieh, roi ghi nho, xau chuoi nhirng dieu lien quan de van dung giai quygt van de mgt each toi im va nhanh chong Trong bat ki ITnh vuc nao deu doi hoi nguai phai CO KN quan sat Dg ren luygn KN TDPP cho SV, rlt cln toi KN quan sat, vi no giiip SV nhan ban chat van de nhanh chong, tir co nhan thiic chinh xae, khoa hgc, dua nhung phuang phap, y tuang thieh hgp nhlt, Quan sat la mgt KN bai no khong don thuan phu thuge vao thi giae ma no CO the ren luyen dg phat trien han nira Va ren luyen eae KN mem co KN quan sat se giup ich rat nhieu cho su phat trien cua ban than, Cdch quan sdt de dgt hieu qua cao: - Quan sdt di tim y nghia: Quan sat khong ehi la mo ta lai nhiing gi nhin thay ma phai di liSn vai su phan rich, binh gia dg tim y nghTa, gia tri cua chi tiet, su kien, - Quan sdt phdi cd suy ludn, phdn dodn: Quan sat khong CO nghTa chi la nhin, ma la thay duoc sir vat, hien tugng Quan sat khac voi hoat dgng nhin, vi quan sat CO su tham gia cua hoat dgng tu nhu: phan tich, tong hgp, suy luan, phan doan - Quan sdt su so sdnh: So sanh nhiing gi quan sat duge a sir vat, hien tugng vai su vat, hien tugng khae hoae so sanh vai ban than chiing cae thai diem, hoan canh, giai doan.,, khac de lam noi bat ngn nhirng net dac s^c cua chiing Chinh sir so sanh, doi chieu lam eho sir quan sat co chieu sau hon - Huy dpng cde gidc quan Irong quan sdt vd than trgng kit ludn: Quan sat phai co sir tap trung, chii y eao Khi quan sat cln sir dung cac giae quan dg nhan biet eae dac digm, tinh chit rlt da dang cua cac sir vat, hien tugng u TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM - Lua chpn thai diem di quan sat bai vi nuat uvc^ - sat chi thuc hien dugc thai gian, khong gia" "^^ ^i^^i doan dien rign nhlt dinh nao cua sir kien Quan sat nen ket hgp vai cac phuang phap khae di dam bao dg tin cay va CO so phap li cho thong tin da thu thSp, Cdc bu&c quan sdt thu thap thong tin: - Buae thii nhlt: Phai xae dinh dugc mot each so bg (diach thg eiia quan sat, can chi nhirng dac trung, cac tinh huong va nhung digu kien hoat dgng cua doi tugng quan sat va nhirng bign doi eiia chiing - Buac thii hai: Phai xae dinh duoc thoi gian quan sat, dia digm va thai di6m d6 thuc hien quan sat, tho'i gian va each thiie tiep can voi doi tugng - Buac thii ba: Lira chgn each thiic quan sat Can eii vao ngi dung quan sat, can cii vao tirng doi tugng quan sat eu thg va timg loai quan sat ma lua chgn cho phuang phap cho phii hgp dg thu thap thong tin - Buoe thii tu: Tign trinh quan sat thu thap thong tin - Buae thii nam: Thuc hien viec ghi chep thong tin tir quan sat - Buoe thii sau: Tign hanh kiem tra • KN thu thap thong tin: KN thu thap thong tin la biet thu thap thong tin co trgng tam, bao dam thu thap cac thong tin cln thiat, khic phuc tinh trang thu thap thong tin dan trai, thilu cac thong tin can thiet - Xdc dinh nhu edu bdo dam thong tin- Moi SV co nhu cau khac doi vol van dg bao dam thong tin eho hoat dgng hgc tap, nghien ciru cua minh Khi xae dinh nhu cau bao dam thong tin, can phai tra loi ddy dii cac cau hoi: VSn de dang giai quyet can co nhixng thong tin nao? Thong tin hien co eon thieu nhung ngi dung gi? Nhijng thong tin quan trgng nhlt de xii li van de? - Xdc dinh edc kenh vd ngudn thdng tin: Tren co so xae dinh nhu clu thong tin, vigc xae dmh kgnh va ngu6n thu thap thong tin la buac tigp theo eua qua trinh thu thap thong tin Ct day, chii the thu thap thong tin cln xae dinh ro thong tin se thu thap tir ngu6n nao Nguon thong tin tren thuc tg CO the phan loai theo nhirng each tiep can khac nhung tdng thg CO thg dugc chia thong tin thir elp va so elp - Thiit lap hinh thuc vd che thu thap thdng tin: Dgc va ghi chep; Viec thu thap thong tin thir clp gin lign v6i viec dgc va ghi chep tai lieu Khi thu thap thong tin qua nguon thir cap can chii y kT thuat dgc va ghi chep, chup mgt phln hoae toan bg van ban, tai lieu Viec chup van ban, tai lieu can dugc lua chgn khoa hge, xae dinh diing ngi dung can chgp dg thuan lgi qua trinh xii li, tranh su qua tai vi kh6i lugng tai lieu chup; Thao luan nhom dg thu thap thong tin; Th6ng kg s6 lieu, tinh ti lg, tinh xae suit; Quan sat, so sanh va d6i ehieu thong tin thu thap dugc eo tir nhigu ngudn khac nhau, phan loai, so sanh, phan tich trinh tu, nguyen nhan tac dgng, mo hinh Khi phan loai so sanh, phan tich trinh tu, nguygn nhan tac dgng, md hinh cln chil y: Ngudn thong tin bat ngudn tir dau? Thdng tin co phan anh \k ciing mgt ddi tugng hoae vl cac ddi tugng co Nguyen Chl TSng, Pham Van Hieu dac diem tucmg ddng khong? Thdng tin dugc thu thap Khi d^y bai tudng hjgng, giang vien ngu van di: Hay neu blng kT thuat nao? Mirc dang tin cay ciia cac ki thuat thu quan diim ciia ban than vi y kign eua Gorki cho ring, ban thap thdng tin? chat Clia tudng tugng cung la tu ma thdi, nhung la loai • KN xu- li thong tin: KN xir li thong tin lit bigt xir li tu chu yiu blng hinh anh Di dua dugc quan diim thdng tin chinh xae, khoa hgc dat hieu cao ddi vdi hoat Clia ban than vi y kiin ciia Gorki nhu da neu thi SV phai dgng cua ca nhan, cd KN thu thap thdng tin (thu thap thdng tin thii cip) qua - KNxir li thdng tin ticc thai: Trong hgc tap, eo trudng hop dge, nghien cim giao trinh, tai lieu, sach bao cd Hen quan, truoc nhiing thong tin vira thu nhap dugc, SV phai dua truy cap ngudn thdng tin dang tin cay tren mang intemet nhiing cau tra lai, nhiing quyet dinh va bien phap giai quyit Khi da thu thap dugc thdng tin thi cln KN xir li thdng tin cu thi, tai thdi diem tigp nhan thdng tin ma khdng co Thdng tin dugc xir li tdt se la co sd di giai quyit vin di ed thdi gian de nghign cim, xii li Ddi vdi truong hgp nay, viec hieu qua xu !i thdng tin cSn phai duge thuc hien chu dgng, tich cue c Mdt sd ddu hieu chimg to SVcd TDPP dg cd the dua quyet dinh diing dan Dg danh gia TDPP ciia mdt ngudi khdng phai la dl, vi thi - KNxir li thdng lin theo quy trinh: Tap hgp va he thong can phai chi dugc nhiing diu hieu rit cu thi, la: hoa thdng tin theo timg van dg, ITnh vuc, Phan tich va kigm - Quan sat nhiiu khia canh toan dien chir khdng chi quan tra chinh xae ciia cae thdng tin, ti'nh hgp li cua cae tai sat be ngoai, phdi hc^ dugc cac giac quan tiin tdi phan anh heu, sd lieu; Cung cap, phd bien thdng tin; Bao quan, luu dugc ban chat van de; hU thdng tin - Khdng riep thu thu dgng, luon nghi ngd va di ehung - Ung dung cdng nghe thdng tin xir li thdng tin minh tin cay; •KN quyet dinh, lap ke hoach va giai quylt van de: - Khdng bang idng vai nhimg gi da dugc nhan thiic ma KN giai quygt van de va quylt dinh la mgt nhiing ludn td md tim higu va dat cau hdi, ddng thdi chii dgng tim yeu to quan trgng dg dat duge cong ma bat ki cung cau tra ldi cho thich dang; can phai biet KN quygt djnh la mdt qua trinh lua chgn - Bigt xau chudi van dg mgt each logic; CO y thiic giija hai hoae nhieu phuang an dg chgn mgt - Xem xet rat kT van dg trudc dua quyit djnh; phuong an, Dudi day la budc de giai quyet vin di; - Nhan thiie khach quan, khoa hgc khdng cam tinh; Bu&c 1: Phat hien van de, phan rich thdng tin, sa bg di - KN dua quyet dinh tot: Phat hien ^an de, nguyen nhiem vu, nhan, giai phap va thuc hien hoan chinh, Bu&c 2: Tun nguygn nhan Bu&c 3: De giai phap 2.2 Thiet ke bai day hoc phan Tam \\ hoc dai ciMng Bu&c 4: Chgn hudng giai quygt tdi uu (buae quyit nham phat trien td phe phan cho sinh vien dmh) Vg cau tnic bai day, gidng nhu mdt gid day thdng thudng Bu&c 5: Lap ke hoach va rign hanh giai quyet van de gdm cd: 1/ Muc tigu bai day (vg kien thiic, ve KN, vg thai Bu&c 6: Quan sat va danh gia chat lugng do); 2/ Phuang phap, phuong tien day hge (phuong phap, Vi du minh hga: Dgy chuang IV - Hoat flong nhan phuang tien); 3/ Chuan bi (giao vign, SV), 4/ Tien trinh lgn thirc ldp (On djnh td chiic; Khai quat kign thiic, KN da hgc cd Khi day bai cam giac tri giac, de giiip SV hieu ro khai lien quan den bai hgc va dat van de vao bai mdi; Giang bai; niem cam giae, dae digm cua cam giac, hau het giang vien Ciing CO bai hgc; Giao nhiem vu ve nha) d£iy deu tiin hanh mgt thi nghiem dan gian chii khong Di phat triin TDPP cho SV, cln van dung cac PPDH chi dung thuygt trinh, chang han thi nghiem nhu sau: Giang truygn thdng kit hgp vdi PPDH hien dai de xay dung chi vien ggi mgt SV lgn tham gia thi nghiem, yeu clu SV d tiit hoat dgng ciia thiy va trd cimg vai viec Cu thg: Sii dirdi chii tam quan sat thi nghiem Giang vign cho SV tham dung PPDH dam thgai, neu van de, thao luan, hoat ddng gia thi nghiem quay mat xudng ldp, dimg khan vai bit mat, nhdm, giai quyit vin de thiit ki phan giang bai mdi Md yeu cau xde ban tay phai va dua trudc mat Giang vien hinh thilt ki nhu sau (xem Bang 1): dat mdt vat (hdn bi) vao tay SV tham gia thi nghiem va hdi" Thiit kg bai hgc nhlm phat trien tu phan bien cho SV Hien tai, em nhan biet dugc gi? Hinh dang vat the nhu thg la viec lam rlt cln thiit va cd y nghTa ldn, giup cho ngudi nao? Kich thudc sao? Nang hay nhe? Ciing thdi diim hgc nhan thirc vin di mgt each khoa hgc, khach quan va the em cd nhan bigt dugc tat ca nhiing dieu giang vien hoi hien rd chinh kiln khoa hgc eiia minh Song, khdng phai treo khdng? Ciing nhirng cau hdi tren nhung lan (lan 2) bai nao, phln kiin thiic nao cung dugc thiet ke theo hudng giang vien ygu clu SV dugc nam ban tay lai va cu dgng nan phat tnin tu phan bien cho SV ma cdn theo timg bop vat the Cung nhirng cau hdi tren nhung lan (lan 3) ngi dung, timg chuang, bai, kien thiic cu the, dieu kien hge giang vien md khan bjt mat SV len tham gia thi nghiem tap va tinh hudng day hgc cu the eho phep, Dudi day ia thiet SV quan sat chi tigt, ti mi va so sanh kgt qua tra ldi eiia SV kl ndi dung va phuong phap ea ban eho mdt gid day len tham gia thi nghiem Cd KN quan sat SV dg dang tigp Chuang ciia hge phln TLH dai cuong lam vi du minh hga nhan khai niem va dac diim cua cam giac (xem Bang 2) S622thang10/2019 15 NGHIEN cau LILUAN Bang : Mo hinh thiet ke phat trien TDPP cho SV Neu van de Ngoai each ffinh nghla ban hay i3i;a each dinh nghla khac ciia minh Cac each dien dat khai niem cd diem gi chung, ban hay phan tich va chiing mmh Cac noi dung khac - Ca nhan suy^ ngfn Ban hay neu len vi du minh hpa cho khai mem ' ' " " ' * « - Thao luan Hay neu cac quan diem ve khai niem va phan ticti, danh gia cSc quan diem cac cau h o i ^ i i a ^ nhom as t r i Mi - C^ nhan suy nghi tfl t r i Idl c^c GV (Jat cau hoi, chang han: NOI dung eo cac hieu nao khae nfla, hay phan tich va ehiing mmh, Chinh xae - Cd the biet them dieu gi chi tiet hdn khong'' Ciiinh xae dieu la gi? Nhflng thdng tm ed lien quan den ndi dung bgn da thu thap dUdc la gi? Chiing cd y cau hoi CLia GV, ^ _ - Thao luan theo nhom de tra Iffl cac cau hdi eua GV nghla nhfl the n^o? Nhflng tai lieu khae ngoai giao trinh, dfla noi dung nhfl the nao? Hay Sanh gia va dfla r a y kien cua ban than, Neu nhin nhan van de d gdc nhin khac thi sao? Bang 2: Thiet ke noi dung cho gitt day ChKdng c£ia hoc phan TLH dai ciTOng Cau hoi kich Ihlch lli phan b CliaSV Ban hay neu va phan tich nhflng dac diem - Ca nhan suy nghi 1.1 f}ac diem ciia TLH so vdi cac khoa hoc khac khac biet ciia TLH so vdi cac khoa hoc tfl tr^ ldi c^c cau h6l - TLH nghien cflu cac hien tfldng tam li vfla gan gui cu the, gan bd vdi khac DOI TUpNG, NHIEM VU, Vj TRi VA Y NGHIA CUA TLH CLia GV, - ngflcii vfla rat phflc tap, to/u tflflng Thao luan theo - TLH la ndi hoi tu nhieu khoa hoc nghien cflu ddi song tam If ngfldi Ban hay lay mpt sd vi du de minh hpa cho nhdm de tra ldi cac - TLH la mpt bd mdn khoa hoc cd ban he thong cae khoa hpc ve eon dac diem ciia TLH so vdi cac khoa hpc cau hoi ciia GV, ngflcii, fldng thdi nd la mdn nghiep vu he thong cac khoa hoc tham gia khac vao viec dao tao ngfldi, hinh nhan each ngfldi ndi chung va nhan each nghe nghiep ndi rieng 1.2 Odi Ifldng cua TLH Ooi tfldng CLia TLH ia cac hien tfldng tam li vdi tfl cSch \h cdc hien tfldng tmh Ddi tfldng nghien cflu ciia cac tnJdng ph^i tlian the gidi khach quan tae ddng vao bd nao eiia eon ngfldi gay nen TLH khac cd diem gi chung va rieng? TLH nghien cilu sfl hinh thanh, van hanh va phat then eua hoat ddng tam li, hay phan tich, chflng minh cac quy luat cua hoat dong tam li va cd che tao nen chimg Theo ban TLH cdn cd nhiem vu nao kh^c, 1.3 Nhiem vu ciia TLH cho vi du mmh hoa, - Ngliien cOu ban chat hoat fldng tam li ea ve so Ifldng va chat Ifldng TLH buy tam neu nhiem vu ciia TLH la - Phat hien cac quy luat hinh ttianh va phat tnen tam li, gi? Ban hay neu len nhan xet va danh gia - Tim cd che eiia hien tfldng tam li - Dfla cac giai phap hOu hieu cho sfl hinh va phat then tam li, sfl dung tam li nhan to ngfldi cd hieu qua nhat B A N C H A T C U A H I E N TlidNG TAM Li NGliill Khai niem ve tam l i • Tfl dien tieng Viet (1998} dinh nghia mpt each tong quaL tam li la y nghi, Chii nghia tam sieu hinh quan mem tinh cam.,, lam ttianh flfll song ndi tam, the gidi ben ciia ngfldi nhfl the nao ve tam li ngiidi? Quan di^m - Tam li bao gom tat ca cae hen tfldng tlnh than, tdn tai dau dc cuahpcdhanehegi'' ngflcii, dieu khien, dieu chinh cae hoat ddng eua eon ngJdi Ban hay neu len mdt sd quan diem eiia cac 2.2 Bdn chat hien tfldng tarn 11 ngifili tn/dng phai TLH khSc, a, Quan niem tam, cho rang: Mat tien bp va han che ciia quan niem - Tam li ngfldi la thfldng fle trdi sinti va nhap vao xae vat may mde la gi? ngfldi - Ouan niem khong the giai thich dfldc ban chat hien tfldng tam li cori ngfldi, dan den cho hieu tam li ngfldi nhfl mdt cSi gi than bi, khong the nghien cflu dfldc b, Quan niem vat may mdc, cho rang- Tam li ngfldi la vat chat tnJc tiep smh "nao tiet mat", - Quan mem da flanh ddng tam li vdi sinh li, phii nhgn^vai trd cua chii the, tinh tich cflc nang dpng ciia tam li, ptiu nhan bSn chat xa hdi v^ tinh iich si! cua tam li ngfldi 16 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM I^p^^^^h Nguyen Chi T3ng, Pham Van Hieu cau hii i(ichlhich III phan bien bdaSV c Quan niem khoa hoc (duy vSt bien chflng va vat lich sfl) cho rang: * Tam li ia chflc nang cita nao * Tam li ngfldi la siJ phan anh hi^n thflc khSch quan tac fldng vao nao ngfldi thong qua chu the, Hinh Snh tam li mang tinh sinh dpng, sang tao va tinh chii the * Tam li ngflcii co ban chat xa hdi - ljeh sfl Ket lu|n Ccic quan diem ve ban chat hien tfldng tam 11 ngfldi ed diem nao giong va khac nhau? Hay phan tich, chflng minh quan niem ciia vat bien chflng va vat lich sfl ve ban chat tam ii ngflcii la flung Tam li ngfldi khac xa ve chat so vdi tam li ddng vat, hay cho vi du minh hoa day hpc Dieu rk kho thuc hien, nhung khong phai la TDPP la thao tac tri tue trinh cao, ktiong nhtmg chi phan tich, so sanh, xem xet, tong hop, dua nhan dinh va danh gia nhung thong tin hay lap luan den tir nhieu nguon khac nhau, ma la su suy nghT chinh ve su suy nghT cua ca nhan minh Phan tich nhung quan niem va nghiSn cun ban chat cua TDPP, chiing ta cang t h i y d u g c y nghia va t i m quan cua viec phat trien TDPP cho SV qua trinh khong thuc hien dugc Bai vigt nay, chiing toi chia se viec thiet ke bai day hgc phan TLH dai cuong nhSm phat triSn TDPP cho SV Chiing toi hi vgng, day la nhiing chia se huu ich ciing dong nghiep dk qua m6i QV se co nhiJng each thuc tot nhat va hieu qua cao de d6i moi PPDH noi chung va phat trien TDPP cho nguoi hgc noi rieng Tai li^u tham khao [1] [2] [3] [4] Robert H Emus, R, (1993), Critical Thinking Assessment, Source: Theory into Practice, Vol 32, No 3, Teaching for Higher Order Thinking, Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd,pp.l79-186 Scriven, M, & Paul, R, (1987), Defining Critical Thinking, https://www.criticahhinking,org/pages/defuiing-criticalthinkiiig/766 {10.11 2018) Eichhom, R, (20\4), Developing thinking skills- Critical thinking at the army management staff college Retrieved from http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/amiy/cntical/ royhtm Phan Thi Luyen, (2008), Ren luyen tuduy phe phdn cua hoc sinh trung hgc phd Ihdng qua dgy hgc chu de phuong [5] [6] [7] [8] trinh vd bdt phuang trinh, Vien Khoa hoc Giao due Viet Nam, Luan an Tien sT NguySn Quang Uan (Chu bien) - Nguyen Van Luy - Dinh Van Vang, (2007), Gido uinh Tdm li hoc dgi cucmg (In ldn thie 6) NXB Dai hoc Su phara, Ha Npi Dewey J, (1910), How We Think, Boston D C Heath & Co., 224p Ennis, R, (2013), The Nature of Critical Thinking Outlines of General Critical Thinking Dispositions and Abilities, Retrieved from http://www.criticalthinking,net/ longdefinition.html Walton, D, (1989), Dialogue theory for critical thinking Argumentation (3), p 169-184, DEVELOPING CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS FOR STUDENTS THROUGH TEACHING GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY Nguyen Chl Ta^g^ Pham Van Hieu^ ' Email chitarg_sp@yahoo com ^ Email, hieupvl 23@gmail.com Ba Ria - Vung Tau College of Education 689 Cach Mang Thang Tam, Ba Ria city, Ba Ria -Vung Tau pravince, Vietnam ABSTRACT: Critical thinking is very important for all people in general and learners in particular However, the research on the formation and development of critical thinking for students in the teaching process is still limited In this article, we analyze and clarify some theoretical issues of critical thinking, including its concept; some skills to develop critical thinking; and some indications of students having critical thinking skills, then put forward a model of lesson design in the general psychology module to improve the critical thinking skills for students KEYWORDS: Critical thinking development; critical thinking; general psychology So22thang10/3D19 17 ... nira Va ren luyen eae KN mem co KN quan sat se giup ich rat nhieu cho su phat trien cua ban than, Cdch quan sdt de dgt hieu qua cao: - Quan sdt di tim y nghia: Quan sat khong ehi la mo ta lai nhiing... lam eho sir quan sat co chieu sau hon - Huy dpng cde gidc quan Irong quan sdt vd than trgng kit ludn: Quan sat phai co sir tap trung, chii y eao Khi quan sat cln sir dung cac giae quan dg nhan... thii ba: Lira chgn each thiic quan sat Can eii vao ngi dung quan sat, can cii vao tirng doi tugng quan sat eu thg va timg loai quan sat ma lua chgn cho phuang phap cho phii hgp dg thu thap thong