''''Hjlhiin aiu Trao doi 35 ko l''''i''''03^0 TLf TJCiNG GIAO DUC CUA PHAN CHAU TRINH TS CAO XUAN LONG'''' i jch sf l Viet Nam cud''''i t h l ky XIX, dau t h l ky XX Id giai dogn cd sf l bien ddng Idn ve mpi m f t S[.]
'Hjlhiin aiu - Trao doi 35 ko l'i'03^0 TLf TJCiNG GIAO DUC CUA PHAN CHAU TRINH TS CAO XUAN LONG'-i jch s f l Viet N a m cud'i t h l ky XIX, dau due, npi dung glao due phUdng phip t h l ky X X Id giai d o g n c d s f l bien ddng due Nhflng npi dung n h l m muc tieu giao Idn ve m p i m f t S y bie'n d d n g ay da dgt khai dan tri, cha'n dan khi, hau dan sinh Theo •^^ n h i l u v a n d e , d o v a n d l bflc thifi't d n g , nguyen nhan dan tdc ta mat nfldc cung :- tr-ii nhat la tim tdi, xac djnh eon d u d n g , each chinh tfl "cai npc ddc quan chu vao dc ^hflc d l giai p h d n g d a n tdc, giai phdng eon dan ta sau q u a , ma cai trinh d d cfla dan ta ngfldi thoat khdi d c h d p bQc, bde lot va bat cung thap qua"'^* Do d d , de giai phdng ddn ;.-, cdng xa hpi Chfnh vi v a y , nhieu nha tfl tdc, giai phdng ngudi, thi nhiem vu dau •zAvii ••"A::~ * - '•e-ik ^ ^ ^ " "3^ ^ " J ^ ''3 nhQng phfldng an khac ^ ^ cho viec gial d a p nhQng v l n de d p thie't dd tien trfldc "cha'n dan khi, hau dan phai "khai din sinh"\k tri', nham iam cho ngfldi dan cfla xa hdi NhQng phfldng a n a'y (do hgn ehe cd tri thflc, hieu bie't de giai phdng chinh ban nhat djnh c u a dieu kien lich s f l va quan diem than minh va giai phdng dat nflde, tu tudng), c d the t h a n h c d n g d nhflng mflc a:r;a:2; dp khde n h a u , t h a m c h l that bgi, song da de T f l tfldng giao due cua Phan Chau Trinh khdng chi the hien sfl tran trd, tim tdi phfldng lai dau I n dac biet Ijch s f l tfl tudng Viet an tra Idi cho hoan eanh Ijeh sfl xa hdi day r r a r W l Nam giai d o g n c h u y e n tie'p cud'i the ky XIX, d i u the ky X X :ri're"^'' bie'n ddng cfla Viet Nam iuc bay gid, ma cdn ia s y ke't hpp dge s i c gifla truyen thdng van Mdt nhQng nha tfl tfldng tifiu bieu hda ddn tdc Vifit Nam vdi tfl tfldng phfldng d giai d o a n n a y la Phan C h a u Trinh (1872 - D d n g (dgc biet la tfl tfldng Nho giao) Nd 1926) Trong cudc d d i hogt d d n g each m a n g , dfldc d i n dat tren c d s d t u tudng dan ehu tfl dng da d l lai eho kho t a n g iy luan cfla dan san phfldng Tay, ma cdt ldi la nhflng quan r r ^ " ' ' ' ^ ' tde ta nhieu tfl tfldng c d gia tri, dd tieu florgl^K bieu la t u t u d n g v l giao d y e Tfl tfldng ve T a n thu du nhgp vao Viet N a m Nhflng ndi t^^^^ • r -" diem ddn ehu, ty binh d a n g , bae dUpe gido dye c f l a Phan C h u Trinh kha phong phu dung phong phfl va dac s l e tU tUdng va dac s l e trfin n h i e u khia e a n h , nhfl vai tro giao dye cua Phan Chau Trinh dupc giio qua cac van de s a u ; dpc, ddi tuang giio due, muc dich giio thehi$n ThU nha't, ve vai tro cua glao due Theo Phan C h a u Trinh, giao dye cd ,t«** '"'Dgi hpc Khoa hpc xa hoi va Nhan van, Dgi hpc Qudc gia Tp Ho Chf Minh ' " Phan Chau Trinh, Toan tap t.3, Nxb Da N l n g , 2005, tr.279 K h o a h o c c h i n h t r j - S o 6/2016 vai trd rat idn dd'i vdi dan tdc, dat nfldc va chinh ban than eua mdi ngudi Ddi vdi dan tdc va dat nUdc, giao due khdng chf •j\£nien cuu • 'L raois nang eao "dan trf, ma cdn la phfldng tien de giai phdng dan tpc Ong ly giai rang, sd dT dan tdc ta bi dd hd, bi ap bflc, bde lot md khdng dam phan khang, kfiu ca la 'nhan dan nudc Nam bay gid ngu xuln nhu trdu, nhu ngfla, tha hd cho ngudi rang trdi, cho ngudi danh dap, cd mieng ma khdng dam keu, gan chet ma khdng dam than thd"'^' Chfnh vi vgy, "giao dye phd cfp khap ndi, giao dye tang cudng, giao dye khdng theo dudi mdt mye dfch thgc dyng giup ngUdi An Nam muu dd dja vj va bong ldc d chon quan trudng ma la d l iam phfldng tien giai phdng quan chung"PJ Bdi vi, "tfl sach mdi (Tdn thfl) djch cua chdu Au du nhap, mdi hieu ro tien dd sdng chet cfla dan tdc d eai dgi the manh, yeu cua nam chau cai dac tfnh vT dgi cua dan tdc ngan nam, cai linh chat sang sudt, vl hpc thuye't khoa cfl ehe lap ma bi chlm dam an nap ben trong, khdng t h l trd phat dat de mUu c l u sy sd'ng cdn, den ndi gin nhfl mat chat ma khdng tg biet Mdt sdm bdng nhifin me mdng bj pha, nhuven may mfl ma thay trdi xanh, nhfl khdi nha tdi md thay mat trdi mat trang"'*' Ddng thdi, theo Phan Chdu Trinh, giao due cdn giup cho dat nUdc ta giau mgnh, tgo sfl binh ding quan he va sanh vai vdi cac nfldc tren the gidi Ong vifi't: "Chao di! Mdt dan tdc den 20 trieu ngfldi, ke cd hpc thflc eung den vdi mfldi vgn, ma tdi tim mfl mit, mem yeu Udn hfin, khdng du sflc benh vflc dflpc nhau, de lieu cai sinh tdn, Igi fl u cgc cgc, khdng bie't rang minh d vao t h l gidi cudng quyen thjnh hanh "hdn dUdc kem thua" nay, ma cdn cai md tudng hao huyen nhu the, dan trf thyc eung dang thUdng vayr'S) Tfl dd, dng khang djnh: Trfin the gldi ndy ngudi ta kfnh n l ke mgnh va coi khinh ke yeu; va ngudi ta cung Chang ru Idng thfldng hai nhQng ke ddt nat va nhQng ke ngu ngdc" ^ (a,Ri)"C6) Phan Chau Trinh, Sdd, t.2, tr.S9, 53 va 73 (3)*a(4) Phan Chau Trinh, Sdd t.3, tr.231 va 62-63 Khac vdi nhQng nha tU tfldng cflng ^ Phan Chau Trinh da chT nguyen nhfn cai ban tai Vifit Nam bj tht/c dan xdm lu^ Dd la dan tfe ta bj tgt hau v l mft trilh| hang t h l ky so vdi ckc ddn tdc khac Bb\% Vift Nam cdn d n l n kinh t l ndi| nghiep thl cac nUdc phfldng T i y da ldm lot t l cdng nghiep va dang tien Ifin kinh t l tri thdt Phan Chau Trinh nhan ring, cdfl| cudc toan cau hda tan tfiQ nhat dang las rung chuyln dQ dpi t h l gidi, nhUng ngfldi da Viet Nam v l n d "oc dao' va hodn toa "mu" thdng tin v l the gidi xung quanh, chung ta thua la dieu tat y l u Mudn cflu dan toe khdng cdn dudng nao khac la phai dua kjp ve mat tri thflc ddi vdi cac dfin tdc khac, dfla dan tdc minh ngang tam thdi dgi vdi cac dan tde khac Chl dd, chflng ta mdi cd Se cflng sinh tdn va cgnh tranh vdi hp Nhfn thfle dupc vai trd, v| tri cfla tri thik ddi vdi mdi ngfldi, mdi dan tdc, Phai Chau Trinh dd cflng vdi Tran Quy Cap va Huynh Thflc Khang (cdn dUdc gpi la "bo ba Quang Nam") phat dpng phong trao DuyT^ vao nam 1906 Cac dng di khap moi miln dat nfldc md trudng dgy cac mdn khoa hpc mdi cfla phfldng Tay Phong trao da nhanfchdng lan rdng tfl Trung Ky ca nfldc Dac biet, sg kifin Trung Ky bien" long trdi Id dai da gay chin ddng tdi nfldc Phap Nhm l^i phong trao Duy Tan ehung ta thay, day la cupc khai hda tu tudng thuan d l nang cao nhgn thflc ngudi ddn, chfl khdng phai la cupc khdi nghTa vQ trang Muc dk:h cua phong trdo la truyin ba cho ngUdi din Viet Nam nhQng kien thflc vd tfl tfldng mdi, giup ngudi dan y thflc dUpc cdng cuoc toan cau hda dang difin va phai vUdn len hda nhap vdo qua trinh ay Ddi vdi mdi ea nhan, giao dgc cd vai tid het sflc to Idn Nd giup chung ta lam ngUfli, lam chfl ban thdn de tfl dd tg cUdng dan tpc, phat triln d l t nudc Chi'nh vi vgy, Phan Chau Trinh phfi phan Idi giao dye luc biy gid va Khoa hoc chinh tn - So d/2016 •\P»I£S1 ^ • 9{ghien aiu - Trao doi cho r i n g , c l n "giao d y e p h d c f p k h l p ndi, d i l n thuyfi't d i f n khf, mai ta nghe dffin thuye't g i l o dye tdng e u d n g , giao d y e khfing theo budn bdn, tl, mai ti, n h i l u gipt nUdc hpp dudi m p t m y c dich t h y c d y n g giflp ngfldi An thdnh cdi thae dfl, nhieu kie'n vdn hpp Nam mflu dd dja vj v d bdng I f c d chd'n quan ngudi thdng minh, minh da thdng minh thi trudng m l Id d l tam phUdng t i f n g i l i phdng minh cd fch, trfldc ieh eho minh sau Ich cho q u i n c h u n g Khi d g i da s d n h f n d a n An N a m ngfldi khae""o> c d hpc v a n d l h i l u n h f l n g "vl sao?" va "nhu - Ddi t u p n g giao d y e : Phan Chau Trinh the nao?" c f l a s y v f t , hp y thflc dfldc xac djnh la todn the nhan dan Viet Nam, minh, y thQc dflpc q u y l n lOl c i i a m i n h " ' i khdng phan b i f t giau ngheo, giai cap, nghe ddi tupng cOa n g h i f p ; da la n g y d i thi phai dypc giao dye, - M y c dfch gido d g c : theo Phan C h a u Trudc thyc trgng nen giao dye Viet Nam Trinh, khdng c d phfldng t i f n nao hflu h i f u nfla cudi the ky XIX, d i u the ky XX da ldi giflp c h f l n g ta giai p h d n g d a n tdc nhfl giao thdi, lgc h f u , khdng cdn dap flng dupc yeu dgc Bdi vl, gido d g c giflp "khai dan trP', nang e l u cua Ijeh sfl - xa hdi, Phan Chau Trinh cao dan tri, ddo tao nhQng eon ngfldi toan cho rang, p h l i nhanh chdng ddi mdi ndi dung d i f n , c d ich cho dat nude " N l u nhdn the' ma giao dye, bang each ke't hpp nhflng ThQ hai, vS mpc dich vi giio dpc t h i f t Idng khai hda cho ngudi minh, chinh Thd ba, v4 npi dung giao dpc t y u eua v a n minh phUdng Tay vdi nhflng gia ddn trudng hpc, m d m a n g sinh k l np kia, l l y trj ndi dung giao dye cfla dan tdc Ong cat nao c h i t t h d n g minh c f l a ngfldi minh ma vie't: "dem cai s y hpe A u tdy de so sanh lai dflde thay d g y he't Idng chf dgo eho, thi trfin vdi eai hpe cu cfla ta, de xem dieu gi hay, t h l ky XX ndy, nfldc ta se trd nen mdt nfldc dieu gi d d , cho ngUdi ta xet dodn ma tim lay thieu nien m d i ndi c h a n theo nude Phap, v l n dang tan tdi ve s a u " ' " ' Trong bdi eanh dat tigprcTfl ::^ khfing phai Id viec khd"'^' Do d d , theo d n g , i i g i n : - : ^ "efing vific n g d y ed the d a y ta thi ta xin nUdc dang bfi' tac v l dUdng each mgng, iam hpe t r d , c d the n u d i ta thi ta xin iam lifim ve que d an, ma ludn tran trd di con, n h d d n d g y d d nudi n a n g diu d l t dm ap tim dUdng each m g n g cho dan tdc T f l nhau, mong cho gidng ndi sinh tdn d tren mat tfldng "khai dan t r f da gdp phan lam eho dan dja c l u n d y thdi Bo ndi sang ndi khac, di tdc thay ddi t u eu de vUdn len tam n h f n dau ma c h a n g phai n h d , n h d chang la nhd, thfle mdi cao hdn, phfl hpp vdi sfl phat trien Igi bdo rang n h d ngudi n a y la vinh, nhd ngfldi eua thdi dai UdiTO'2 - f cac H Q I Phan C h a u Trinh khdng nhfl mpt sd nha Nho la nhye, cQ lo n g d y lo d f i m tim each np ke Trfldc nhQng t g u cua van minh kia, ndm dl m l y mUdi v g n eai d a u , chay phUdng Tdy, dng da phe phan nen hpe v l n m l y mfldi v a n vQng m a u , v i t di bao nhieu cai Nho gia vdi kie'n thfle eu ky, ige hau khdng xac rudi k h d n g t h e m bau, cao khdng them cdn phfl hdp vdi thdi cudc Ong vie't: "Tfl an, de m u a lay cdi dja vj nd If may tram ddi cfl nghiep thifi't khoa, nam Kinh, bdn Truyen khdng thay ddi thl Idng mdi mdi hda tro tan"'^^', Dieu dd da lam cho "nhflng sUdng, ngudi N a m d i u m a c b f n h dien, cung ngfldi thieu nifin bfin ta bdy gid, viee gi cung khdng chju lam nhU thfi'"'^' "Nay ta nghe bie't ea, viec gi cung ndi c a , mdt bdi d i l n thuye't cd bdn, nam g i d , mdt bai l u f n cd may chuc trang g i l y ma ky thflc biet hao huyen, a N !7),(ioMii) vA 113) Phan Chau Trinh, Sdd t,3, tr,231, '\illM^ 199, 267 va 208 - * ' ,.,• W-M9) Phan Chau Trinh, Sdd t.2, tr.69 va 64 r^m'' m Phan Chau Trinh, Sdd, t , tr.367 ,., Khoa h o c c h f n h trj - So 6/2016 ndi xang ndi chg, tram voi khdng dflpc bat xao, Igi lam eho ldn hfi't ca cai dau treo cfla ke thieu nifin"''^' I: 9{ghien cu:u • Trao\ hpc nQa VI minh ed bilt tilng hp, chfl hg, dpc dfldc sdch vd cfla hp, mdl bie't tinh hlnh, chfnh the, cflng cdng vifc cfla hp ma bii chudc theo dieu hay ciia hp"*'^' ThQ tQ, ve phuang phap giio dpc Theo Phan Chau Trinh, de giao dycco hifu qua, c l n k i t hdp ca hai phfldng phip: hogt ddng dgy cfla ngfldi thly va hogt ddng hpc cfla ngfldi hpc Ddi vdi ngfldi thay, phai cd tdm va ed tam de Ifla chpn nhQng phuflng phdp phfl hpp ddi vdi tflng ngudi hpc, can ket hpp nhieu phUdng phap giao dgc khae nh^ de tgo nhflng ngudi tdt, cd feh choxa hpi Dae biet, ngUdi thly phai y thflc di/flc rang, qua trinh day hpc eung la qua trinh tf hpe, tg ren luyfin de nang cao trinh dd, nhan dap flng yeu elu cua Ijeh sfl - xa hdi datra Ong viet: "vfy tdi xin cac anh dflng vdi vang, dflng ham nhieu, dflng khoe rdng"''^ Ddi vdi ngfldi hpe, Phan Chau Trinh xac djnh, hogt ddng giao dye, ngudi hpc la dd'i tU0ng trpng tam nen phUdng phap hpc cfla hp anh hfldng rat Idn d i n qua trinh glao due Theo dng, ngfldi hpc khdng chi chfl ddng, tfchciJc sang tgo qua trinh nay, ma cdn phai "tfly theo sflc minh, bfldc mdt bfldc cho chk mpt bude, nghTa la hpc nghl nao thi hgc cho de'n ndi den ehdn, Ifle ve bfin ta lam thyc siJ cho ngfldi thay, de iam gfldng eho ngUfli sau, de giyc Idng ngUdi ta vao dudng thi/c hpc, a'y la thUdng nude day, ay la thUdng noi gid'ng dly"''^ Bfin cgnh dd, dng phfi phan each hoc khdng de'n ndi, chfla di vao ban chit v l n d l eua ngfldi hpc Ong vie't: "Mpt so chflng ta may man dUdc hpc tie'ng Phdp, mdi chi viet dupe dam ba eau, noi dupc vai ba chQ, da tudng rang nam dU(?c h i t eac mfin khoa hpe cQa nhQng vj thly ciia minh Khdng al cd the vd nggc eho minh da dgt dinh eao khoa hpc, vd mdi chi bi/dc chan vao ngfldng cfla nhflng dilu huyen bi cfla khoa hpc Id cd the trd ngUdi hfldng dgo cho ddng bdo minh tren dudng cao fu),(i5)v4(i8) Phan Chau Trinh, Sdd t.2, tr.47,47 va 72 quy eua sy tiln bd"*^*' (iB)va(i7) Phan Chau Trinh, Sdd t.3, tr.72 va 208 Chlnh vi vfy, de md mang dan trf, theo dng, phai tien hanh hpc thflc dung, ed't de phue vy cupc sdng dan sinh chQ khdng phai la hpc thd, van phfl phlem cfla ngfldi xfla Ban than Phan Chau Trinh la ngfldi rat ham hpc hdi va bifi't nhilu nghe, di dfi'n ddu dng cung keu gpi mpi ngudi phat trien hpi nghl nghifp nham phat triln kinh t l Trong hpc thuft, dng quan niem c l n ddi mdi ve ndi dung, dfc bift la chfl trpng khoa hpe - ky thugt Ngoai ra, Phan Chau Trinh cdn cho rang, ndi dung phai chpn nhflng chuyen ngdnh xa hdi d n , nham phat trien dan tde, giai phdng dat nfldc va ndng eao mflc sd'ng cua ngfldi dan, Tuy nhien, Phan Chau Trinh cho rang, d l nhan dan cd t h l tifi'p thu dflde nhflng tri thflc tien bd tren thfi' gidi thi mdt nhQng mdn hpc quan trpng d n dfla vdo chfldng trinh giao dye chlnh Id mdn ngogi ngfl (dgc biet la tifi'ng Phap) Ngogi ngfl la "chifi'c chia khda" de giflp ngfldi ddn Viet Nam md canh cfla hfldng vdi van minh t h l gidi Ong da vie't: "Anh em chfla nen nghe vific ngoai (vifie Ddng du) vol, trudc he't phai hpc tie'ng ngudi ngoai da Tdi sang Nhgt Ban di dau nhd cd eu Sdo Nam bfp be ddi tifi'ng, gap ngudi Nhgt biet chfl Han, cdn mupn cdy but ndi dupc ddi chuyen, khdng thi tdi ngdi ddi difin vdi hp nhu la ngudi cdm Nfi'u nhu hp pha nUdc tra trude mat minh md hp chfli hay mang minh, minh cung elm chen udng md lal cam dn hp nQa Cai khd khdng bilt tieng ndi the' nao, anh em tudng tUpng cung bifi't dUdc"'^*' Lay bai hpc cfla nude Nhat, Phan Chau Trinh da phan tieh ring: "Ngudi Nhft, chflng tdi hfi ngfldi Anh tdi, chflng tdi hpe tifi'ng Anh, ngfldi Nga, ngfldi Phap, ngfldi Dflc den, chflng tdi hpc tifi'ng Nga tifi'ng Phdp, tieng Dflc Chflng tdi lgi eho bpn thifi'u nien sang tan xQ hp md Khoa hoc chlnh trj - Sd 6/2016 • 9{ghien ahi - Trao doi N g o d i ra, Phan C h a u Trinh edn eho rang, de c d the d d o tgo, lya chpn nhflng ^ciJai,, 'Oingij^l^ "ãTgngifti^j ^Môi duels ngfldi ganh vdc cdng vifc cfla da't nfldc, can gap rut cai edeh phfldng phap ddnh gia ke't qua hpc tfp cfla ngUdi hpc Bdi vl, theo dng: "Hien ngUdi ta vao quan trfldng qua dfldng thi cfl bang chQ Hdn NhQng ngfldi ban xfl la nhflng ngudi dau tifin ddi hdi phai ed nen gido dye hifn dgi va chuyfin sdu Neu cd dupc nhQng trudng chuyen nghifip nhu chdu Au, va nfi'u mudn trd thdnh quan thi khong nhflng phai td't nghiep d cac trudng dd md cdn phai hpc du cac mdn hpc c l n thifi't thl sd vien chfle ban xfl se cd hpc thQc va it hdn Ngfldi ta se khdng cdn tha'y d Ddng Dfldng sd ngfldi ban xfl chl cd bang ma khdng cd chd iam, va dd la mim mdng eua sg bat man"'i9' trUdng va ngoai dja ban tinh Quang Nam dflpc hinh thdi ky Noi bft, nhfl trfldng Dye Thanh (Phan Thifi't) cac cy Phan Chau Trinh, Huynh Thflc Khang khdi xfldng vd nha yeu nudc Nguyfin Tat Thanh da cd thdi gian giang dgy d trfldng nay, Chf nam 1906, tinh Quang Nam da cd tdi 40 trfldng Idn, nhd dflpc thdnh Ifp Dae biet, trfldng Dien Phong la tifiu bieu nhatve td chfle cung nhfl npi dung giang dgy phong trao Duy Tan, cai each d vung dat Quang Nhfl vay, tu tfldng giao due cua Phan Chau Trinh la kha phong phu, sau sic tren cting lap nhieu khia eanh khac Tuy nhifin, nhflng dieu kien khach quan va chu quan nhat djnh, nen tfl tfldng giao dye eua dng chua dgt de'n myc dfch cudi cung, thfm chf that bai Ne'u vflpt qua nhflng hgn che thi tu Theo Phan Chau Trinh, ngoai vife giang tfldng giao dye cua dng ed nhflng y nghTa dgy cdc budi chfnh khda tgi Idp, trudng d n td Ijch sfl nhfl: chfle nhflng buoi ngogi khda de difin thuye't cho nghe nhflng dieu minh bie't, nham Mdt la dng da khang dinh vai tro rat quan giflp cflng tifi'n bp, Khi ndi dfi'n hlnh thflc trpng, thgm ehi la quyet dinh cua giao due ddi difin thuye't, dng da giai thfeh: "Difin la difin vdi viec giai quyet yeu cau iich sfl - xa hpi dgt giai, thuylt Id Idl ndi, nghTa Ida! bie't chuyfin gl rade phattrien dat nfldc Do dd, bachu thl dem diln glai blng Idi ndi cho minh bgch trfldng each mgng: "khai dan trP', "ehan dan de mpi ngfldi d i u hilu, khdng d n phai dfi'n khi", "hau dan sinh" thi Phan Chau Trinh dat trudng hpc, khdng can phai giay mflc, chi bdt "khai dan trf len hang dau Hien nay, Dang ft thi gid d Igi nghe ngfldi ta diln thuyet ma ta da khang dinh, giao dye ed vai trd rat quan eung cd fch chang kem di hpe Thf du chung trpng qua trinh phat trien dlt nflde, ta khdng hpc dien khf bao gid nhflng gid cd "la qud'c sach hang dau, dau tu cho giao ngfldi chuyfin mdn v l khoa a'y de'n difin giai dye va dao tgo la dau tfl cho phat trien"'^'' eho ta nghe thl ta eung bie't dgi khai difn Haila,ve npi dung giao dye, dng xac djnh la gi, dung nd lam sao, ldi hgi the nao"'^°' ehi dgy nhflng kien thflc xa hpi can de dap Ong nhfn thay rang, de trien khai eac hogt flng yeu cau giai phdng dan tdc, phattrien dat ddng giao dye nay, chflng ta phai lap cac nfldc, dae biet la nhflng lflu khoa hpc "Hpi budn" gpi la "Qudc thfldng" de kie'm tien hien dai cua the gidi Trong dieu kien phat nudi thly giao, md them trudng hpe, cung trien dat nfldc hien nay, Dang Cdng san Vift d p sach.vd cho ngfldi hpc Hang iogt cae Nam cung da chl rd la phai: "Ddi mdi can ban va toan dien giao due va dao tgo theo nhu d u phat trien xa hpi; ndng cad chat Iflpng "31 Phan Chau Tnnh, Sdd, t 2, tr.126 theo yeu d u chuan hoa, hifin dai hda, ddn ™ Phan Chau Trinh, Sdd t.3, tr.198-199 chu hda va hfii nhfp qude te', phyc vy die IUc (zi)va(zz) DCSVN, Van kien Dai hgi dai bieu toan qudc lan thQXI Nxb CTQG, HIM 2011, tr.77 va 77 sfl nghiep xay dung va bao ve To qude"'"' Ihiyphaijl: Khoa hoc chinh trj - So 6/2016 •j\£nien cuu • -iraoaSi Ba li, v l phUdng phlp giao dye, theo Phan Chau Trinh, c l n kfi't hpp nhilu phUdng phap khac (tfl cdch day, each danh gia cOa ngfldi thly, each hpc cfla ngfldi hpe, dfi'n cdch td ehflc gidng day,,.) Myc dfch cfla gido dye Id hudng d i n ngfldi hpc, lay ngudi h^c ldm trurig tdm nhlim phgc vy cho myc tieu chung Id glai phdng ddn t0c, gidi phdng ngUdi, phat triln d l t nudcO VE TINH CHAN THtfC CUA BAO CHI CACH MANG (tiip trang 24) thft nhflng phdi he't sQc y thflc v l thdi diem va mflc dp cung d p thdng tin tren phfldng tifn truyin thdng dgi chflng cho c6 Igi nhat cho d l t nfldc, cho nhan dan Trong thcii chifi'n, khdng t h l vl yeu d u phai dam bao tfnh chan thflc md cung d p toan bd myc tifiu, k l hogch tac chiln thl thdi binh, dg cap den cae van d l nhgy cdm, nhU quan he qud'c t l , cdc v l n de lich sfl cdn dang tranh cai, nhQng van de an ninh, qudc phdng, cac vy an Idn dang qua trinh dieu tra-., cac nha bao deu phdi "nam Idng" phUdng cham "khdng phai sg thft nao cung phai ndi hetra Ifp tflc nhflng nhQng gl da ndi d^u phai la sy that" Mud'n vfy, ngfldi ldm bao phai y thflc rd rang v l mdl quan he gifla tfnh chan thye va tfnh tfl tudng cfla bao chf, giOa dgo dflc nghe nghiep va nghTa vy cdng dan Sy can nhlc thau dao, sfl tinh toan hpp ly glai quylt md'i quan he the hifin sy nhgy ben chfnh trj va b i n ITnh cfla ngfldi Iam bao Dung nhu Hd Chi Minh da ndi, "td bao chi la gily trang myc den ma thdi"'^' Nhflng, vdl gily trang, mflc den l y , ngudi ta cd th^ tao nhflng sdn pham bao ehf vdi mflc ehdn thgc khac Tat ca phy thupe vao nang lge chuyfin mdn va dfc bifit la dgo dflc, y thflc chfnh trj cDa eiia ngydi ldm bdo Do dd, tha'u hieu vd thgc hanh cac quan dilm cfla Hd Chf Minh v l tfnh chSn thflc cua bio ('81 Nguyen Thj Trudng Giang, Dao dUc nghi chl d l cd dfldc "trf sang, tam trong, bflt sac" nghiSp cua nhi bao, Nxb Chlnh trj - Hanh chlnh la ydu c l u bat bufc dd'i vdi moi ngfldi lam HN.2011, tr.151 bao hdm nayl3 '^o' Hd Chl Minh, Sdd, t.4, tr.464 nghl nghiep eua cae nha bao, Dgi hdi dgi bilu toan qufi'c l l n thfl VIII (ndm 2005) cfla Hpi Nha bao Viet Nam da thong qua 09 dilu quy djnh v l dgo dflc nhd bao, dd ed quy djnh phai "hanh nghl trung thfle, khach quan, tdn trpng sfl thft, khdng Ipi dyng nghl nghifp de vy ldi va iam trai phap luff Trfin thye te, cac nha bao deu y thflc dflpc tim quan trpng cfla pham chat trung thgc nen mdt cude dieu tra xa hdi hpe, tra fdi cdu hdi "Theo anh (chj), nhQng pham chit nao can ed ddi vdi mpt nhd bao?" thi 96,9% sd cac nha bao dupe hdi d i u cho rang, trung thyc, khach quan la phlm chat thifi't yfi'u nhlt eua ngudi (am bao'"' Tuy nhifin, tQ y thflc dfi'n hanh ddng thgc te cdn la mdt chang dudng gian khd ma ngUdl ldm bao neu khdng ngflng tu dfldng chuyen mdn cQng nhfl dgo dQc nghl nghifip thl khdng the thflc hien Mat khac, cupc sdng hdm nay, tfnh chan thflc cua bao chf eung phai dflpc nhln nhfn, xem xet trfin tinh than bien chflng Khi da xac dinh bao chf cd mye dfch tfi'i thu&ng Id phyc vy lpi fch cfla dlt nUdc, eua nhdn dan thi tfnh ehan thgc cfla bao cht eung phdi dupc thge hifn trfin nln tang dd, hUdng tdi mgc tifiu dd Dieu khdng cd nghTa Id nha bao phai "be cong ngdi bflt", udn cong sy Khoo hoc chfnh tri So 6/2016,;- ... ke ngu ngdc" ^ (a,Ri)"C6) Phan Chau Trinh, Sdd, t.2, tr.S9, 53 va 73 (3)*a(4) Phan Chau Trinh, Sdd t.3, tr.231 va 62-63 Khac vdi nhQng nha tU tfldng cflng ^ Phan Chau Trinh da chT nguyen nhfn... huyen, a N !7),(ioMii) vA 113) Phan Chau Trinh, Sdd t,3, tr,231, ''\illM^ 199, 267 va 208 - * '' ,.,• W-M9) Phan Chau Trinh, Sdd t.2, tr.69 va 64 r^m'''' m Phan Chau Trinh, Sdd, t , tr.367 ,., Khoa... dgo cho ddng bdo minh tren dudng cao fu),(i5)v4(i8) Phan Chau Trinh, Sdd t.2, tr.47,47 va 72 quy eua sy tiln bd"*^*'' (iB)va(i7) Phan Chau Trinh, Sdd t.3, tr.72 va 208 Chlnh vi vfy, de md mang