Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM S6 65 ndm 2014 XAY DUNG HE THONG BAI TAP HOA HOC TRUNG HOC PHO THONG VE KIIVH TE, XA H Q I V A MOI TRU''''OfNG NGUYEN TRi NGAN '''' TOM TAT Hda hgc la mdn hoc gdn bd mat thiit vd[.]
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM S6 65 ndm 2014 XAY DUNG HE THONG BAI TAP HOA HOC TRUNG HOC PHO THONG VE KIIVH TE, XA H Q I V A MOI TRU'OfNG NGUYEN TRi N G A N ' TOM TAT Hda hgc la mdn hoc gdn bd mat thiit vdi thuc te cudc sdng Nhieu vdn de todn cdu md thi gidi dang phdi ddi mat nhu sir suy gidm tdng ozon, mua axit hay hieu img nhd kink lam Trdi Ddt dm ddn len, cung cdp ndng lugng diu lien quan true tiip din Hda hgc Chimg tdi da nghien eiru vd xdy dung he thdng bdi tap hda hoc ve kinh te xd hgi va mdi trudng phdn hda dgi cuang, hda vd ca, hda hiru ca lap 10, lap 11, lap 12 a truang THPT Tir khoa: bai tap hda hpc, kinh te, xa hpi, mdi trudng ABSTRACT Developing a system of high school chemistry exercises on the topics of economy, society and environment Chemistry courses are closely linked with real life Many global problems that the world is facing today such as ozone depletion, acid rain or the greenhouse effect as Earth warming, energy supply are directly related to Chemistry We have researched and developed u system of chemistry exercises on the topics of economy, society and environment for general chemistry, inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry for high school's grades 10, 11 and 12 Keywords: chemistry exercise, economy, society and environment Mddau Hien d Viet Nam, mac du cac cap, cac nganh da co nhieu cd gang viec thuc hien chinh sach va phap luat ve bao ve mdi trudng, nhung tinh trang nhiem mdi trudng la van de rat dang lo ngai Do dd, chuong trinh hda hpc phd thdng da long ghep cac npi dung giao due mdi trudng, nham giiip hpc sinh hinh y thiic bao ve mdi trudng tir ngoi tren ghe nha trudng Giao due moi tnidtig thong qua viec van dung nhung kien thiic va kT nang thuc hanh mdn hoc vao gin giii, bao tdn moi trudng theo each thiic ben vung cho ca thi he ' ThS, Trudng THPT Long Thanh, Dong Nai 112 hien tai va tuong lai Tuy nhien, viec giao due moi trudng trudng phd thdng hien gap nhieu khd khan nhu: hpc sinh chua hiing thii vdi nhung ndi dung mang tinh li thuyet ve kinh te, xa hpi va moi trudng, nha trudng chua cd du diSu kien ca sd vat chat de ung dung ndi dung giao due kinh te, xa hpi va mdi trudng vao cac bai giang tren lap Nguyen tac xSy dimg he thdng bai t|ip hoa hpc vl kinh te, xa h§i va moi tru-oTig & trirong THPT 2.1 Bam bao tinh chinh xdc, khoa hgc Tgp chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Muc dich Clia viec xay dung bai tap la giiip hoc sinh hi6u diing, hi^u dly dii cac kien thiic hda hpc phd thdng, cho nen tinh chinh xac, khoa hpc ciia bai tap la yeu td quan trpng hang dau 2.2 Hf thdng bdi tap cdn phong phu, da dgng vd xuyen suot cd ch irang trinh Bai tap phai duoc tuyen chpn can than til nhieu tai lieu, ket hop vol mpt sd phan ty xay dung trai rpng khap chuong trinh hda hpc THPT, lien quan den nhieu van de eiia hda hpc nhung khdng n4m ngoai chuong trinh, khdng mang tinh danh dd Bai tap cd th^ a hinh thiic tu luan ho^c trac nghiem, cho phat huy het nang luc cua hpc sinh 2.3 Hf thong bdi tgp cdn khai thac toi da va hgp li moi liin he giira hda hgc vdi kinh te, xd hgi vd mdi tnrdng Bai t?ip hda hpc ve kinh te, xa hpi va mdi trudng can dap iing theo cac yeu cau sau: Bai tap phai di sau khai thac hien tugng hda hpc, ban chk hda hpc ehii khdng phai tinh toan nang nd bang cac phuong trinh toan hpc phiic tap Bai tap phai gin lien vdi kien thiic thuc t6, khai thac qua trinh san xu§t hda hpc, kha nang iing dung ciia hda hpc vao ddi sdng Bai tap phai dupe giai quy^t bSng viec van dung cac dinh luat co ban cua hda hpc, tranh doan md Bai tap phai gin liin vdi nhung van dS vd kinh te, xa hdi va mdi trudng nham giiip hpc sinh nam dupe mdi Hen he chat che gifla kidn thiic hda hpc vdi cac hien tuong thuc t^ cudc song 2.4 He thong bai tgp chn phii hgfp vdi Nguyen Tri Ngdn kien thirc cua hgc sinh THPT Cac bai tap hda hpc dupe xay dung dua tren cac chuan kien thiic hda hpc cda chuong trinh trung hpc phd thdng, de tir dd hpc sinh cd the van dung kien thiic hda hpc Clia minh de giai quyet van de dupe dua 2.5 He thong bai tap phai hap ddn, gay thu cho hgc sinh Cac bai tap hda hpc phai tao nen su hiing thu, hap dan cho hpc sinh, giai bai tap hpc sinh dupe hpc them nhung kien thiic mdi va nhung chudi quan he giua li thuyet va thuc te de tii dd cac em them hiing thii dl tilp tuc giai cac bai tap tiep theo Quy trinh x3y dung he thong bai tap ve kinh te, xa hgi va moi trircmg Bude Tim hieu chuong trinh hda hoc d trudng THPT De xay dung he thong bai tap cd ndi dung ve kinh te, xa hpi va mdi trudng d trudng THPT, chung ta phai hilt chuong trinh hda hpc THPT cd bao nhieu chuong, mdi chuong thi cd nhung kien thiic nao cd lien he vdi thuc tl Bude Tim tdi lieu tham khao, chgn tdi lieu cd ndi dung liin quan din kinh ti, xd hdi vd mdi trudng Tai lieu tham khao, sach giao khoa va ngudn tu lieu tren mang internet la mpt phan khong the thieu qua trinh xay dung bai tap, dd khong chi la ngudn tu li?u phong phii ma cdn la co sd li luan virng ch4c de xay dung he thdng bai tap, da dang va chinh xac khoa hpc Sau cd nguon tai lieu phong phii, chung tdi chpn nhung npi dung kien thiic gan lien vdi vAn dl kinh tl, xa 113 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM hpi va mdi trudng Bude 3: Tim mdi lien hi giira kien thuc bdi hgc vdi vdn de kinh te, xd hgi vd mdi trudng Vdi ngudn tai lieu phii hpp, chung tdi tim mdi lien he giira nhung kiln thiic bai hpc vdi cac van de cd tai lieu tham khao d l tao ea sd cho viec xay dung he thdng bai tap Bude Xdy dung he thdng bdi tap Dua vao cac nguyen tac xay dung he thing bai tap ve kinh te xa hpi va mdi trudng va lupng kien thiic tir ngudn tai lieu da tim kilm ta xay dung nen he thdng bai tap theo timg chuong chuong trinh hda hpc phd thdng Bude Xin y kiin chuyen gia, ddng nghiep ve he thdng bdi tap Sd 65 ndm 2014 Sau xay dung he thdng bai tap chiing tdi da xin y kiln nhimg giao vien, giang vien cd kinh nghiem de chinh siia va hoan thien Bude Hodn thien hi thdng bdi tap Sau chinh sua va tien hanh thuc nghiem chiing toi da hoan thien he thdng bai tap ve ndi dung va hinh thiic sir dung He t h i n g bai tap hda hoc ve Idnh te, xa hoi va mdi trircmg ce trirdng THPT Chiing toi da x§y dung he t h i n g bai tap theo timg chuong lap 10, 11, 12 gom 166 bai tap trac nghiem tu luan va 67 bai tap trac nghiem khach quan Sd bai tap tuong ling d moi lop: lop 10 (25 - 10); lap 11 ( - ) ; lap 12 ( - ) Dudi day la mdt sd bai tap tieu biiu: Cdu Mudi lot Id gi? Lieu lirgng bao nhieu Id dii? Thira lot co tac hgi gi khdng? Tgi thirc dn gdn chin mdi cho mudi iot vdo? Tra Ifri: Muoi lot la Hon hgp muoi thudng vdi KI va KIO3 nham cung c^p them luong iot vao bua an hang de tranh cac benh thieu iot Cac nha khoa hpc da vi von r5ng; Ke tir a bung me den khoang 60 tuli, nhu cau iot cua mot ngudi chi can khoang mot thia ca phe, co nghTa la mdi quy, so lugng iot chi can bang dau dinh ghim ma thoi Tuy nhien, viec hSp thu iot phai lien tuc, dlu dan Thuc te a ngudi binh thudng can 100-120 microgram iot/ngudi/ Phu nQ mang thai can 150 microgram lot/ngudi/ngay Khi ning dp iot qua cao, thudng vugt tren 1000 microgram/ngudi/ngay thi ca the se ngimg dieu tiet iot, lam tang nguy co mSc benh buou co Muoi iot kem ben vdi nhiet nen dun nSu lau se bj phan huy lam that thoat lugng iot bo sung: 4KI+O2 +2CO2 > 2K2CO3 + 2I2 2KIO3+ CO2 > K2CO3 + I2 + O2 Cau Khi CFC (cloroflorocacbon: CFClj hoac CF2CI2 hoac CF3CL ) cd nhiiu img dung nhu Idm sinh han cdc thiet bi Idm lanh Tuy nhien, ngdy CFC bj cdm sir dung, vi nd Id mdt nhimg cd the gdy thung tdng ozon Ca che lam thung tdng ozon ciia CFC Id gi? 114 Nguyen Tri Ngdn Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Tra loi: CFC la cac chSt cd tinh In dmh cao Tuy nhien biic xa cue tim (sdng ngin) xuit hien tang binh luu phan li chung Cac nguyen tii Cl, F CFC dugc bien dli cac glc tir hoat tinh nhd cac phan ling quang hda: CFCI3 —i^^CFCIa +CI CFCI2 —^^^->CFCI +C1 CF2CI2 — ^ ^ C F a C I +C1 CF2CI —^i->CFCl +C1 Cac goc tu Fl, Cl, tac dung huy diet O3 theo phan iing: Cl + O3 -^ CIO + O2 CIO + O3 ^ Ci +2O2 Nhu vay mpt phan tii CFC cd thi tac dung vdi 100.000 phan tir O3 dl biln O3 O2 Cau Cho den nay, hdu het ddn chiing tren thi gidi diu biit din hda chdt teflon dgc biet la cdc cdng viec bep niic Tinh chdt dgc thit cua hoa chdt ndy Id khdng lam thirc dn dinh vdo ndi nieu xoong chdo sau da dugc phii mdt lap mong ben Teflon la gi? Vi teflon dirge ditng lam chdo khong dinh? Tra IM: Chat teflon khong dinh la mgt tinh chit dae biet cua hoa chat Teflon chi la mpt ten thuang hieu diing de ggi thay the ten hoa chat cua mgt loai polime polytetrafluoroethylene -(CF2-CF2)^ vilt tit la PTFE Dae tinh dgc dao cua PTFE la he so cp sat (coefficient of friction) cua chat thip nhat doi vdi tat ca cac kim loai hien dien tren Trai Dat Do no co the dugc diing nhu mpt lap ao trang ben noi nieu kT nghe nau nudng Cau Thudc nd dinamit ndi tieng ciia Nobel Id gi? No dugc dieu che sao? Tra loi: Thuoc no dinamit co phan chinh la nitrogllxerol hay gllxeryl trinitrat, la chit long khong mau, nang, sanh, rit de phat no phan tii chita nhieu nhom nitro, dugc Nobel sir dung lam thuoc no an toan Ian dau tien va trd noi tieng Nitroglixerol dugc dieu che tii phan iing nitro hda gi&a glixerol va hdn hgp HNO3 dae, H2SO4 dae (ti le the tich 1:1, nhiet 22'*C) C3H5(OH)3 + 3HONO2 -^ C3H5(ON02)3 + 3H2O Cdu Thudc nd TNT, C4 Id gi ? Tra loi: Thuoc no TNT co phan chinh la 2,4,6-trinitrotoluen dugc dieu che tir phan img nitro hoa giira toluen va axit nitric dae ( cd H2SOJ dae xiic tac) CH3 P3 J L H,SO,d.-c 02N„Jk,N02 \(j\ + 3HONO2 — *KJJ + 3H2O NO2 115 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Sd 65 ndm 2014 Thulc n l C4 la loai thuoc n l deo co the chiia din 94% vl khoi luong hgp chit RDX (vilt tat cua "Research Department Explosive'; ten lUPAC la l,3,5-trinitroperhydro-l,3,5triazine hay hexogen, cong thirc phan tir C3H6N6O6), ngoai c6 them chat deo de ket dinh, Siic cong pha manh hon TNT nhilu, chay sinh nhieu khdi dgc C4 dugc sOr dung bi6n chiln tranh d Viet Nam Hinh 2.3 Mdu thuoc no C4 chua Hinh 2.4 Mo hinh phdn tu hexogen Cau Trong ddn gian ngirdi ta ditng phdn dam (ure) di udp thit cd Tuy nhien, phdn dam dd hi cdm sir dung de udp thit cd Hay gidi thich vl phdn dam co the dung di irap thit cd, tac hgi ciia no Tra Iffi: Do phan dam co tinh diet khuan, mat khac udp se phan hiiy tao cac chat nitrat, nitrit (nhu mu6i diem), nen keo dai dupe thdi gian bao quan ca, lam cho ca giii dugc mau sac, dung phan dam udp ca rat nguy hiem la do: Phan dam (ure) gia re, thudng diing lugng nhieu, lai udp lau, tham vao ca nhieu, luong udp nitrat, nitrit sinh cung se nhieu va gay dgc nhu diing muoi diem qua gidi han cho phep Phan dam (ure) thim vao ca, kh6ng kjp bien doi hoac bien cac chat trung gian khac nhu: ammoniac (co mui khai, nau bi mat di mpt phan nhung phan lai lam cho ca CO mui vi la, khd chiu, an khong ngon) va axit cyanic (gay dgc) - Phan dam va cac chat trung gian Iam cho tong lupng nito thuc pham tang 16n, lam mat can bang nito thuc pham, an vao khong c6 lgi Khi dung chiing lam nude mam, kiem nghiem co the cho so tong lugng nlta cao gia tao (nhung khong phai la lupng dam co tinh dinh duong) Cau Hien nay, ngudi ddn vdn diing phdn dgm (ure) de udp thit cd dii da bi cdm sir dung Hoy neu motphircmgphdp dan gian nhdt de nhan raphdn dgm thit, cd nham bao ve sue khde Tra loi: Khi mua ca bien (thudng ca bien bi lam dung ure bao quan) thiy tuai nhung xem kT, cd the nhan thay khac thudng: ca co mill khai, niu co miii khai nang hon (do ammoniac boc len); mang ca co mau sam, khac vdi mau tu nhien Cdu Tir CFC bi cdm sir dung cdc thiet bi lam Ignh ngudi ta da thay vdo Id NH} Hay gidi thich vi NH3 dugc dimg de thay the CFC Tra loi: Khi CFC la sinh han dugc dung cac thilt bi Iam lanh, nhien CFC CO the lam giam lugng ozon tren quyln Do do, ngudi ta dimg NH3 dl thay the CFC vi ammoniac cd cac dae diem sau: 116 Tgp chi KHOA HOC D H S P TPHCM Nguyin TriNg&n Khi NH3 khong gay hai den ting ozon Sau nen va Iam lanh, NH3 se biln chat long giong nhu nude nhung soi d nhiet dp -34°C Khi bi nen xong, amoniac se bay hai Liic no hap thu nhieu nhiet Do la nguyen nhan vi nguai ta sir dung tii l?inh Cdu Vi an sdn (cii mi) hay mdng cd bi ngo ddc? Tra loi: An san hay mang bj ngp doc chiing chira nhieu axit xianhydric (HCN) CS dang tinh khiet axit xianhydric la chat miii hanh nhan, co vi ding va rat dgc Nhiet nong chay la -\l>,yc, tan nude, rugu, ete va la axit rat yeu Trong thien nhien gap d dang lien ket mgt sd th^rc vat (hat man, dao, cii san, mang tuai) San luge hay mSng luge ho^c xao nau co vi dang la chiia nhieu axit xianhydric, co nguy CO bi ngg dpc Khi Iupc san can md vung de axit xianhydric bay hai Sin da phai kho, gia bgt de lam banh thi an khdng bao gid bi ngg dgc vi phai kho axit xianhydric se bay het hoi Cdu 10 Metyl salicylat Id mot chdt long cd miii mgnh vd ben, tan ddu, chdt beo, vaselin Nd de thdm qua da, giiip gidm dau tgi cho, chong te thdp, dau ca bdp Nhimg niu diing nhieu, metyl salicylat se lam rdp da, gap nirdc cdng nong ran mgnh (cd the gdy rdi logn thdn nhiet xoa d dien rgng, todn thdn) Cdng thirc cdu tgo ciia metyl salicylate Id gi? Tra ldi: Cong thirc cau tao ciia metyl salicylat: O CH3 O^ OH Cdu 11 Trong gia dinh, kiin thudng Idm hu hgi thuc phdm hodc gdy nhirng vet cdn dau Mgtphirangphdp diet kiin la cho borat Na2B^Oj.l0H2O vdo mat ong Khi kiin tha hdn hgp ndy vi td vd kien chiia dn nd, td kiin se bi tieu diet Hdu hit cdc logi kien deu tiit axit formic HCOOH Axit ndy la nguyen nhdn chinh Idm gidm pH cua te bdo da vd Idm vet thuang dau rdt Axit formic dien ly theo phuang trinh: HCOOH (dd) ^=^ H'(dd) + HCOO{dd) u Khi phdn tich ngc cua mot logi kiin thdng thuang, ngudi ta xdc dinh dugc ndng cua HCOOH H" (dd) vd HCOO (dd) ldn lu(rt Id 4,34Mvd 2,77 X 10' M Tinh gid tri cua hdng SO cdn bdng Ka cho he b Vi bi kien cdn ngirdi ta thudng hay bdi xd phdng? Tra IM: a HCOOH (dd) ^^=^ H^(dd) + HCOO"(dd) ^ \HC00-][H+] ^a - [TiCOOH] ^ 2.77.10-2.2.77.10-2 434 , ,^_4 =1,77.10 Dk lam giam dau bi kiln cin ngudi ta diing phan iing trung hoa, dd bj kiln cin ngudi ta boi xa phong len cho bj cin dl trung hoa axit ngc ciia kiln 117 Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM S6 65 ndm 2014 Cdu 12 Khi udng rugu, cdn dugc hap thu tren todn tuyin ciia bd phdn tieu hda, bdt ddu tir mdng niem mgc mieng Cdn dugc hap thu d day di thang vdo mdu vd vi the duac phdn tdn tren todn ca the Cdn dugc hap thu d rudt di cung vdi mdu den gan vd dugc phdn hiiy mot phdn d Khd ndng tiep nhdn cdn tdng len nhd vdo cdc yiu td Idm gia tdng viec luu thdng mdu thi du nhu nhiet (irish coffee), dirdng (rugu miii) hay dioxit cacbon (hai ga sdm banh) Ngirgc lgi, ma Idm cho ca the tiep nhdn cdn chdm lgi Viec ndy khdng lam gidm viec hap thu cdn md chi keo ddi thdi gian a Nguyen nhdn gdy nhiing can nhirc ddu udng rugu la gi? b Vi udng rugu vai cdc logi nude nggt se de say han? Tra liri: a San phim trung gian etanal chinh la thii pham ciia cac can nhiic dau, hau qua cua viec uong nhieu rugu b Dudng ngan can viec phan hiiy cln co the, vi vay ma tac dpng nhtrc dau d cac loai rugu co dudng rit cao, nhat la rugu miii va mot so loai sam banh, cung nhu uong rugu vdi cac loai nude nggt thi se mau say han Cau 13 u Licopen (chdt mdu qud cd chua chin) C40H56 chi chua lien ket ddi vd lien ket dan phdn tir Hay tim sd lien kit ddi phdn tir licopen b Caroten (chdt mdu vdng da cam cd cit cd rdt) C40H56 chira lien ket ddi vd vdng no phdn tir Hay tim sd lien kit ddi vd sd vdng no phdn tir caroten, biet rdng hidro hoa hodn todn caroten thu duac hidrocacbon no C4(tHys Cd chua chin chua nhieu licopen tu nhien Cd rdt khdng chi bdi bd ca the md cdn co khd nang chiia benh Tra loi: