Tir TUONG GIAO DUC CUA FUKUZAWA YUKICHI DOI vin N H A T BAN THCn CAN DAI NeUTtNK HNEUItir Tom tit Fukuzawa Yukichi nhd cdi cdch co dong gdp to ldn ddi vdi Nhdt Bdn can dgi Trong bdi cdnh biin dgng ddu[.]
Tir TUONG GIAO DUC CUA FUKUZAWA YUKICHI DOI vin NHAT BAN THCn CAN DAI NeUTtNK HNEUItir Tom tit Fukuzawa Yukichi nhd cdi cdch co dong gdp to ldn ddi vdi Nhdt Bdn can dgi Trong bdi cdnh biin dgng ddu thdi ky Minh Tri dng nhgn rdng chi cd nen gido due thuc hoc mai giup Nhdt Bdn phdt trien mgnh me Anh huang tie nen khoa hgc tien tien cua phuang Tdy, dng dd thuc hien nhieu hogt dgng thuc tien ve gido due, tit giiip chinh quyen Minh Tri xdy dieng nin gido due hien dgi ldm tien de Nhgt Bdn phdt trien den ngdy Ddy ciing Id bdi hgc kinh nghiem qui bdu doi vdi Viet Nam qua trinh phdt trien ddt nudc Tit khda: Nhit Bin, Tu tudng giao dye, Thyc hpc, Fukuzawa Yukichi J ir cudi thdi Mac Phu den thdi Mmh Trj, Nhit Bin bit diu ddi dien vdi nhiing mdi de dpa an nmh tu My v i cic nudc phuong Tiy Song ttong tien trinh hien dai hda, Nhit Bin di biet tiep thu cd chgn lgc nhiiu yeu td ky thuit, luit phip, giio due cua cic nudc phuang Tiy v i vupt qua thich thuc cua thdi ky niy de khang djnh mdt Nhit Bin tien bp, vin minh ttong khu vyc Chiu A Thdi ky niy, cic chu de canh tin xa hdi tten diln din ngdn luin cua tri thuc Nhit Bin rit sdi ddng, ttong dd ndi len ed Fukuzawa Yukichi Ong di the hien dupc vai ttd nhi khai sang tieu bieu ttong sd cic tti thiic Nhit Bin hpc tip phuong Tiy Fukuzawa Yukichi da tu lip tmdng chu nghia din cudi thdi phong kien Mac phu, tiep can tu tudng "hien dai hda" v i "qudc ti hda" Nhit Ban tu ben ttong, tten co sd tiep thu cic tu tudng, nguyen ly khoa hpc vin minh tien bd cua Chiu Au, song vin gitt nhirng tu tudng, hpc vin trayen thing va Nho hpc cua Nhit Bin Dd li su tiip thu tu tudng binh ding, ty chu nghia cua chu nghia khai sing phuong Tiy tmdc nhu ciu "Men dai hda Nhit Bin" mi Fukuzawa Yukichi v i nhimg nguai duong thdi di tim kiem Chu nghia khai sing den Ddng A tu gitta the ky XIX Diy li thdi ky cic nudc Ddng A (gdm Trang Qudc v i Nhit Bin) dang nguy CO xim luge cua chu nghia thuc dan va chu nghia de qudc tir Chiu Au Luc dd xuat hien cue dien the gidi mdi, khic hoin toan vdi thi ky XV, XVI thyc din Tiy Ban Nha v i Bd Dio Nha den Ddng A vdi muc dieh trayen b i Kitd giio, kiem tim thj tmdng v i giao thuang Cupc "cich mang cdng nghiep" phuang Tiy da md rpng thj tmdng ciia chu nghia tu bin manh ban chu nghia thuc din, v i den Ddng A chinh ning luc quin su v i ky thuat khoa hpc ldn manh di phi vd ket ciu quydn lyc v i the che nhi nudc tmyen thdng liu ddi d cic nudc Ddng A ndi chung cung nhu d Nhit Bin ndi rieng Fukuzawa Yukichi hgc tip Chiu Au tu tudng khai sang ve xiy dung xa hgi thj dan can dai vdi chu truang tii din binh ding, nhim myc dich xda bd co ciu xi hgi cu dua tren chi dp thin phan Fukuzawa Yukichi xuit than li vo si cip thap nen dng cam thdng siu sic mat ttai lac hiu v i bit nhin • Nghien cuu vien, Vi?n Triit hpc 60 NGHIEH Cfla O O H G B ^ C fl s d ) 8-2015 Nghien cihi khoa hoc cua che thdn phdn m i minh da ginh chiu Ong giii thich sy cin thiit cua viec xiy dyng nhi nudc v i x i hpi thj din, dd li md hinh nha nudc thtta nhin quyin cdng din cua mdi ngudi v i liy "tti v i dire" lim tiin di phit tridn xa hpi Fukuzawa Yukichi liy "dgc lip, ty tdn" lim khiu hieu the hidn myc dich canh tin Nhat Bin Ong lya chpn chien lupc xiy dung nin giao due tien bd lim budc khdi diu dio tao ndn thd he ngudi Nhit cd tinh thin dpc lap, cd dao due v i ky thuit tinh thdng di dip iing yeu ciu hien dai hda Nhit Bin Tu tudng giio dye cua dng thi hidn d hai diem chinh dugc trinh bay dudi diy Phe phdn "hu hpc", khuyin khich "thuc hoc" Trong ljch su Nhit Bin, tu thdi ky Asuka (khoang thi ky IV-VII) Thai tu Shotoku di chu dgng tiep can vin minh Tmng Hoa bang cich cir nhieu su doin sang nhi Tiiy, Dudng ta dao, hpc tap vin minh Tmng Hoa, sau ve phat triin dit nudc Chinh vi vay, he thing chinh trj, phip luat, van hpc, giio dye cua Nhat Bin mdt thdi chju inh hudng ro net Trang Hoa Song tten thyc ti ljch su, cudi thdi ky Mac phu, bdi cinh mdi ndi tren, mgt sd mat cua van minh, van hda Hin khdng cdn phii hpp vdi xu hudng hien dai hda cua Nhit Bin Bin than Fukuzawa Yukichi hieu rd nhtmg ban chi cua nin giao due ddi vdi cdng cudc canh tin Nhit Bin Ong phan tich ro "hu hpc" diy bit cap cua md hinh giao due cu: s i lugng ngudi di hpc bi ban che; day dpc v i viit li chinh; khdng khyin khich tu sang tao, dpc lip; lang phi thdi gian; dio tao nen ngudi an phin thu thudng; hpc khdng phai vi kiin thirc tri thiic Chtoh vi vay, can cd mpt nin giio dye mdi - "thuc hpc" phu hop vdi yeu ciu cua thdi dai HGHIEH Cflu OONG Bflc fl sd 8(174) 8-2015 Fukuzawa Yukichi di neu mdt s i ciu hdi lim ro y nghia cua viec hpc: Muc dich hgc de ldm gi? Tgi phdi hgc? Hgc se dem lgi lgi ich gl cho xd hgi, ddt nudc vd chinh bdn thdn ngudri hgc? Qua dd dng giii thich gii trj "thyc hpc" ddi vdi ci nhan, xa hdi v i dit nude Ong khing djnh ring " d ngudi vdn dl khdng cd chenh lech ngheo hen, giiu sang Vi the, co thi ndi ring: ngudi chju khd hgc, hieu biit nhieu se trd ngudi quan ttpng, sdng sung tuc; ngudi vd hpc se ttd thinh ngudi thip kem, ngheo khd"' Nhu viy, tmdc bet hpc vin phuc vu cho bin thin ngudi cd hpc, vi cd hpc vin se cd cupc sdng diy du, dugc xi hdi coi ttpng Ngugc lai, khdng cd hgc van ludn thip kem ttong xi hdi v i tit phii sdng ttong ngheo khd Hon nua, cd hpc vin ngudi ttd nen dpc lip, xi hdi ddc lip v i qudc gia ddc lip Trong xi hgi phong kien thdi ky Tokugawa khdng cd quan niem vi quyen binh ding, trade nhit la quyin blnh ding ddi vdi ngudi nhu mgt ca nhin v i sy phin biet ding cip rit bit cdng v i h i khic Ngay ttong ting Idp vd si cung cd phin biet: "Du ttong hoin cinh thdi tiit nio, Ashigam' phii ngdi chin ttin v i nim up mat xudng dit de biy td thii ving phuc vdi cic vd si thugng luu Idii nhung ngudi niy di qua" Fukuzawa nhin ring, ttong bdi cinh thi su phin djnh quyen buih ding hay khic ddi vdi mpi nguoi chi li sy khic biet vi ttinh dd hpc vin mi thdi Khi ban vi giio dye cua Nhit Bin dng cdng neu vi giii thich mdt so ciu hdi quan ttpng nhim phe phin "hu hpc": "Hpc vin li ' Fukuzawa Yukichi, Khuyin hoc, Nxb Din tti, 2010, tt 25, , , • ^ Ashigaru li tang lop v5 sT cap thap nhat ^ Norio Tamaki, Yukichi Fukuzawa tinh thdn doanh nghiep ciia nirac Nhdl hien dai, (Ngu6i dich: V6 Vi Phuong), Nxb Tre Tp H6 Chi Minh, 2008, a 34 61 Nghien cim khoa hpc gi? Dd khdng phii li hpe cdt de hiiu ciu khd, chft khd; cing khdng phii li viec hgc dd giai nghia vin cd, dpc tho, vinh tho Hpc nhu viy khdng cd ich gi cho cugc sdng ca" • Ong ciing ndi thing nhin djnh v i gii trj cua "hu hgc" cd hu dd: " vdi ldi hpc dd, c6 dat lim quan, hp chi biet cai tri xi hdi, cai tri din chung hoan toin theo cim tinh"^- Hu hpc li khdng cd tinh sing tao, khdng cd ddng gdp cho xi hpi mdi, nhim chin, khdng phii li de ttang bj kien thiic Giio dye "hu hpc" se tjo phong tuc lac hiu, tao lop ngudi khdng du ning lyc thyc su de lanh dao, hg chi chay theo danh vpng vi ham mudn vat chit tim thudng Ong cho ring giio due "hu hpc" li sy can ttd sy ldn cua nen vin minh, nhu gid thii ngupc ddi vdi dudng khai sing van minh cua Nhit Bin Fukuzawa Yukichi chu tmong xiy dung mdt nen giio due "thyc hpc" vdi y nghia hgc phii di ddi vdi hinh vi hgc de thyc hinh, ung dung ttong cudc sdng, de nhanh chdng "khai hda vin minh" dim bio dupc ddc lap din tpc "Thuc hpc" giii dip ciu hdi hpc gi vi hpc nhu thi nio? Dd li, "tmdc hit phai hpc nhiing mdn thyc dung cin thiet cho cudc sdng hing Vi dy, phai thupc long bing bin muoi biy chtt cii Kana; hpc cich s o ^ thio thu tir, ghi chep chuang muc ki toan; sir dung thinh thao bin tinh; nhd cich can, dong, do, dem "' Dd li hoc nhirng cii dan giin nhit, rdi hpc den cic mdn khoa hpc din phuc tap khic, cao hon li cic mdn khoa hpc xi hdi de ed kien thuc ve ljch su, dja ly, vin vit timg noi v i cua dat nudc Nhit Bin Han ntta, Fukuzawa Yukichi cdn nhin manh y nghia nghien cira kit hpp vdi iing dyng * Fukuzawa Yukichi, Sdd, tt 25-26 ' Fukuzawa Yukichi, Sdd, tt 156 ' Fukuzawa Yukichi, Sdd, tt 26 62 ttong giio dye Ong din so sinh thu vj: "^/ti Watt phdt mlnh dgng ca hai nuac vd Adam Smith Id ngudi ddu tien xdy dung phdp ludt ve kinh te, hg khong ngdi mgt mlnh bdng tdi vd trdi nghiem mdt su gidc ngg hic thdi Dd Id nhd nhOng ndm ddi nghien ciiu khoa hgc vdt ly md hg da cd thi dgt dugc ket qud Ngay cd bgn de Bd Di Dgt Ma ngdl trudc mgt btic tuong chin muai ndm, dng se khdng bao gia cd the phdt mlnh dgng ca hai nuac hogc dien bdo."^ Ong giii dip "hgc nhu thi nio" ring " bin chit thyc su cua hpc vin li phii dpng nio suy nghl, chir khdng phii chi li dpc sich don thuin" v i " hpc phii nim dupc npi dung chu yeu cua mdn hpc, tten co sd phii hiiu dupc bin chat ca bin cua mpi sy vit Hpc nhu viy mdi cd ich cho cupc sing" "Thyc hpc" cdn cd nghia li hpc vin dupc ip dung vio cudc sdng hing ngay: "Bin chit cua hgc vin phy thudc vio ning iing dung Cd hgc vin m i khdng iing dung dupc vio cudc sing thyc ti thi ching khac gi vd hpc" Ong cho ring " su cin thiit cua "thyc hpc", hgc cic mdn ty nhidn, cic mdn xi hdi, ling dyng vio cupc sing thudng ngiy, cho tit ci mpi ngudi deu cd the giy dyng cudc sdng bing trach nhiem vi kha ning cua chinh minh"' "Thyc hpc" li cai ma cung phii hpc, la hpc vin hit thiy mpi ngudi deu phii tu ttang bj, khdng phin biet dang cap, khoang cich giiu ngheo"'" Vi "thyc hpc" cd the giup ngudi biet dung sai, biet dau ttanh, biet giu gin vi bio v? quyen lgi binh ding ttong x i hdi ' Fukuzawa Yukichi, An Outline of a Theory of Civilization, Keio university press, 2008, tt 117 ' Fukuzawa Yukichi, Khuyin hQc, Nxb Dan Tri, 2010, tr 175 ' Fukuzawa Yukichi, Khuyin hoc, Nxb Din Tri, 2010, tr 156 " Fukuzawa Yukichi, Sdd, tt 27 HGHIEH Cfla eOHG BIIC fl SO 8(174) 8-2015 Nghien cim khoa hoc Tmdc hit, xuit phit tu lpi ich qudc gia, tu myc tieu tri ddc lap din tdc dang bj de dpa tmdc ip lyc tix cic nudc phuang Tiy, khdng cd cich nio khac ngoii dudng chu ddng tien din vin minh bing giio due "thyc hpc" Fukuzawa Yukichi da nhin thay "thyc hgc" li dudng thi nhit di ngudi din Nhit Bin tidn den van minh v i cung li de bio ve ddc lip Phvong phip giao due cd chpn loc tii phuong Tay Trong bdi canh thi gidi luc biy gid, cic nudc tien tien Chiu Au diin hinh li Tiy Ban Nha, Bd Dio Nha, Anh, Phip, H i Lan dua den phuang Ddng di tim kiim thugc dja, md them thj trudng, vo vet tii nguyen Giua the ky XIX, xu thi niy da trin din cic nudc Ddng Bic A nhu Trang Qudc, Nhit Bin, Trieu Tien Nhit Ban ttt nhirng the ky XVl-XVllI di li trang tim kinh ti ldn cua Chiu A Hon niia nim d vj tri chiin luge nen Nhit Bin trd thinh ddi tugng chinh phuc cua cic nudc ldn Fukuzawa Yukichi nhin thiy ring, de thing dupc van minh v i sy xim lupc cua phuang Tay thi qudc din Nhit Ban phii cd tri thuc tidn tiin khdng thua kem phuong Tiy Do vay, khdng cd cich nio khic la phii hpc tip, chu ddng hpc tap cic thinh tyu qua sach vd phuang Tiy: " phai cdng nhan ring hpc thuit, kinh ti, he thdng phip luit li ba diim yiu kem so vdi phuang Tiy" , nen "cin thiit phai dpc tit ci cic quyin sich cua Chiu Au di dupc djeh tieng Nhit" vi "Chi din tren khip mpi miin dit nudc Nhit Bin, noi diu cung gap nhung ngudi vtra cd tii, vtta cd due ngiy dem ren giua vi tich luy thyc lyc thi at hin den mdt nio chung ta se ngang hing, sanh vai vdi nen ' Fukuzawa Yukichi, Sdd, 2010, tr 66 ^ Fukuzawa Yukichi, Sdd, tr 27 HGHIEN Cflu OdHG BflC fl Sd 8(174) 8-2015 vin minh cua cic cudng quic phuang Tiy" Vdi phuong chim nhu viy ndn tai tradng Keio Gijuku (Khinh irng nghia thuc) Fukuzawa Yukichi thinh lip nim 1868, nhimg kien thiie ve giio due mi dng mang ve tu cac chuyen di nudc ngoii di dupc su dyng vio giio dye cua nha tradng tir diu Fukuzaw Yukichi v i 12 giio vien cua tmdng di xay dung chuong trinh dao tao vdi 10 mdn hpc, mdi mdn hpc co bin dya vio 30 quyen sich Fukuzawa Yukichi di day nhip mdn Kmh ti chinh tri (Elements of Political Economy) va nhip mdn Dao due hpc (Elements of Moral Science) cua Wayland Nam 1869 ting sd mdn hpc ldn 25 v i giio vien len 27 Sd lupng sinh vien ting nhanh chdng, den nim 1870 sd hpc sinh vugt qui sd 300 vi nhi trudng cd den chi nhinh' Md hinh tradng hgc cung dupc thiet ke theg md hinh phuang Tiy: "Cd ba giing dudng ldn Ky tuc xa du rgng de chiia dupc din mpt trim sinh vien, ed nhiing phdng in, phdng tiep khach v i phdng y te theo Idi thiit ki phuang Tiy Khu vyc sin choi dupc dimg lam "san the thao"'^ "Cudi cung, sinh vien tai tmdng Keio cQng da thoat khdi loi hpc trayen thdng nham chin li phuang phip chep."'* Tu tudng giio due cua Fukuzawa Yukichi ciing neu rd gidi ban cua phuang Tay, dd li chi bo sung cho nhung cii mi Nhit Bin cdn yeu, cdn thieu Sau hang trim nim ddng cua, van minh cua phuong Tiy phit ttiin nhanh chdng, md cua Nhit Bin khdng theo kip, cii gi Nhit Bin cung ttdng cay vio ben ngoii Ong nhin ring giao due cua Nhit '^ Fukuzawa Yukichi, Sdd, tt 150 ' ^ o r i p Tamaki, Yukichi Fukuzawa linh thdn doanh nghiep ctta nitac Nhat hien dgi (Ngucri dich: V5 Vi Phuong), Nxb Tre Tp H6 Clii Minh, 2008, tx 147 '* Norio Tamaki, Sdd, tt 144 " N o r i o Tamaki, Sdd, tr.l45 63 Nghien cihi khoa hpe Bin phii hpc tip, nhung khdng nen qua sung bii, tdn thd phuang Tiy Giua cii cu hang ttim nim vdi cii mdi hien dai cua phuong Tiy, khdng phii cii gi cung phii hpp de du nhip vio Nhit Bin Ong biit ro gitta phuong Tiy vi Nhit Bin cd su chenh lech qui ldn ve thinh tyu khoa hpc: Trong chung ta dang gidng gidi ly thuyet dm duang vd ngU hdnh, hg khdm phd nhiing bleu nguyen tu vol sdu muai phdn tu Trong chitng ta dang suy nghi den may mdn vd khdng may mdn bai chiem tinh hgc, hg da xep cdc huang di cua chdi vd dang nghien ciru cdu tgo ciia mat trai vd mat trdng Trong chiing ta nghi ring chiing ta dang sdng tren mdt mat phdng cd dinh, hg dd biet rdng la trdn vd cd stf chuyen ddng Trong chiing ta xem Nhdt Bdn nhu cdc hdn ddo bdt khd xdm phgm cua cdc vi thdn, hg dd chgy dua tren todn thi giai, khdm phd nhting viing ddt mat vd thdnh lap nhieu qudc gia mai Nhiing td chuc chinh tri, thuang mgi vdphdp ly cita hg ddng ngudng md hon bdt cu dieu gl chiing ta dang hdnh diin Trong bdi cdnh hien nay, tdt cd nhieng dieu ndy chitng ta khdng the ttf hdo truac hg Dieu nhdt chung ta cd the ttf •hdo ve Nhdt Bdn la sdn phdm ttf nhien hogc danh lam thdng cdnh cua chitng ta, nhieng lam chimg ta cd the not ve bdt cic dieu gl ngudi tgo " cung kem cdi, cung cd hu" Ong cung phin tich ring Nhit Bin v i phucmg Tiy cd nhieu diim khac v i tip tuc, khac ttong suy nghl, khic v i tinh cim Tip quan, cich suy nghl, tinh cim-nhilng thd di hinh thinh v i tdn tji ci ngin nam d nguoi ttong mdi xd so deu khdng the di ding thay dii mpt sdm mpt chieu Cho nen, du nhip vio chua chic d i phii hgp Di Nhit Bin lya chgn tiep nhin cii gi thi phii gin liin vdi mye dich giio dye li phii ning cao tti thiic, khdng ngimg hpc tip vi nudi dudng ning lyc lya ehpn cda ngudi Nhit Theo dng, "cin phii cd ning lyc lya chpn: tin cai gi v i nghi ngd cii gi? Kit qua cua hpc vin chi'nh li d chd nudi duong nang lyc lya chpn do" Qua sinh phuang Tiy tin tudng mgi thu cda phucmg Tiy mdt each mil quing li khdng cd ning lyc lya chpn: "Viec nhiing ngudi theo chu nghia tien bd, viit bo tip quin cu cua Nhit Bin, tin tudng hoan toin vin hda phuang Tay li hinh dpng het sdc bdp chdp, thieu thin ttpng den miic rip khudn ci nhttng khiim khuyet dd"'" Ndi cich khic, dng chu tmong tiip thu thinh qui cua phuong Tiy phii tren tinh thin chpn lpc cd phe phan Nhu viy, ddi vdi Fukuzawa Yukichi phat ttien Nhit Bin bing cich hpc tip khoa hpc, ky thuit tien tien phuang Tay nhung ket hpp vdi yeu td trayin thdng tdt dep cua Nhit Bin Fukuzawa Yukichi ludn can nhic: "Van minh phucmg Tiy dung li hon hin chung ta, nhung khdng cd nghia li cii gi cua nd cung hoin bio ca Vin minh phuang Tay cung diy riy khiem khuyit Phong tuc phuong Tiy khdng phii thu gi cung hay ho Ngugc lai, phong tuc Nhit Bin khdng phai cai gi Y nghia tu tuwng giao dye cua Fukuzawa Yukichi dii vdi thdi ky Minh TVi Fukuzawa Yukichi de tu tudng cii each giio due Nhat Bin md cua vi bit diu su nghiep tin Chu traang hpc tip phuong Tiy, hien dai hda giio due ciia dng dupc hinh nhd vio trii nghiem cua nhttng Fukuzawa Yukichi, An Outline of a Theory Civilization, Keio university press, 2008, tt 128,129 64 cf * Fukuzawa Yukichi, Khuyen hgc, Sdd, tt 212 ' Fukuzawa Yukichi, Khuyen hgc, Sdd, tt 210 " Fukuzawa Yukichi,/T/iro'^'n ^fc, Sdd, tt 218 HGHIEH Cflu DdHG BflC fl, Sd 8(174) 8-2015 Nghien cihi khoa hoc chuyen di khao sat tmc tilp nhimg ki^n thiic va van minh, khoa hpc ky thuat, va giao due Au - My Ong dac biet tiip thu tu tuong giao due CO tinh he thong, tinh toan dien cua phucmg Tay Tu tuong cai each giao due cua ong thuan chieu voi nhu cau phat trien cua xa hpi nen duac mpi tang lop nhan dan don nhan, thuc thi tfeh eirc va eo hieu qua cao Song ong luon nhac nho nguai Nhat Ban v6 sir khac biet gitta hoc vSn phuong Dong va phuang Tay: Cd hai nen hoc thuat deu thuyit giao cdc vdn de ve dgo due, deu co nhtmg ly luan ve kinh te Cd van ldn vo, cd hai diu co nhung so tru&ng, sa dodn khdc Nhimg neu xet vi sue mgnh eua mot quoc gia, ve phu quoc cuong binh vd vdn de hgnh phuc cua ngu&i ddn thi ede quoc gia & phucmg Dong phdi chiu liii bu&c truae eac quoe gia phucmg Tdy Sue manh eua bdt ky quoe gia ndo cung se bdt nguon tic gido due, nhimg phuong phdp gido due eua phucmg Dong vd phuong Tdy lgi khde Phuong Dong ngng ve tu tu&ng Nho gido, phuong Tdy thien ve chu nghia vdn minh " Truong Keio Gijuku tra trung tam dau tien dao tao nguon nhan lire co chat luong eho Nhat Ban luc bay gia Muc dich, npi dung va pham vi, doi tupng giao due eua trucmg tu thuc the hien ro nhat tu tuang giao due cua ong: Chung toi lien kit thdnh mot tap thi vd sdng lap mgt trudng tu thuc Chiing toi nhung gido viin vd hoe vien khich le cimg chdm chi hoc hdnh nhung mon nghien ci'ni ve phucmg Tdy Chiing toi khong ldm diiu ndy vi s& thich rieng eua bdn thdn md vi Iffi ich ehung ciia mgi ngu&i Chiing toi m& rgng cdnh ci'ea cho nhimg -' Fukuzawa Yukichi, Phuc ong tu truyen (Pham Thu Giang djeh), 2013, Nxb The Giai, tr 341 NGHIEN C(jru DONQ B^C A S6 8(174) 8-Z015 CO uoc muon hoc tap, bdt ki ngu&i la ai, hay thuoc thdnh phdn xa hgi ndo^^ Sang kien cua Fukuzawa Yukichi mua sach nguyen ban tidng nuac ngoai vh Nhat Ban sau dieh sang ti8ng Nhat va cho hpc sinh cua truang Keio Gijuku tham khao va hpc rpng rai cung co anh huong lon d6i voi nen giao due Nhat Ban thoi ky Trong chuyen di My ong "da mua sach nguyen ban mang ve gidi han co the Nhung cuon sach nhu dai tir dien, trung tir diin, tieu tir dien, saeh ve dia ly, saeh ve lich sir"'" Ngoai tir dien, cae sach chuyen nganh ciing dugrc ong mua ve nhu sach ve luat phap, kinh te, toan hoc^'* Cac tri thiic mai rat phu hcrp voi nhu cau phat trien cua Nhat Ban lue nen sau tdt nghiep va tro thay giao chinh ho lai dung cac tri thuc da hpc de giang day No tro "dong chay tu nhien nen nhttng giao trinh dupe dimg truang Keio cua toi [Fukuzawa Yukichi] tir nhien lan rpng khap nuoc Nhat"^^ Mpt nhttng npi dung cai each giao due eua ong la co gang xoa bo hinh thue hpc tap mon, thu dpng va xoa bo loi hpc tap b§t binh dang ciia he thong phong kien: Tie tu&ng gido due cua toi la coi trgng nhimg qui lugt tic nhien, dgy hgc sinh chu yiu la hai bo mon todn hgc vd vgt ly Toi mudn hg suy nghl vi mgi su van dgng cua nhihig vdt him thi nhu ngu&i, vgn vgt theo l6i tu Con vi dgo due, chimg toi cong nhdn eon ngu&i Id chi ton, chi linh cua ^ Norio Tamaki, Sdd, tr 141 •^ Fukuzawa Yukichi, Phvc ong tic lruyen, Sdd, tr 319 "'' Fukuzawa Yukichi, Phuc ong tu- truyin, Sdd, tr 319 ^ Fukuzawa Yukichi, Phuc ong lu tmyen Sdd, tr 320 65 Nghien cihi khoa hpe vgn vdt, nen phdi trdn trgng, khdng dugc col thudng hay khlnh mlet vd ding khdng dugc ldm dieu gi trdi vdl nhdn ludn ngudi^ Md hinh giio due mdi cua Fukuzawa Yukichi coi hpc tip khdng cdn li dpc quyen cua ting Idp be tren xa hpi mi li co hdi ddn nbjn tri thiic cua tit ci nhttng ham hpc hdi tri thirc, eiu tien Viec md truang hpc v i mpi tang lap nhin din deu c6 thd tham gia da trd thinh phuong tien thiic day phat trien x i hpi v i thiet lip lai binh dang ding cip vdn rit nang ne thdi ky Tokugawa Tu tudng cua Fukuzawa Yukichi ve giao due thuc hpc di dupc chinh quyen Minh Trj ehpn lim ca sd de xiy dimg "chien lupc giao due lip qudc"" nam 1872 Theo dd tinh thin hpc tip dupe khoi day toan din, mpi gia dinh cd hiu bet dupc dua ddn tru&ng Luit giio due mi Bp giao due Nhjt Bin di ban hinh (Hpc chd) chidn djeh niy hudng tdi xiy dung nen Giao due dai chung cho ngudi Nhit Bin thdi ky Minh Tri, gdm nguyen tic co bin: Mdt la, xdy dung mdt xd hdi hgc tap cho todn ddn tren ca sd tti ddn binh ddng vol khdu hieu "khdng ngudi ndo khdng dugc hgc, khdng Idng ndo khdng dugc hgc"; Hal la, Idiuyen khich todn ddn hgc tap, cot hgc vdn la tdi sdn ca bdn nhdt di lap thdn; Ba la, gido difc "thiec hgc" cd ich cho ddi song hdng ngdy tU khoa hgc tu nhien, cong nghe den phdp lugt, chinh tri, y hoc ; Bdn Id, xay Fukuzawa Yukichi, Phiic ong tu truyen, Sdd, tt 341 Chien Itn?c niy IA hmirng di chign lupc ciia Minh Trj Thien ho^ng vdi npi dung "ma rpng cijra the gidi sau 200 nam ddng cira de h6a nh$p vdi van minh phirong Tay" de hi?n dai hda Nhat Ban 66 dieng nguyen tdc nghia vu gido due, nhd nudc se ddm nhiem tie hgc phi den dn mgc a he thdng truang cdng"^* Nim 1902, toin qudc Nhat Bin di hoin thinh xda mu chtt Day li thinh qui cua nd lire ldn ci chfnh quydn v i nhin din, vi tu tudng cii cich giio due cua Fukuzawa Yukichi da trd thinh siic manh toin din Co the thiy Hpc chd cua Nhit Bin thdi Minh Tri chju inh hudng khdng nhd tu tu tudng cii cich giio due cua Fukuzawa Yukichi Ke thua cic gii tri Ddng v i Tiy di dupc chpn lpc tu tuong cua Fukuzawa Yukichi, chinh phu Minh Tri khdng nhttng to chuc cho hpc sinh du hpc d cic nudc co trinh dp khoa hpc ky thuat cdng nghd tien tidn, mi cdn mdi cic giio su diu nginh cua cic nudc sang Nhit Bin dd xiy dung he thdng giio due v i truyen dat kidn thiic Trong giai doan niy, phuang phap giio due ling dung thuc te vdi ly luin mdi hpc tip tir Fukuzawa Yukichi li net ndi bat ndn giio due cua Nhit Bin He thdng giio dye thdi ky Minh Tri coi trpng cic nginh vl kinh td, luit phip, ky thuit, ngoai ngft (tidng Anh) nen sd lupng lim hpc sinh cua cac nginh tren li chu yeu Chien lupc "giip due lip qudc" cho thiy tu tudng cii cich giao due cua Fukuzawa Yukichi kha thinh cdng Tir do, da dio tao mdt Idp ngudi mdi cf Nhit Bin cd fruih dd van hda, tidp thu khoa hpc ky thuit phuong Tiy lim ndn mdng cho nen vin hda, ky thuit cua Nhit Ban thdi Minh Tri v i cho ci cic giai doan vd sau ^^ Nguyin Tign Luc, Minh Tri tdn vit Viet Natn, Nxb Giaoduc, 2010, tt 90 NCHIEN Cdu OdNG BflC ti, S d 8(174) 8-2015 Nghien cim khoa hoc Tu tudng cii cich giio due cua Fukuzawa Yukichi di gdp phin xda bd nhttng tu duy, nep nghT lac hiu cua ngudi din Nhit Ban, die biet "thuc hpc" trd thinh co sd ly luin cho nen giio due thuc td, hinh tinh cich ngudi Nhat Bin vdi diic tinh dpc lip cao Tu tudng cua dng di xiy dung dupc ngudi mdi dip img yeu ciu cip bich cua Nhit Bin luc l i xiy dung dit nudc giiu manh, bio dam duac ddc lip dan tdc Tiep nhin cii mdi, cii tien tien li mpt phin hinh anh cua Nhit Bin mdi lin dimg trudc yeu ciu cip bich cua lich su Vio thdi can dai, nhin thuc van minh phuong Tay cd sir phit tridn vupt bic so vdi vin minh phuang Dong thi Nhit Bin siic hpc tip Au - My de vin minh hda, can dai hda dat nudc Vdi tu tudng khdng loai bd hoin toan m i chi loai bd cai khdng cd ich cho Nhit Bin, chi mdt thdi gian ngin Nhat Bin da bit kip cic nudc phat trien nhit thd gidi duong thdi Dd cung chinh li s\f ket hpp Ddng - Tay hii hda cua Nhit Bin v i dd cOng la mpt phin tu tudng cda Fukuzawa Yukichi kdt hpp cd chpn lpc nhung uu didm cua truydn thdng phucmg Ddng vdi van minh tien tidn phuong Tiy dd gdp phin tao nen cdng eii cich giio due thdi Minh Tri thdng Dd l i bii hpc chien lupc phit tridn qudc din quan trpng Bdi mudn phit tridn ben vttng mpi mit deu cin ydu td ngudi, v i deu bit diu tir giio due Gin diy, giio due Viet Nam di cd nhieu thay ddi nhung vin cdn nhidu Wng tung Tu tudng giio due cua Fukuzawa Yukichi qui trinh hidn dai hda Nhit Ban li mdt bii hpc kmh nghiem qui bin cho chiing ta qui trinh hien dgi hda dit nudc, nhit la van de eii cich giio due hipn nay./ TAI LIEU THAIM KHAO Fukuzawa Yukichi, Phiic ong tu truyen (Pham Thu Giang djeh), Nxb Th6 gidi, 2013 Fukuzawa Yukichi, Khuyin hgc, Nxb Dan tri, 2010 Fukuzawa Yukichi, An Outline of " Theory of Civilization, Keio university press, 2008 Norio Tamaki, Yukichi Fukuzawa tinh thdn doanh nghiep cita nudc Nhdt hien dgi, (Ngudi djeh: Vo Vi Phucmg), Nxb Tre Tp Hd Chi Minh, 2008 Nguyin Ti^n L\rc, Minh Tri tdn vd Viet Nam, Nxb Giao due, 2010 /J^SIEa (ii«), isftB^tsnm #, «ffi^»;>c*tillS^, 2013 Ttr nhung ddng gdp vd mat tu tudng giao due cua dng, chinh quydn Minh Trj di xiy dung mo hinh giao dye cd tinh thidt thuc cao, ddng gdp cho sir phit trien kinh te, xa hpi v i tri dpc lap cua Nhit Bin cho den Trong giai doan hien nay, Viet Nam mudn phit tridn bdn vung thi cin phii cd ndn giio due hien dai kdt hop vdi vin hda truydn MQHlSTcfla N Bflc A S6 8(174) 8-2015 67 ... nudc Nhit Bin Han ntta, Fukuzawa Yukichi cdn nhin manh y nghia nghien cira kit hpp vdi iing dyng * Fukuzawa Yukichi, Sdd, tt 25-26 '' Fukuzawa Yukichi, Sdd, tt 156 '' Fukuzawa Yukichi, Sdd, tt 26 62... ttong x i hdi '' Fukuzawa Yukichi, An Outline of a Theory of Civilization, Keio university press, 2008, tt 117 '' Fukuzawa Yukichi, Khuyin hQc, Nxb Dan Tri, 2010, tr 175 '' Fukuzawa Yukichi, Khuyin... nghiem cua nhttng Fukuzawa Yukichi, An Outline of a Theory Civilization, Keio university press, 2008, tt 128,129 64 cf * Fukuzawa Yukichi, Khuyen hgc, Sdd, tt 212 '' Fukuzawa Yukichi, Khuyen hgc,