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Tap chl KHOA HQC OHSP TPHCM 86 34 ndm 2012 QUY TRINH T 6 CHUC HQC SINH LAM VIEC Vdl SACH GIAO KHOA TRONG DAY HQC SINH HQC d TRUNG HQC P H 6 T H 6 N G NGUYEN DUAN'''' T6M TAT Quy trinh Id chiec hqc sinh l[.]
86 34 ndm 2012 Tap chl KHOA HQC OHSP TPHCM QUY TRINH T CHUC HQC SINH LAM VIEC Vdl SACH GIAO KHOA TRONG DAY HQC SINH HQC d TRUNG HQC P H TH6NG NGUYEN DUAN' T6M TAT Quy trinh Id chiec hqc sinh ldm vi^e vdi sdeh gido khoa dgy hqc Sinh hqc d trung hqc phd thdng gdm giai dogn Mdi giai dogn gdm budc Kit qud thue nghidm su phgm cho thdy vi?c su d{ing quy trinh ndy ndng cao hi?u qud linh h0i tri thirc Sinh hpc cho hqc sinh Tir khda: quy trinh, ldm vi?c vdi sdeh gido khoa, sinh hqc ABSTRACT The process of organizing students to work with textbooks in teaching Biology in secondary high schools The process of organizing to work with textbooks in teaching Biology in secondary high schools includes two stages There are five steps in each stage The findings of the experiment show that using the proposed process improves students acquisition of Biological knowledge Keywords: process, work with textbooks, Biology Ddt van de Lam vifc vdi sdeh gido khoa (SGK) Id khdi nifm diing dd chi hogt dgng hgc tap ty lyc ciia hgc sinh (HS) vdi doi tugng Id SGK dl dgt dugc myc dich hgc tap Li ludn dgy hgc da khdng djnh vai trd cua ldm vifc vdi SGK vifc ndng cao hifu qud hgc tap cd vl kiln thiic vd kT ndng cho HS Trong Ii lugn dgy hgc Sinh hgc, vin dk da dugc dl cgp [2] Tuy nhidn, thyc trgng cho thiy vifc su dyng phuang phdp Idm vifc vdi SGK dgy hgc Sinh hgc d trung hgc phd thdng (THPT) ciia gido vidn cdn nhiiu ban che vl hifu qud vd tin suit sii dyng [6] Mgt nhumg li cua hgn chl Id chua TS, Trudng Dgi hpc Su phgm, Dgl hpc Hu6 74 cd quy trinh td chiirc hgc sinh ldm vifc vdi SGK Vi vdy, vifc nghien cihi xdy dyng quy trinh td chire hpc sinh ldm vi$c vai SGK dgy hpe Sinh hpe a THPT hifn Id rit cip thiet Ngi dung 2.1 Phuang phdp nghiin curu Bk xdy dyng quy trinh to chirc HS ldm vifc vdi SGK dgy hgc Sinh hpc d THPT, chung tdi sir dyng cdc phuong « phdp nghien ciiu d$c tnmg, phd bien nghien cuu Li lugn vd phuang phap dgy hgc Sinh hgc [2], [6]: (1) Phuong phdp nghidn cim li thuyit; (2) Phuong phdp dieu tra thyc trang dgy hgc Sinh hgc; (3) Phuong phdp quan sdt su pham; (4) Phuang phdp chuyen gia; (5) Phuong phdp thyc nghifm su phgm; (6) Phuong phdp th6ng kd todn hgc Tap chl KHOA HQC OHSP TPHCM 2.2 Th&i gian nghiin ciru: Tir thang 12/2005 din 12/2009, 2.3 Doi tuang vd khdch thi nghien ciru 2.3.1 Ddi tugng nghien ciru: Quy trinh td chiic HS lam vifc vdi SGK dgy hgc Sinh hgc d THPT 2.3.2 Khdch the nghien ciru: GV bg mdn Sinh hgc va HS d trudng THPT 2.4 Quy trinh to chire hpe sinh ldm viic v&i SGK dgy hpc Sinh hpc & trung hpc thong Chiing tdi dd xay dyng quy trinh gdm cac giai dogn sau day: 2.4.1 Giai dogn 1: Xdc dinh hogt ddng ldm viec vdi sdeh gido khoa Day la giai dogn giao vidn (GV) ehuan bj, thidt kd ndi dung td chiirc HS lam vife vdi SGK Bk cd dugc "ban thiit kl" tdt, GV phdi thyc hifn cdc budc co ban: Bu&e Xdc dinh muc tieu Dd tiin hanh xac djnh va td chiic HS thyc hifn cac boat ddng, tmdc hit GV phdi nghidn ciiru myc tidu td churc cac hogt ddng ciia HS Myc tidu phdi ndm muc tieu cua chucmg trinh mdn hqc Bd Giao dye va Ddo tao quy dinh Nhumg myc tieu chuong trinh thudng bao qudt va rdng Trong do, timg bai hgc cin phdi cd nhumg myc tidu cy thi Hay ndi each khdc, myc tidu ciia timg hogt ddng ldm vifc vdi SGK la cy thi hda myc tidu chucmg trinh phii hgp vdi ndi dung dgy hgc SGK Nhu vdy, vifc xac dinh myc tieu cho cac hogt ddng dgy hgc bdi chju sy chi phoi nhiiu yiu td, dd quan Nguyen Dudn trgng nhdt Id myc tidu chuang trinh va ndi dung dgy hgc SGK Ngugc lgi, khdng phdi ngi dung trinh bay SGK bao gid ciing dii dd hoan myc tidu dgy hgc Trong trudng hgp nay, GV phai bd sung thdng tin de thuan Igi cho qua trinh ITnh hgi eiia HS va hoan myc lieu dgy hpc, Vl mdt phan logi, GV phai xac djnh cac logi myc lidu vl kiln thirc, kT ndng va thai do, Trong do, dac bift luu y myc lidu kT nang lam vifc vdi SGK cd the ren luydn cho HS tir ndi dung dgy hgc da xac djnh, Vl miirc do, chiing tdi sir dyng each phan chia ciia B, Bloom (1956) [7], v l nguydn tic xdc djnh myc tidu, chiing tdi thyc hifn theo cac nguydn tac ma Grounlund (1985) [7] dl xuit: - Myc tidu phai djnh rd miic hoan cdng vifc ciia HS; - Myc tidu phai ndi rd mirc "ddu ra" ciia bai hgc chir khdng phdi la tidn trinh bai hgc; - Myc tidu khdng phdi dom thuin Id chii dd ciia bai hgc md la cdi dich bai hgc dgt tdi; Mdi myc lieu chi ndn phdn anh mdt « ddu dd thuan tifn cho vifc ddnh gid kdt qua bdi hgc, NIU bdi hgc cd nhiiu myc tidu thi ndn trinh bay ridng timg myc tidu vdi muc phai dgt vl mdi myc tidu dd; Mdi diu myc tieu ndn dugc didn dgt bdng mdt ddng tir dugc lya chgn dl xac djnh rd miic HS phdi dgt bdng hanh ddng Vi dg: Tmdc td chiirc HS lam vifc vdi SGK dl dgy hgc ndi dung " T I bao nhdn thyc" (Bai 8, Sinh hgc 10 co 75 86 34 ndm 2012 Tap chi KHOA HQC OHSP TPHCM ban, trang 36): GV phdi xdc djnh dugc cac muc lieu: * Ve kien thicc: Trinh bay dugc ddc dilm chung cua ll bao nhdn thyc, ddc dilm ciia ll bdo thyc vat, tl bdo ddng vdt; Trinh bay dugc ciu triie vd chiic ndng cua: nhan tl bao, ludi ngi chat, ribdxdm, bg may Gdngi; - So sdnh phin ciu tnic va chiic ndng ciia ll bao thyc val vd tl bdo ^ dgng vfl, gitta tl bdo nhdn sa vd tl bao nhdn thyc * Ve kindng: - Rdn luyfn cdc kT ndng Idm vifc vdi SGK: kT ndng tim y chinh, kT ndng lgp bdng, kT ndng lgp so do; - Rdn luyfn kT ndng so sdnh, phan tich, long hgp Xdc djnh myc tidu Xdc dinh hogt dgng lam vifc vdi SGK u Phdn tich ngi dung dgy hgc Xac dinh HD lam vi|c vdi SGK i Thidt kd cdu hdi, bdi tap 1' Ldp ke hoach td chiirc HD V ' * Dinh huong h09t dpng w Td chiirc boat dgng ldm vifc vdi SGK HS ldm vifc vdi SGK ^' Thdo lugn Tdng kit ltf' ^' Vgn dyng Hinh L Quy trinh td chdc HS ldm vipc vai SGK dgy hgc Sinh hgc a THPT 76 Tap chl KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM Nguyin Dudn Bu&e Phdn tieh ndi dung dgy hpe Phan tich ndi dung cin phai giai quydt dugc cac nhifm vy sau: * Ve ddc diem ndi dung: - Xac dinh ndi dung kien thiic co ban, trgng tam bai hgc Khi dgy hgc, phai td chiic cac hogt ddng nao dd HS ITnh hdi cac kien thiic trgng tam, co ban - Xac djnh kien thiic d dang thdng lin nao (kdnh hinh hay kenh chii)? Nlu la thdng tin d dgng kdnh chii thi chii y ren luyfn cho HS mdt hoac mdt vai kT ndng lam vifc vdi SGK sd cac cac kT nang: tim y chinh, kT ndng ldm tdt, kT nang lap dan y, kT ndng lap so dd, kT ndng lap bdng Ndu la thdng tin dgng kdnh hinh lhi chii y ren luyfn kT ndng khai thac thdng tin tir tranh dnh (ndu ngudn thdng tin la tranh dnh), kT ndng khai thdc thdng y y tin tir so dd (ndu ngudn thdng tin la so dd) hodc kT ndng khai thac thdng tin tu dd thj (ndu ngudn thdng lin la dd thj), , - Xdc djnh ndi dung thudc loai kidn thiic Sinh hgc nao (ciu tnic chiic nang, khai nifm, quy ludt, qua trinh, eo chd.,,) NIU ndi dung vl ciu tnic chiic ndng cua cac td churc sdng thi chii y ren luyfn kT nang lap bang Neu ndi dung la co chd, qua trinh Sinh hgc thi chii y rdn luyfn kT nang lap sodd.,, - Mdi quan hf giiia ndi dung dgy hgc vdi nhiing kiln thiic Sinh hgc ma HS dd bilt Bilt dugc cac kiln thiire HS da ed dl Id chirc HS thyc hifn cac hogt ddng tren CO sd kl thira, phat triin cac kiln thiire dd ,• 9 md khdng lap lgi; bode la su dyng kidn thire cu dk td chiic HS khai thac kiln thuc mdi lam vide vdi SGK Vi dg: Khi td chiic HS lam vide vdi SGK vl "Tl bao nhan so" (Sinh hgc 10 CO ban, trang'31), GV cho HS quan sat, so sanh phan cdu tgo te bdo dien hinh (Sinh hgc 8) vdi ciu tgo ciia td bao nhan so dd nit nhiing ddc diem cua td bao nhan so va nhan xet vl ddc diem liin hda cua tl bao nhan so, > * Ve cdu true: Xdc djnh cdu true logic ciia ndi dung SGK Xac djnh ciu tnic cua ndi dung SGK tren co sd cau tnic logic khoa hgc va ciu tnic logic nhgn thiic ciia HS Hau hit cac bai SGK dlu dugc t 9 trinh bay lheo quan didm kdt hgp cau tnic logic khoa hgc va cdu tnic logic nhdn thiic ciia HS Tuy nhien, mdt sd trudng hgp GV cd thd thay ddi, chinli H hoac bd sung nlu cd lap ludn viing vdng dd hifu qua dgy hgc cao hom Bu&e Xde dinh hogt dpng ldm viec v&i sdeh gido khoa Bk dgt dugc myc tidu dgy hgc da xdc djnh, HS phdi thyc hien cac hogt ddng hgc tap dudi sy hudng dan, td chiic, diiu khiln cua GV dd cd cac boat ddng lam vifc vdi SGK - NIU ndi dung trinh bay SGK d dgng kdnh chur thi GV phai xac dinh cac hogt ddng: Tim y chinh, tdm tdt, lap dan y, lap so dd, lap bdng,, [6] NghTa la chiing ta phai budc HS thu nhgn va xir Ii thdng tin ban diu bdng cac thao tde tu vd diin dgt kit qua cdc dgng kbac nhau, - NIU ndi dung trinh bay SGK la dgng kdnh hinh thi GV phai td chiic HS khai thdc ndi dung kdnh hinh do, Id cac boat ddng khai thac thdng 77 86 34 ndm 2012 Tap chl KHOA HQC OHSP TPHCM lin lir tranh, dnh, so dd, thj [6], Vifc chgn lya hogt dgng ndo cin phdi nhdm hoan thdnh myc tidu da xdc djnh d budc I Bu&e Thiit ke cdu hdi, bdi t^p Cdu hdi (CH), bai tap (BT) dugc ma hda tir ngi dung dgy hgc da xdc djnh d budc nhim dgt myc tidu dgy hgc da xac djnh d budc CH, BT phai dam bao cdc ydu cau sau: CH, BT la bifn phdp, dong thdi djnh hudng cho hogt dgng Idm vifc vdi SGK cua HS, Moi hogt dgng Idm vifc vdi SGK se ed mgt hodc cdc CH, BT tuomg img, Vi dg: Khi td churc HS Idm vifc vdi SGK dd dgy ndi dung "Cdc yiu to dnh hudng den hogt linh ciia enzim" (Bdi 14, Sinh hgc 10 co ban, trang 57), GV cdc CH, BT: (1) Hay dgc SGK vd cho bilt nhumg yiu td ndo anh hudng din boat tinh ciia enzim; (2) Hay ndu ddc dilm dnh hudng cua cdc yiu td dd din hogt tinh cua enzim Cho vi dy minh hog; (3) Hdy didn dgt ndi dung "Cdc yiu to dnh hudng den hogt tinh ciia enzim" bing bang phii hgp Trong vi dy ndy, hogt dgng lgp bdng cd thi dugc GV td chirc bing cdch siir dyng cdu hdi trdn Trong dd CH vd CH Id tiin dl dk HS trd Idi CH - Mdi CH, BT phdi djnh hudng rd vin dk cin nghidn ciiru cd SGK (Vin dk cin gidi quyit Id gi? Ngi dung ndo? Trang ndo? Bdi ndo? SGK ndo?) Mdi CH, BT cin ndu dugc mgt hodc mgt so nhifm vy md HS phdi gidi quyit ldm vifc vdi SGK dl ITnh hgi tri thirc vd rdn luyfn kT ndng ldm vifc vdi 78 SGK tuang img, nhu: tim y chinh, lgp bdng, Ifp so do, khai thdc thdng tin tir tranh, dnh, khai thdc thdng tin tir bdng, khai thdc thdng tin tir so CH, BT sip xip theo logic td chirc hogt dgng hgc tap cho HS Logic td chiirc hogt dfng hgc tap cho HS quy trinh ndy kit hgp logic nhdn thurc, logic khoa hgc vd qud trinh thdng tin NghTa Id trinh ty sip xip CH, BT theo trinh ty ngi dung hgc tap md HS cin khai thdc dugc trinh bay SGK Moi ngi dung dgy hgc cd thi ma hda thdnh cde CH, BT khdc theo myc tidu dd xdc djnh Vi dg: Khi dgy ngi dung "Sy dieu chinh sd lugng cd thd cua quin thi" (Bai 39, Sinh hgc 12 co ban, trang 171), GV cd thd cdu hdi: Hdy dgc ndi dung "Sy diiu chinh j sd lugng cd thd ciia quin thi" vd lap so dd thi hifn co chl ty diiu chinh sd lugng cd thd ciia QT? Hdy dgc ngi dung "Sy diiu chinh so lugng cd the ciia quin thi" vd li giai vi sd lugng cd thd ciia QT dugc xem la y f % mgt hdng sd Sinh hgc cua td chiic sdng a cip dg quin thi Tir hdy gidi thich vl mgt so lodi dgng, thyc vgt d nudc ta dang phdi doi m$t vdi nguy co tuy?t chung cao? + NIU myc tieu xdc dinh la ren luyfn kl ndng lgp sa dd thi GV sOr dung CHI + Nlu myc tidu xdc dinh la ren luyfn kl ndng vdn dyng thdng tin thi GV sir dyng CH Tap chl KHOA HQC OHSP TPHCM Nguyin Dudn - KT nang lam vifc vdi SGK cua HS cdng thip thi hf thdng CH, BT cang chi till va ngugc lgi, Bu&e Lap ki hogch td chirc hogt dpng - Xac dinh thdi diem HS thyc hifn hoat ddng: thyc hifn tgi ldp, hay d nha; trudc, hay sau ldn ldp? Hoat ddng se thyc hifn vao khdu nao ciia bai len ldp? Ndi dung Myc lieu 9 Sap xdp cdc hogt dgng lam vifc vdi SGK ciia HS phii hgp vdi logic nhan thiic, logic khoa hgc cua ndi dung hgc tap, Dy kiln thdi gian danh cho tirng hogt dgng Kit thiic budc 5, GV lap bang dk phan dnh quan hf gifl-a yiu to: CH,BT Ngoai ra, GV cdn dy kidn kdt qua (san phdm) dgt dugc, nhiing sai lam HS gap phai va phuang an sua chua, 2.4.2 Giai dogn 2: Td chue hqc sinh thue hien hogt ddng ldm viee vdi sdeh gido khoa Bu&e Dinh hu&ng hogt dpng * Hogt dpng cua gido viin: Djnh hudng HS thyc hifn hogt ddng lam vifc vdi SGK GV thyc hifn cdc cdng vifc sau: 1) Gidi thifu myc tidu ciia hogt ddng; 2) Giao hf thdng CH, BT ^ thill kl cho HS va hudng ddn thyc hifn; 3) Thdng bao cdc ydu ciu khdc cho HS bilt hinh thiic td chiic, each trinh bay, * Hogt dpng cua hpc sinh: Ty dinh hudng qua trinh thyc hifn hogt ddng lam vifc vdi SGK HS chuyin ndi dung dinh huang cua GV ndi dung tu dinh huang cho cd nhan Hdnh ddng nhdm trdnh sy hinh thiire, cam tinh qud trinh thyc hifn cdc hogt ddng lam vifc vdi SGK Budc HS phdi: (1) Xdc dinh hogt ddng phdi thyc hifn; (2) Xac djnh myc tidu cua hogt ddng; (3) Xdc dinh noi Thdi didm Thdi gian dung SGK can khai thdc, thu nhgn, xii Ii t de dgt myc tidu dd; (4) Xac djnh kd hogch thyc hifn y * Kit qud: Hinh dugc ban kd hogch lam vifc vdi SGK cua HS Bu&e HS ldm vipc v&i sdeh gido khoa Budc tilp tyc, kd thira kdt qua budc Chiing tdi tdch Idm ridng dd mudn nhin mgnh ddn hogt ddng ty lye ciia HS lam vifc vdi SGK, * Hogt dpng cua gido viin: Trong budc hogt ddng ciia GV dugc "in" di, vi cdc ndi dung dinh hudng d budc da dugc HS chuyin sang ndi dung tu dinh hudng cho vifc ty nghien cuu d budc nay, du ring vai trd cua GV vdn Id hudng ddn, djnh hudng hogt ddng ciia HS, Do dd, trdn thyc tl, budc chi thiy chii yiu HS ty lyc lam vifc vdi SGK, * Hogt dpng cua hpc sinh: Ty nghien ciiu, HS ty lyc lam vifc vdi SGK dl thuc hifn cac hogt ddng dd dugc GV djnh hudng, Ddy Id qua trinh nhdn thurc, phuomg phdp hpc thdng qua dudng thu nhdn, xir Ii va van dyng thdng tin HS phai thyc hifn hogt ddng theo cdc budc 79 86 34 ndm 2012 Tap chi KHOA HQC OHSP TPHCM tuomg img ddnh cho tirng logi hogt dgng ma HS ddi bilt, Mdi Ioai hogt dgng (Ilm y chinh, tdm lit, lap so do, khai thdc thdng lin lir so do,,,) cd cac budc thyc hifn ridng, * Ket qud: Kit qua ldm vifc vdi SGK ciia cd nhan HS, Dd la tri thirc vd kT nang mang linh cd nhan (chua dugc kiim chiing) Bu&e Thdo lugn GV td chiic hogt dgng hgc tap hgp tac, Trong nghidn ciiu nay, chiing ldi td chiic hogt dgng theo nhdm nhd tir 4-6 HS/nhdm, * Hogt dpng cda gido viin: GV Id chiic, didu khidn hogt ddng thao luan cho HS, CJ day, GV ddng vai trd Id ngudi to chiic ddng thdi la ngudi trgng tai, cd van cho hogt ddng hgc tap hgp tac cua HS theo diing myc lieu * Hogt dpng cda hpc sinh: Ty thd hifn kdt qua hogt ddng cd nhan va thdo lugn vdi tap thi nhdm, Idp, Qua trinh didn theo cac budc: (1) Cd nhdn trinh bay san phim va each lam sdn phim (san phim ciia budc 2); (2) Thdo lugn giiia cdc HS nhdm; (3) Thdo lugn cua HS loan ldp Luu y, tiiy theo diiu kifn cy thi vd dg khd ciia ngi dung hogt dgng, thdi gian cho hogt dgng, doi lugng HS„, dk linh dgng sii dyng cdc budc trdn * Kit qud: Kit qua nit tir hogt dgng thdo ludn, hgp tde cua tgp thi HS (Idp, nhdm) chua qua kiim chiing cua GV Kdt qud budc cd thi giong ho^c khdc vdi kit qud cua cd nhdn (budc 2) Bu&e Tdng kit Myc dich ciia budc ndy Id dk HS nhin lgi toan bd nhiing hogt dgng va kit 80 qud hogt dgng tir budc I den budc 3, Tt dd, HS rut nhumg kit luan vd danh gi£ kit qud hogt dgng hgc tap theo dung muc lieu da xdc djnh * Hogt dpng cua gido viin: Hudng dan HS ty long kit qud trinh hogt dgng da thyc hifn vd dua nhumg kit luan ^ nhdm chinh xdc hda kien thiic vd kT ndng dl HS ty kiim tra, ddnh gid; tir dd, GV dua nhumg nhdn xdt phii hgp d day, GV cd vai trd Id ngudi co vdn * Hogt dpng cua hpc sinh: Ty tdng kit, ly kiim tra vd ly danh gia, HS thyc hifn theo trinh ty: (1) Ty tdng kdt loan bf qud trinh hogt dgng Idm vifc vdi SGK ciia minh; (2) Tilp nhdn nhiing y kien / gdp y cua GV; (3) Ddi chidu vdi nhiing ngi dung ty kdt lugn vd ty ddnh gid cua ban than dd ty kidm tra, ty diiu chinh, f * Ket qud: Nhiing kidn thiire, kT ndng ciia HS dugc GV chinh xdc hoa Ddy Id tri thirc khoa hgc ma HS cin ITnh hgi va Id chuin dd HS ddi ehilu, kidm tra ^ vd didu chinh kdt qud lam vifc vdi SGK cua bdn thdn, Bu&c Vgn dgng Myc dich ciia budc ndy Id GV tgo diiu kifn dl HS vgn dyng nhiing kien thiic vira ITnh hgi dugc tir hogt ddng lam vifc vdi SGK nhdm ciing cd, khic sau kidn thiic, dong thdi ren luyfn kT ndng v|in dyng kiln thiic, kT ndng vdo cdc tinh huong khdc thyc tidn * Hogt dpng cda gido viin: Dat nhihig vin dl tuomg ty, HS van dung kiln thirc, kT ndng dd cd dl gidi quyit theo myc tieu dgy hgc da xdc dinh Vai trd cua GV la tgo tinh hu6ng, mdu Haxh giflra nhumg tri thiire, kT ndng da cd cua HS Tap chl KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM r y vdi mdt van de dat khoa hgc hoac Irong thyc lien ddi sdng, san xuit de HS van dyng, * Hogt dpng eua hpe sinh: Giai quyil van de GV dat qua cac budc: (1) Phan tich van dl dat dl xac djnh nhiem vy, yeu ciu phai giai quydl; (2) Tim kiim tri thiic, kT nang dd hgc lien quan den nhifm vy cin giai quyil; (3) Van dyng tri thiic, kT ndng dd cd dl giai quyit van de dat tuomg ty * Kit qua: Giai quyil dugc vin ddt ra, qua dd khdc sau kiln thiic, ren luyfn kT ndng va thi hifn tri thiire mdt each sang tao, ren luydn cho hgc sinh kT ndng van dyng thdng lin dgc sach Vi dg: Sau HS lam vifc vdi SGK dl ITnh hdi cac kiln thiic vl lyc lgp va ti thi (Bai 9, Sinh hgc 10 co ban, trang 40), GV cdc cau hdi: Tgi thyc vdt cd kha ndng quang hgp cdn ddng val thi khdng? 2, Cd ngudi ndi "Ti thi cd thi dugc vi nhu nha may difn ciia tl bao cdn luc lap nhu la nha may cung cip nguyen lifu cho nha may difn" Hay: Chimg minh cau ndi dd; Cdu ndi dd cd diing vdi chiic ndng ciia mgi tl bao nhan thyc khdng? Tai sao? HS se van dung kiln thirc dd cd vl chiic nang ciia ti the va lyc lap cua td bao nhan thyc dl tra Idi: Do thyc vat cd lyc lgp, ddng vat khdng cd, HS chiimg minh cdu ndi tren •bang each dya vao chiic nang cua ti the vd lyc lgp, Cau ndi chi diing vdi sinh vat nhan thyc ty dudng vi tl bao cua I ehiing cd lyc lgp, khdng diing vdi tl bao Nguyin Dudn nhan thyc dj dudng (ddng vat) vi le bao cua chiing khdng cd lyc lap 2.4.3 Vi du minh hqa eho quy trinh td ehire HS ldm vi?e vdi SGK dgy hqc Sinh hqc a THPT Td chirc HS ldm vifc vdi SGK dl hpc ngi dung "Thoat hoi nudc qua khong cua la cay" (Bdi 3, Sinh hgc 11 co ban, trang 15): Giai dogn 1: Xde dfnh hogt dpng ldm vifc v&i sdeh gido khoa Bu&e Xdc dinh mgc tiiu Hgc xong ndi dung HS phai: (1) Hiiu dugc CO chl thoat hoi nudc qua khdng ciia la; (2) Phdt triin kT ndng quan sat, hf thdng hda, khai quat hda; (3) Ren luyfn kT nang khai thae thdng lin tir tranh anh, kT ndng lap so dd, kT ndng tdm tdt, kT nang tim y chinh, kT ndng van dyng thdng tin, Bu&c Phdn tieh npi dung Khi nghien ciiu bai hgc, GV se thiy ndi dung quan trgng cua bai la giai thich CO chl thoat hoi nudc qua khdng cua Id, Ndi dung dugc SGK trinh bay ca kdnh chii (trang 18) va kdnh hinh (hinh 3.4), Day la kiln thiic vl co chl Sinh hgc (rit thuan lgi cho hogt ddng lap so dd) Kiln thiic lien quan din kiln thiic Sinh hgc va Sinh hgc tl bao (Sinh hgc 10) HS dded, Bu&c Xdc dfnh hogt dpng ldm viic v&i sdeh gido khoa Chung tdi td chiirc HS thyc hifn cac boat ddng lam vifc vdi SGK nhu sau: (1) Tim y chinh (cho dogn van ban md ta vl CO chl thoat hai nudc qua khdng cua la cay); (2) Khai thac thdng tin tir tranh anh (hinh 3,4); (3) Lap so (sa dd co 81 86 34 ndm 2012 Tgp chi KHOA HQC OHSP TPHCM chl thoat hai nudc qua khing cua Id cay); (4) Lap bdng (bang trinh bdy d^c dilm anh hudng cua cdc ldc nhdn din qud trinh thoat hoi nudc); (5) Van dyng thdng tin (gidi thich co sd khoa hgc cua bifn phdp chdm sdc cay trong) Bu&c Thiet ki cdu hdi, bdi tpp 1, Hdy lim y chinh cua co chl thoat hoi nudc qua khdng ciia Id cdy Quan sat hinh 3.4 dl xdc djnh trgng thdi cua thdnh tl bdo khong Iidn quan din ca chl thodt hai nudc qua Id cua cay Hdy didn dgt ca chl thodt hai y •t sao? Lgp bdng trinh bdy ddc dilm anh hudng ciia cdc tde nhdn dd din qud trinh thodt hoi nudc, 4, Tgi chiing ta khdng ndn tudi nudc cho cdy vdo budi tma ning? Nhu vgy, dk ITnh hgi kiln thiire "Co chl thodt hai nudc qua khdng cua la" HS phdi thyc hifn td hgp cdc hogt ddng lam vifc vdi SGK: tim y chinh, khai thac thdng tin tir tranh dnh, lgp so dd (ho|c tdm lit), van dyng thdng tin Bu&c Lgp ki hogch td chiirc hoat dpng GV trinh bdy cdc ngi dung dd chudn bj theo bang: nude qua khdng ciia la cay bdng so dd Nhirng tac nhdn nao dnh hudng din qua trinh thoat hoi nudc? Tgi CH,BT Myc tidu Ndi dung Co chd thoat hoi (Nhu budc 1) CNhu budc 4) nudc qua khdng ciia Id Giai dogn 2: Td chirc hpc sinh thuc hipn hogt dpng ldm vipc v&i sdeh gido khoa Bu&c Dfnh hu&ng hogt dpng y - GV ndu myc tidu HS cdn dgt dugc: (1) Hidu dugc ca che thodt hoi nudc qua khdng cua Id thdng qua Idm vifc vdi kdnh hinh vd kdnh chur; (2) Didn dgt dugc ndi dung cua co chl thoat hai nudc qua khdng cua Id bdng so ho$c bdng ban tdm tit; (3) Vgn dyng nhiing hiiu bilt vl bdn chit ciia co chl dk tim hiiu mgt so yiu td dnh hudng din qud trinh thodt hai nudc - GV chiiu ldn mdn hinh hodc phat phidu hgc tap chiia dyng cdu hdi ddu 82 '1 — Thdi gian Thdi didm Thyc hifn Tuy thyc tidn dgy hgc cy the tgi ldp - HS thyc hifn theo quy trinh: ca nhdn -> nhdm ^ Idp d trdn ldp Moi nhdm vd mgt so dd trdn giiy A3 (ho|c AO) vl CO chl thodt hai nudc qua khdng dl bdo cdo trudc Idp Bu&c Hpc sinh ldm vipc v&i sach giio khoa HS thyc hifn cdc hogt dgng theo quy trinh dd bilt (tim y chinh, khai thac thdng tin tir tranh dnh, lgp bdng, tdm tdt, v ^ dyng thdng tin) Bu&c Thdo lugn HS thdo ludn theo cdc budc: (1) Mdi HS trinh bdy san phim vd cdch Iain sdn phim; (2) Thdo luan nhdm, tranh lugn va nit kit luan; (3) Dai didn nhom Tap chl KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM Nguyin Dudn bao cdo trudc Idp dk thyc hidn thao luan ldp Bu&c Tdng kit GV hudng ddn HS ty tdng kit qua trinh hogt ddng da thyc hifn vd dua nhumg kit lugn nhdm chinh xac hda tri thiire va kT ndng dk HS ty kiim tra ddnh gia HS thudng gap khd khdn lap so vd lap bang Vi vgy GV danh thdi gian dk phan tich vd thyc hifn lgi cdc budc lap so dd va lgp bang dl HS ty kiim tra Bu&c Vgn dgng GV ndu CH so dk HS trd ldi tai Idp hodc giao cho HS vl nha ty thyc hifn 2.5 Thuc nghipm suphgm 2.5.1 Mue dieh thuc nghiim sir phgm Thyc nghifm su phgm (TNSP) dk danh gid hifu qua hgc tap ciia HS sir dyng qt^ trinh td chirc HS ldm viee vdi SGK dgy hpe Sinh hoc a THPT 2.5.2 Ndi dung thuc nghiem suphgm Ngi dung TNSP la sir dyng quy trinh trdn vdo dgy hgc "Phin I Gidi thifu chung vl thi gidi song" vd "Phin II Sinh hgc tl bdo" (Sinh hgc 10 co bdn) hgc ki 1, ndm hgc 2008 2009, 2.5.3 Dia bdn thuc nghidm suphgm TNSP tgi cdc trudng: THPT sd Qudng Trgch, THPT Dao Duy Tir, THPT chuydn Quang Binh' (tinh Quang Binh), THPT Ld Lgi (tinh Quang Trj), THPT Thira Luu (tinh Thira Thidn Hui) 2.5.4 Ket qud thuc nghidm suphgm Trong qud trinh TNSP, chiing tdi tiin hdnh kiim tra lin: Lin 1: Sau kit thuc chucmg I (Ol so 1); Lin 2: Sau kit thiic chuang II (Bk sd 2); Lin 3: Sau kit thuc chucmg III (Ol sd 3), Kit qua cde lin kiim tra thi hifn d bang 1, Kit qud bdi kiim tra so 1: Bdng Bdng tong hgp cdc tham sd ddc trung bdi kiim tra sd I Ldp n x±m S^ S Cv DC 515 5,01 ± 0,06 2,13 1,46 29,14 TN 518 5,97 ± 0,05 1,55 1,24 20,82 td ta 11,38 1,65 Ket qud bdi kiim tra s6 2: Bdng Bdng tdng hgp cdc tham sd ddc trung bdi kiem tra sd Ldp n x±m S^ S Cv DC 508 5,31 ± 0,05 1,41 1,19 22,37 TN 512 6,89 ± 0,06 1,58 1,26 18,26 td ta 20,62 1,65 83 86 34 ndm 2012 Tap chl KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Kit qud bdi kiim tra s6 3: « f 9 Bdng Bdng tdng hgp ede tham sd dde trung bdi kiem tra sd Ldp n x±m S^ S Cv DC 509 5,13 ± 0,05 1,44 1,20 23,39 TN 517 7,00 ± 0,05 1,32 Nhgn xit: Sau lin kidm tra, qua kdt qua dd dugc xir li d bang trdn, cho thiy: - Dilm trung binh ( x ) cua ldp thyc nghifm (TN) d cac bai kiim tra (5,97; 6,89; 7,00) cao han ldp doi chirng (DC) (5,01; 5,31; 5,13), chimg Id d ldp TN dgt ket qua cao hom so vdi Idp DC - Gia trj hf sd biin thidn (Cv) d Idp TN qua cac lin kiim tra la: 20,82; 18,26; 16,41 va d Idp DC la: 29,14; 22,37; 23;39 ddu ndm khoang dao ddng tmng binh nen kit qua thu dugc la dang tin cay, - Do tin cay (td) cua cdc lin kiim tra theo thir ty Id: 11,38; 20,62; 25,50 dlu cao horn ta = 1,65 Nhu vdy, sy sai khdc giira X va X Id cd y nghTa Kit qua xii Ii bdng thdng ke xdc suit cac ddc trung giua TN vd DC cho thdy hifu qua dgy hgc ciia vifc quy trinh lam vifc vdi SGK d ldp TN ludn cao ban ldp DC, biiu hifn rd so sdnh lin suit xuit hifn sd HS dgt dilm tir trd ldn d cd Idp TN vd ldp DC Cy thi Id: Kit qud thong kd tdng hgp d bdi kiim tra sd 1: d ldp TN sd HS dugc dilm trd Idn la 33,2%, d ldp DC chi dgt 15% (bang 1), - Kit qua thdng kd tdng hgp d bai kiim tra sd 2: d ldp TN sd HS dugc dilm 84 td ta 25,50 1,65 16,41 1,15 trd Idn la 64,3% sd HS, d Idp DC chi dgt 15,4% (bang 2), - Kit qua thong kd tdng hgp d bdi kiim tra so 3: d ldp TN sd HS dugc dilm trd Idn la 71,6%, dd d ldp DC chi dat 15,5% (bang 3), Cdng vd sau qua trinh TNSP, ti le HS dugc didm trd Idn d ldp TN cang tdng, dd ti If HS dugc dilm trd len d Idp DC thay ddi khdng ddng kl, Ket luan Quy trinh td cbuc hgc sinh lam viec vdi SGK dgy hgc Sinh hgc d trung hgc phd thdng gdm cd giai dogn: Giai dogn 1: Xdc djnh hogt dgng lam vife vdi SGK (gdm budc: xdc djnh myc lieu; phdn tich ngi dung; xdc djnh hogt dfng lam vifc vdi SGK; thill kl cdu hdi, bai ^ tgp; lgp kd hogch td chiic hogt ddng); Giai dogn 2: Td chiic hgc sinh thyc hien hogt dgng lam vifc vdi SGK (gdm budc: djnh hudng hogt ddng; hgc sinh lam vifc vdi SGK; thao ludn; long kit; vgn dyng) Kit qua thyc nghifm su phgm cho thiy vifc sir dyng quy trinh trdn cd tac dyng ndng cao hifu qud ITnh hgi tri thirc Sinh hgc cho hgc sinh d THPT Tap chi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM ' "' Nguyin Dudn ' Chon ldp TN 1^ 10 Van v^ ldp DC la ldp 10 Dja Ca hai ldp dlu hpc SGK Sinh HQC ca hkn TAI L I £ U THAM K H A O Allan C, Omstein, Thomas J Lasley 11 (2003), Strategies for Effective Teaching (4th edition), McGraw-Hill Humanities Social, New York, USA Dinh Quang Bao, Nguyen Diic Thanh (1996), Li ludn dgy hqc sinh hqc, Nxb Giao due Ha Ndi Hoang Chiing (1983), Phuang phdp thdng ke todn hqc khoa hqc gido due, Nxb Gido due Ha Ndi Nguyen Duan (2009), "Quy trinh to chiic cdc hoat dpng hpc tap cho hpc sinh trung hpc phd thdng theo hudng ren luydn kT ndng Idm vifc vdi sdeh gido khoa dgy hpc Sinh hpc", Tgp chi Gido due, (211), tr 48 49 Nguyen Duan (2009), "Cdc bien phdp Id chiic hpc sinh dien dat ndi dung sach giao khoa day hpc Sinh hpc d trung hpc phd thdng", Tgp chi Gido due, (227), tr 5960,62 Nguyen Dudn (2010), Sir dung phuang phdp ldm viec vdi SGK di td chue hogt dpng 9 hqc tap cita hqc sinh dgy hqc Sinh hqc d trung hqc phd thdng, Luan an Tien sT Gido due hpc, Tmdng Dai hpc Su pham Ha Ndi, Ha Ndi Trin Bd Hoanh (1995), Ki thudt dgy hqc Sinh hqc, Nxb Gido due Ha Ndi Robert J Marzano, Debra J Pickering, Jane E Pollock (2005), Classroom Intruction That Works Reseach- Based Strategies For Increasing Student Achievement, ASCD, Alexandria, Virginia, USA (Ngdy Tda soan nhin dirge bdi: 19-8-2011; ngdy chip nhin ddng: 07-9-2011) 85 ... vifc vdi SGK dgy hgc Sinh hgc d THPT 2.3.2 Khdch the nghien ciru: GV bg mdn Sinh hgc va HS d trudng THPT 2.4 Quy trinh to chire hpe sinh ldm viic v&i SGK dgy hpc Sinh hpc & trung hpc thong Chiing... chl Sinh hgc (rit thuan lgi cho hogt ddng lap so dd) Kiln thiic lien quan din kiln thiic Sinh hgc va Sinh hgc tl bao (Sinh hgc 10) HS dded, Bu&c Xdc dfnh hogt dpng ldm viic v&i sdeh gido khoa. .. hpe sinh: Giai quyil van de GV dat qua cac budc: (1) Phan tich van dl dat dl xac djnh nhiem vy, yeu ciu phai giai quydl; (2) Tim kiim tri thiic, kT nang dd hgc lien quan den nhifm vy cin giai quyil;