QUY TRINH TO CHlTC CHO HOC SINH THIET KE SO DO TlT DUY TRONG DAY HOC SINH HOC PHAN Die DUY Truang Dgi hgc Suphgm Dgi hgc Hui LY HAI DUONG Trudng THPT Chuyen Qudc Hgc Hui Tdm tat So do tu duy cd vai tt[.]
QUY TRINH TO CHlTC CHO HOC SINH THIET KE SO DO TlT DUY TRONG DAY HOC SINH HOC PHAN Die DUY Truang Dgi hgc Suphgm - Dgi hgc Hui LY HAI DUONG Trudng THPT Chuyen Qudc Hgc Hui Tdm tat: So tu cd vai ttd rat quan trpng ttong vide phit triin ky ning tu sing tgo cho hgc sinh Vl viy, vide ren luyen ky ning xay dung so dd tu cho hpc sinh la rat can thiit Mudn ren luyen cd ket qui tbi giao vien phai xiy dung quy trinh phu hgp di td cbiic cho hpc sinh thiet ke sa dd tu So dd tu duy, luge dd tu la binh thirc ghi chep nham tim tdi, dao sau, md rdng mdt y tudng, hd thdng bda mot chu de hay mdt mgch kidn thiic bang cich kit hop vide su dung ddng thdi hinh anh, dudng net, man sac, chu vidt vdi su tu tich cyc [6] Trong dgy hgc ndi chung, day hgc sinh hgc ndi ridng viec td chiic cho bgc sinh ty thiet kd so dd tu ttong qui trinh hgc tip cd mdt y nghTa rat quan trpng Chi hpc sinh tu minh thiet kd dugc sa dd Iiic mdi hiiu sau, nhd lau vi nhd cd he thdng cic kien thuc da hpc dugc Mudn Iam dugc didu nay, ttong qua trinh dgy bpc moi giio vidn phii cd kd hogch, cd quy ttinh cu thd dd ren luydn cho ngudi hpc each thiic thiet ke dugc sa dd tu QUY TRINH THIET KE SO DO TLT DUY Tir ly luin v i so dd nr duy, chiing tdi da dua quy trinh xiy dyng so dd tu gdm budc va dua vi du minh hpa Budc 1: Xic dinh chu di ttgng tam Budc 2: Xac dinh va liet kd nhirng tir khda quan ttpng nhal hay chung nhit lien quan den cbli dd Budc 3: Cac tii khda dugc sip xdp d nhirng vi tri phii hgp tten cac nhanh ttrong ung vdi mirc phin cap Budc 4: Diing cic dudng ndi di lien kit cic tu khda cd quan he vdi Budc 5: Sira chiia, hoin chinh so dd (cd thi cd nhung tbay ddi cin thiit vi ciu mic va ndi dung so dd) [2], [3], [5], [6] Tap chi Khoa hoc va Giao due, Tmdng Dai hoc Sir pham Hui ISSN 1859-1612, s i 02(22)/2012:tr 149-157 PHAN DLI'C DL'Y - LY HAl DUCfNG Xac dinh chu de trpng tam I Xic dinh tir khda I S^p xip tir khoa tten cic nhanh tuang iing ciia so tu Diing cac dudng noi de ben ket cac tir khoa Hoan chinh so tu So Quy trinh thiit ke sa tu QUY TRINH TO CHlTC CHO HQC SINH THIET KE SO D TU" DUY TRONG DAY HQC SINH HQC Qua nghien ciiu, cbiing ldi nhan thiy mudn ren luyen cho hgc sinh ky nang ty thidt kd so dd tu ttong qui trinh hpc tip bp mdn can trii qua giai doan sau: - Giai doan 1: Cung cip so dd tu hoan cbinb cho hgc sinh So dd tu boan cbinh li sa cd diy dii tir khda, dudng ndi, cac hinh inh So dd tu hoan chinh cd tbd sir dung d khau dgy kidn thirc mdi hoac khiu cung cd, dn tap + Budc 1: Giio vien cung cap so dd tu boan chinh + Budc 2: Giao vien dua be thdng cac boat ddng khai thac sa dd + Budc 3: Hpc sinh tu luc lam viec, ITnh hpi kiin thiic thdng qua vide quan sat, phan tich sa dd tu Tiiy miic dp khai thac ndng hay siu, cd the sir dyng sa dd tu dh dgy pbd thdng hay dgy chuyen bay bdi dudng hpc suih gidi + Budc 4: Giao vidn siia chfta, ket luin ndu dung so dd tu dd dgy bai mdi hoic nhan xet, cho diem neu dimg so dd tu ttong khau dn tgp, ciing cd Chii y, giao vien kdt hop bai giing didn tir ttong khai thic so dd Day la giai doan dau tien ttong qua trinh td chiic hgc sinh thiet kd sa dd lu duy, do, sau hpc sinh tra ldi dugc ndi dung kiin thuc nio thi giio vidn nhin manh cac tir kbda cd xuit hien ttong sa dd lu Dieu ren luyen cbo hpc sinh ky nang xac dinh tir khda ttong vide thidt kd so tu QUY TRINH TO CHirC CHO HQC SINH THIET KE SO DO TU DUY - Giai doan 2: Cung cap sa tu khuyet So dd khuyit la so chi cd mdt sd tir khda va nhanh Sa dd tu khuyit cd thi diing d cac miic dp khic nhu khuydt tir khda, khuyit nhanh hogc khuyit dudng hdn he So dd tu khuyet cd thd dugc diing d khau day bai mdi, khau cung cd, dn tap \ a khau kidm tra, danh gia + Budc 1: Giao vidn cung cip so dd tu khuyet + Budc 2: Giao vien dua m he thdng cic hogt ddng giiip hgc sinh tun tir khda, mdi lidn hd gifta cac kien thiic de hoan thidn so dd tu neu ditng so dd tu de dgy bai mdi, va budc khdng can thiet neu dimg so dd tu ttong khiu ciing cd, dn tap hogc khau kidm tta, danh gia + Budc 3: Hgc sinh tu lyc lam vide, hoin chinh tirag phan cua sa dd + Budc 4: Giao vidn ket lugn va hoan chinh so dd tu Khi sira chiia sa dd tu cua hgc sinh, giao vien pbai chii y chi nhiing chd cbua diing, gilip hgc smh hidu ky va cd ky thugt tiiidt ke so tu - Giai doan 3: Hgc sinh ty xay dung sa tu Bien phap tu xiy dyng so dd tu la giao vien dua hd tbong cic boat dpng de bpc sinh ty xac dinh tir khda trpng tara, xac dinh miic dp phin cip cua cac kidn thiic, tim mdi lien hp gifta cac tir khda, tii dd ty xay dung sa dd tu Bien pbap cd the sii dung ttong khiu day bai mdi hogc khau ciing cd, dn tip, khau kidm tta dinh gii + Budc I: Giio vien dua hd thdng cac boat ddng Di hgc sinh xac djnh dugc chu di ttgng tam va cac tieu dd phy, tir kbda giio vien cd the Id chiic cho hpc sinh quan sat tranh, phim, tra ldi cau hdi, giai quyit bii tip tmh hudng hogc hoan phieu hpc tip Va di hpc sinh tim dugc mdi lien he giua cic lii khda, bi^n phip hay dugc giio vien sir dung la hoi dap Nhftng cau hdi hay dugc dimg la dang ciu ttiic phii hgp vdi chiic nang, cau hdi suy luin, phan tich radi lien he gifta cac giai doan + Budc 2: Hpc sinh lam vide theo nhdra, tti ldi cac ciu bdi va xac djnh tu khda, sau dd thidt ke so dd tu + Budc 3: Giio vidn td chuc cho hgc sinh len trinh bay y tudng + Budc 4: Giao vien sira chfta, bd sung + Budc 5: Sir dung so dd tdt nhit cua hgc sinb hogc sa dd hr ma giio vien da chuin bi cho hpc sinh theo doi, hpc tip cich thiet kd Giio vidn nen ddi chiiu nhiiu so dd tu cua nhidu nhdm dd khai thac mat mgnh, khic phuc mit yiu cua moi sa dd tu Tir dd giiip hpc sinh hoan thien ky nang thidt ki sa dd tu PHAN DU'C DUY - LY R « DUCSNG v i DU MINH HOA V£ TO CHlTC HOC SINH THIET KE SO DO TlT DUY TRONG DAY HOC P H A N SINH HOC TE BAO, SINH HOC 10 - Giai doan Giao vien cung cSp sa d6 tu hoan chinh ciia bai: Vai tro va tinh chat ciia nudc (Sinh hoc 10), kem he thong cau hoi Idiai thac ,A ; ^ ^ Hinh l.Saddlu vi nudc + Trinh bay ciu tnic va tinh chit ciia nudc + Nudc cd vai ttd gi? + Trong te bao, nudc tdn tai d nhiing dang nao? + Trinh bay cau tnic cua nudc phii hgp vdi cbiic nang + Niu thidu nudc thi didu gi xiy vdi te bao? [1], [4] Hgc sinh dua vao so dd tu va tti Idi cic ciu bdi Giao vidn kit lugn - Giai doan Giao vien cung cip so dd khuyit vi ty tbi va lyc lap (Bai 14, Sinh bpc 10), kem he thdng bai giang va yen ciu hgc sinh boan chinh so dd + Ydu ciu hpc sinh quan sit hinh ty the va md ti ciu tnic ciia ti thi + So sinh bi mat mang ngoii va mang ttong, raang nao cd dien tich ldn ban? Vi sao? + Cin cir vao cau tnic hay nit cac chiic nang ciia li thd + Cau triic cua ti the phii hgp vdi chirc nang thd hidn nhu thi nao? QUY TRINH TO CHLTC CHO HQC SINH THET KE SO DO TU' DUY + Sd lugng li the d cac loai id bio khic cd khac khdng? Ti bao nao cd nhiiu tithi? + Lyc lap cd d diu? + Ydu cau hgc sinh quan sal hinh luc lap va md ti ciu tnic ciia luc lgp + Luc lgp cd chiic ning gi? + Ciu tnic lyc lap phii bgp vdi chiic nang quang hgp nhu tbi nao? + La ciia cay ttdng ngoii anh sang vdi la cay ttdng ttong nha cd miu sic khac nhu tbi nio? Vi sao? [I], [4] - Giai dogn Hpc sinh tu xay dung so tu day bai: Axit nucleic (Sinh hpc 10) - Giio vien dua be thdng cac boat dpng * Xdc dinh vd ve chii di trgng tam GV neu van dd: Trong cac bp phim, ngudi ta thudng lam gi de biit mdt ngudi cd quan he buydt thdng vdi minh hay khdng? Tai tir mdt td bao de lai d hidn trudng vu in ngudi ta cd the phat hien la thu pham? HS xic dinh va ve chu dk ttpng lim la ADN *Xdc djnh tieu dephg GV cho HS quan sit tranh cic logi nucleotit va cau tnic khdng gian ciia phin tir ADN va dua hd thing cau hdi - Trinh biy ciu tnic hda hpc ciia ADN, Tgi chi cd Ioai nucleotit ma ADN ciia cic ci thi khic nbau thi khdng gidng nhau? - Md ta ciu tnic khdng gian ciia ADN, Cac nucleotit lidn kit tbeo nguydn tac bd sung bang lien kil hidro cd y nghTa gi? - ADN cd chiic ning gi? [I], [4] * Diing cdc du&ng ndi di liin kit cdc tir khda GV dgt ciu hdi dd giiip HS tim dugc mdi lien he giua cac tu khda - Dac diem ciu tnic nao ciia ADN giup chiing thyc hidn dugc chiic nang do? - Hpc sinh Iam viec theo nhdm, tri Idi cac ciu bdi va xic dinh tu khda, sau thiet kd so dd tu HS quan sat hinh, lam vide theo nhdm, tta ldi cic ciu hdi v i xac dinh tidu dd phu, tir khda, tim cac tii Idida cd lien he vdi nhau, dimg dudng ndi dd lien ket Sau dd xiy dyng SDTD PHAN DLI'C DL'Y - LY H.M DL'ONG Cau triic hda hpc caa ADN + c i u tao theo nguydn tic da phin, don phan li nucleotit + Thanh phin mdt nucleotit: H3PO4, dudng C5H10O4, bazo nito: A, T, G, X + Chi cd Ioai nucleotit ma ADN cua cic ci dii khic thi khdng gidng \\: ADN da dgng v i die thu sd lugng, thinh phin, ttat ty sip xdp ciia cac nucleotit Cau true khong gian caa ADN + Cic nucleotit lien kit vdi bing lidn kit photphodieste theo mgt chidu xic djnh (3' - 5') tgo chudi polmucleotit + Hai chudi polinucleotil xoan lgi quanh true gii djnh tao mgch xoan kep deu, song song, ngugc chidu va gidng mdt ciu thang xoin + Mdi bic thang la rapt cap baza nita + Tay thang la nhdm photphat va dudng + ADN gdra hai chudi polinucleotit lien ket vdi bang lidn ket hidro giua cac bazo ciia cic nucleotit theo nguydn tac bd sung A - T: hai lien kel hidro G - X: ba lien kdt hidro + Dudng kinh: 20A'' Khoing cich giua hai cap baza la 3,4 A** + Cic nucleotit lien ket theo nguyen tic bd simg nhim dam bao dudng kinh cua ADN khdng ddi va bang 20A'' Cac lien kel hidro yiu nhung vdi sd lupng ldn da lam cho cau tnic ciia ADN vira bdn viing vua linh ddng, giup ADN cd thd thyc hidn dugc chuc nang ciia minh, ddng thdi cd the bien ddi de cung cip ngudn nguydn lieu cbo qui trinh tidn hda vi chpn gidng Chirc nang ciia ADN Bio quan va truydn dat thdng tin di truydn Dac diem cau true giiip ADN thyc hien chirc nang + Thdng tin di truyen dugc luu trir ttong ADN dudi dgng sd lugng, phin va trat tu cac nucleotit Trinh ty cic nucleotit tten ADN ma hda cbo trinb tu cac axit amin ttong chudi polipeptit (protein) Cic protein Igi ciu tgo nen cic ti bao va vgy quy dinh cic die diem ciia co thd sinh vgt + Do dugc can tao tir mgch theo n ^ y e n tic bd sung ndn thdng tin di truyin dugc bao quan tdt vi cd sy hu hdng (dot biin) d mgch thi mgch khdng bj hu se dugc dimg iim khudn de siia chfta cbo mach bj dot biin + Ciing dugc ciu tgo Iheo nguyen tic bd sung nen ADN cd nang truyen dgt thdng tin di truydn thdng qua cic qua trinb ty nhan ddi va phien ma QUY TRINH TO CHLTC CHO HQC SINH THIET KE SO DO TUDUY I55 - Giao vidn td chuc cho bpc sinh len ttinh bay y tudng - GV sira chfta, nhgn xet tiing SDTD va giiip HS hoan chinh SDTD Sau day la SDTD ma hgc sinh ldp 10 cua Trudng THPT Chuydn Qudc hgc Hui da thidt ke dugc: Hinhi SDTD w t\'D cua nllim PHAN DtfC DLT - LY H.^1 DL'dNG Hai nhdm diu dam bao tinh hinh thiic va ndi dung kiin thiic ciia SDTD vi AND + Xac dinh tir khda: Diing, ngan gpn, siic tich + Phan cip kiin thiic: Sip xip tii khda diing trgt tu, cd phan cip tfr Idn din nhd, chi tiet + Lien kit kidn tbiic: HS thi bien dugc su lien kit cic kiin thiic ttong SDTD + Ky tbuat xay dyng SDTD: Sir dung mau sic tdt, diing kieu chu, hinh anh dep va sang tgo + Khai thac kiin thiic dya vio SDTD: Pban ticb dugc SDTD, khai thac dugc moi lien he gifta cic kiin thiic ttong SDTD Trong dd moi nhdm thi hidn tu ciia minh tbeo mdi hudng khac nhau: Cung vdi nhirng tir khda nhu nhung moi nhdm cd mot cich bd tri khac tten sa Kv thuat sii dung miu sic va hinh inh ciia mdi nhdm khac Moi nhdm cd mgt the manh va rihiing didra han che rieng: + Nhdra 1: Cd nhiiu sang tgo ttong vide sir dung hinh inh de rainh hga cho cic tir khda Didu sd ting kha nang sang lao v i ghi nhd cbo HS + Nhdm 2: Dimg cic hinh inh dan gian, cic kJ thiml tgo nhan tten so dd, lira ndi bat cac y chinh Nhung it sang tao ttong vide sir dung cac hinh inh thay the tu khda, hinh anh trung tim khdng an tupng - Sii dung so dd tdt nhit ciia hpc sinh hogc so dd lu ma giao vien da chuan bi cho hgc sinh theo ddi, hpc tip cich thidt ki KET LUAN Sa dd tu la cdng cu hd ttg tri nhd rit hidu qua Vide thiit ke so dd tu giiip hgc sinh nhd liu va xau chudi dugc Iden thiic, ddng thdi phat trien dugc kha nang tu sing lao Su dung cac bidn phip td chuc hpc sinh xiy dung so dd ttr theo ttinh ly ttdn, ren luydn, nang cao ky nang xay dyng so dd tu cho bgc "iinh Trong qua trinh xay dyng so tu duy, mdi hpc sinh cd the sang igo theo ttr ridng ciia c i nhin minh Tuy nhien, hpc sinh cin dat dugc cac ky nang nhat dinb nhu xic dinh chu de ttgng lam, tieu de phu, tir khda, phin cip kidn thiic, lien ket kien thiic, ky thuit xay dung so dd tu va kha nang khai thac kidn thiic dya ttdn so dd lu TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] [2] [3] Bd Giio due va dao tao (2006), Sinh hoc IOndngcao,T^XB Giao due Ha Ndi Tony Buzan (Nguyen The Anh dich) (2008), Lap bdn dd tu duy, NXB Lao ddng Xi bdi Hi Ndi Tony Buzan, Bany Buzan (Ld Huy Lam djch) (2008), Sa dd tu duy, NXB Tdng hgp phd Hd Chi Minh QUY TRINH TO CHL''C CHO HOC SINH THIET KE SO DO TU DUY,, [4] [5] [6] Nguyin Nhu Hiin, Nguydn Thj Minh Nguyet (2009), Tdi liiu gido khoa chuven Sinh hgc THPT SHTB, NXB Giao due Vidt Nam, Ha Npi Trin Dmh Chau, Dang Thi Thu Thuy (2010), "Ban tu - mdt ttong nhung cdng cy hd trg dgy hpc va cdng tie quin ly nhi trudng hidu qua, dl thyc hien", hltp://gdtd.vn, 16/09/2010 Trin Dmh Chau, Dgng Thi Thu Thuy (2010), "Td chiic hogt ddng day hpc vdi ban dd tu duy", hiip://www.bentre.edu.vn, 14/12/2010 Title: PROCESS OF ORGANIZATION FOR STUDENT TO BUILD MINDMAPS IN TEACHING BIOLOGY Abstract: Mind maps take the important roles in developing creative thinking skills for students Therefore, ttaining mindmap-biulding skills for student is \ en.- necessary In order to train effectively, teachers have to develope the suitable process to organize students to build mind maps TS PHAN DUC DUY Khoa Sinh hpc, Tnrdng Dai hpc Su pham - Dai hpc Hue ThS LY HAI D U N G Trudng THPT Chuyen Quic Hoc, Hui ... chinh so tu So Quy trinh thiit ke sa tu QUY TRINH TO CHlTC CHO HQC SINH THIET KE SO D TU" DUY TRONG DAY HQC SINH HQC Qua nghien ciiu, cbiing ldi nhan thiy mudn ren luyen cho hgc sinh ky nang ty... ky nang thidt ki sa dd tu PHAN DU''C DUY - LY R « DUCSNG v i DU MINH HOA V£ TO CHlTC HOC SINH THIET KE SO DO TlT DUY TRONG DAY HOC P H A N SINH HOC TE BAO, SINH HOC 10 - Giai doan Giao vien cung... truydn thdng qua cic qua trinb ty nhan ddi va phien ma QUY TRINH TO CHLTC CHO HQC SINH THIET KE SO DO TUDUY I55 - Giao vidn td chuc cho bpc sinh len ttinh bay y tudng - GV sira chfta, nhgn xet