^ i | Pia ly va Tai nguyen Moi trtfong Thira ThJen Hue Hoi Pja ly Viet Nam phan tich dilu kien tiF niiien, tai nguyen tliien nhien, lct dinh hicn trang mdi trudng ciia tinh Cd the phan chia khu vyc dicn hinh: - Khu vyc mien nui: Chat lugng mdi trudng khdng khi, nudc gin nhu khdng chju anh hudng CLia nhan sinh Tuy nhicn mdi irudng dat lai bj tac ddng ldn the hien d chd dien phii va chat lugng Idp phii Ihuc vat suy giam, dan ldi suy giam phi va nang suit sinh hgc ciia dat, anh hudng tdi sinh ke ciia ngudi dan khu vuc Hon nira, hien tugng ciing vdi hieu irng tang diin so, tam cho noi cu ngy, san xuat ciia ddng bao dat trudc nhirng nii ro Idn han ciia cac dang tai bien lii, lu quel va sat Id dat, de dga kha nghiem den tinh mang va tai san [1] Ngoai ra, cac co sd khai thac khoang san (khai thac thiec, da trang, vang ) da de lai hau qua mdi trudng ve cac bicu hien nhiem dgc, nhicm ban vk riii ro tai bien (khdng it cac vu tai bien him md, khai trudng da xay tren dja ban tinh gay thi?l hgi dang ke ve sinh mgng va lai san), - Khu vuc ddng bing, ven bicn' dac biel la cac trung lam dd thj phat trien kha "bdt phat" the hien chd ca sd hg lang ludn chgy iheo sy phat trien ciia dd thj khien cho bieu hien d nhiem cyc bddien rad nhieu noi Hoat ddng lieu ihii cdng nghiep dac biet la che bien hai san cung vdi hoai dpng nudi irdng Ihiiy san da va dang dgt nhiVng tliach thirc mdi trudng thuc su ddi vdi khu vuc [8] phgm vi cue bp da ghi nhgn dugc nhirng bicu hicn d nhiem, nhung iren quy md rpng cac sd lieu phan lich chai lugng mdi trudng nhin chung van nam phgm vi cho phep theo Quy chuan Viet Nam [11] PHAN vilNG CHUC NANG MOI TRUCWG 3.L Xac djnh cac chirc nang mdi tru'dng Tren co sd phan tich dac diem tu nhicn va dac tinh trgi ve mdr trudng cd the xac djnh dugc uu the ve chiirc nang mdi trudng (CNMT) ciia cac don vi lanh thd ty nhien Ihudc tinh Nghe An nhu sau: Chiec ndng cung cdp khdng gian song- Con ngudi ludn cd nhu cau khdng gian cho nha d va san xuat cung nhu tai tgo chat lugng mdi Irudng Dieu dang luu y la ngudi cd kha nang hoan chuyin kha mgnh me muc dich loai hinh su dung khdng gian lanh thd dc thoa man chirc nang Chirc ndng cung cdp ngu-^en, nhiin vgl lieu vd vgl chdt sdng: ddi vdi lanh Ihd tinh Nghe An chirc nang tap trung d cac ddi tuong Rirng tu nhien, rirng trdng (cd chuc nang cung cap nudc, bao ton da dgng sinh hgc, lam san dugc lieu va cai thien dieu kien sinh thai); ldp phii thd nhudnj^ vdi chirc nSng cung cip tai nguyen cho san xuat lam - ndng nghiep; cac thuc the dia chat vdi chiic nang cung cSp nguyen, nhien lieu cho mgt sd loai hinh san xual (khai thac than, da, nudc ngam ) Chirc ndng chira dinig, chiu lai vd chuyin hda chdt thai nguoi vd lir nhiin thai '''ong hogt dgng ddi sdng vd kmh ti - xd hdi mdi don vi lanh ihd deu cd kha nang nhat djnh ve cliirc nang Tuy nhien, cin nhin manh d day sy phat Inen "ndng" tgi cac trung tam dd thi, cac tu diem lia CO so ling quan ly chit thai chua theo kjp, dan tdi pha vd can bang tu nhien vdi nhung hau qua jdang ke cho cac he smh thai f D|A LY TU'NHIEN TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN VA MOI TRUING ~ ^ 367 Hoi Pja ly \a Tai nguven Moi IruongThira Thicn Hue _^ Hoi Pja l> Vifi |^-, Chirc ndng diiu chinh gidm nhe cdc tdc diing cd hgi cua thiin nhiin di'u vdi ngu^y sinh vdf He thdng cac dan vi tu nhien cd chiic nang tu dieu chinh va dicu hda mdi trudng Ircn lank thd Nghe An, d cac vimg nin tac dong ciia cac hoal ddng phat trien KT-XH cac tai bicn tu nhi«i nhu lii quet, lii dng, sat Id, xdi mdn dat dang cd xu hudng gia tang lam suy giam cac chirc nang \\xi\L chinh va dieu hda mdi trudng cua lanh thd Vi vay, viec xac djnh va phuc hdi cac khu vuc ty nhienc6 chiic nang dieu chinh \a dieu hda mdi trudng tren dja ban nghien cuu la can thiet nham giam nhe nhii'ng tac dgng lieu cue ddi vdi hoat ddng san xuat va ddi sdng ciia ngudi, Chuc ndng hru tru vd cung cdp thdng tin cho ngudi vi nidi trudng sdng Trong i j nhj™ cd rat nhieu phan mang linh di truyen, bao tdn cau true va tien lida khdng gian va thcri gian Cac khia canh cua chirc nang bao gdm' nap thdng lin; bao \c thdng tin de di lru\(,'ii cho doi sau, Tinh Nghe An cd uu the ve chiic nang vdi mpl vudn qudc gia, hai khu bao tdn lu nii icn vaca mien Tay dugc cdng nhgn la khu dye trii sinh quyen the gidi Can ndi them rang, d Viet Nam hien rat il de cap den chirc nang thdng tin mac dii liong hju het cac tai lieu ciia nudc ngoai, nghien ciiu ve CNMT deu de cap den chirc nang thdng tin \ii klijng dinh vai tro quan ciia nd [3], [14] 3.2 Phan vung chiic nang mdi trudng tinh Nghe An Phan vimg chirc nang moi trudng dugc dua tren co sd cac dan \ i canh quan sinh thai (CQST), Theo dd, viec plian tich va tdng hgp cac dicu kicn tu nhicn, KT-XH da diinh gia dac thii CQ^ 1' vath^ hien tren ban CQST ciia tinh Nghe An, vdi he thdng phiin loai gdm: he CQST rii'iig nhicl dm gij miia, phy he riing nhiet ddi gid miia cd miia ddng lanh, phan hda Idp, phu Idp, ki^u,20 hgng va 164 lo^i CQST Tir cac don vt CQST de ,\ac dinh chirc nang mdi irudng cin luan lliii cac nguyen tac va dau hieu sau: Phan vung CNMT la su phan bd lanh tho cac khu vuc khac dua vao cac dac diem ty nhien va moi Irudng cua cac don vi lanh Ihd Cac nghicn ciru da dua mpt s^ nguyen tic thyc hieii phan viing CNMT lanh thd gdm nguyen lie sau: Nguyen ldc phdn lich long hap cdc chirc ndng tu nhiin - moi irm'/ng ciia cdc CQST Thong qua cong tac kiem ke, danh gia cac dieu kien tu nhicn, tai nguyen tai cho hoacco the dieu dgng tir ngoai vao va doi chieu vai cac hoat dgng phal Iriln dl danh gia mirc d? thuan lgi cho cac hoat dgng De co the phan viing, b6 tri cac hoat dgng moi hoac daco ngudi la thuang dung khai niem "tinh thich hgp va muc phii hgp ciia dkC (dii hiiu li nghia rong) Trong trirdng hgp cac yeu td dugc danh gia ihugc diy dii cac phSn nhu: da me, chia cat ngang va sau, cao, ddc dia hinh, hau chi nudc, iTiong thudng cac danh gia dugc tiln hanh ihco cac phuang phap khac Nguyen tic nayi^ dugc chii trgng cong tac danh gia cho cay trdng vat nuoi Trong (rudng hap cd nhi^u loi tugng dugc danh gia cocap ihuan Igi nhu nhu hoal dgng cong nghiep (ihi liunhi: thuy dien, khai khoang, che biln, ) va cac hoat dgng nong - iam nghiep khac ihi phai xem xet den cac yeu to khac Can noi them ring mirc thuan lgi day khong hoan loan iriing khop voi chiic nang uu the ciia lanh thd Thi du chuc nang phong ho chua chic da la thuan l?i nhat cho mgt viing CNMT nao dugc phan chia Do vay nguyen lie phai dugc nhin nhan long the lanh tho can danh gia va mot dcni vj lanh thd c6 ihl thuc hicn nhicu chiic nang khac HOI nghi Khoa hoc Dta ly Todn qudc ldn thir Thdnh phd Hue ^ fefliPja ly va Tai nguyen Moi truong Thira Thien Hui Hoi Pja ly Vigl Nam Cac yeu td tai bien, cac hien tugng cue doan cung phai duoc xem xcl, kc ca cae hien ypng xay khdng iheo quy luat Danh gia miic tig Ihuan lgi cim tirng loai chuc nang cho ijjiy Ianh thd phan Idn hien dua vao phan tich ban CQST Trjnh Thj Thanh [10] vict: »Mghien Clin ve CQST tren ca sd cac dac diem (dong nhat) vc dja hinh, ldp phd thuc vat, muc nuoc ngam, su lac dgng cua ngudi va mirc tac dgng ciia sdng bicn la ca sd tot cho vice quy hoach " Cac CNMT dugc the hien qua ban chai tu nhicn ciia cac CQ va chimg muc nao (16 ciing phu thugc vao su bien doi cua cac CQ Vi \ay ihuc hien phan viing CNMT can ddm bao mgt nguyen tac bao triim, cd y nghTa quyel dinh la dua Iron phan tich cac chuc nang tir nhien - moi trudng cua cac CQ de thue hicn vice nhom gdp cac den vi CQST co ciing "CNMT nao dd vao mdt dan vi phan viing Nguyen tdc Ton trpng ngudng chiu tdi ciia moi truong- Mdi canh quan hay cac 11ST deu cd cac mdi can bang sinh thai thdng qua trao doi vat chat vanang lugng [1] Xac djnh kha nang chiu tai dugc de cap den nhu kha naiig on dinh san xuat, cung cap hay phan huy chat thai cac hogt dgng sir dung tai nguyen tai cho hoac dua lir ben ngoai vao Liic dd cac chirc nang phai dugc xem xet ky luong giu'a kha nang san xuat va cung cap Cac nha hoach dinh ihudng tinh toan kha nSng cung cap nudc, khoang san, vat lieu va ty le tri cac HST dua tren cac chuc nang ciia vimg de de cac bien phap nang cao kha nang chju lai mdi Irudng Nguyen ldc bdo ve khoi phuc moi incdng va lai nguyen lao su bdi hoa cdc hogt dong Irong vitng: Xuat phat tir muc dich ciia phan vimg CNMT la phan chia lanh tho nhicu dan vi khac nliau, giiip cho vice to chuc, quan ly cac hoat dgng sir dung va quan ly tai nguyen CO hieu qua lau ben Ben canh dd, moi hoat dgng KT-XH deu cd the dua den cac xung dot Cd dang xung dot thudng xay ra, la cac xung dot lanh thd (ihi du tranh chap vc vj Iri hay muc dich ton giao, hay lien quan den ehii quyen, anh hudng.,,), xung dot tai nguyen va xung dot sinh thai (vi du viec dot 16 gach gay Ihiet hai den mCia mang cac viing chung quanh theo chieu gid), Vi vay phan viing CNMT phai tinh den viec hoa hgp giira cac hoal dpng, Co the mgt CQ phii hgp vdi nhicu CNMT khac nhung neu bd tri khdng hgp ly sc can trd Ian Vice bo tri phai phu hgp vdi cac muc tieu QHPT kinh lc ' Nguyen tdc tuang ddng phdt sinh: Cac CNMT (tu nhien, KT-XH) co nguon goc tir quan h? qua lai giu'a cac phan lao cac tinh chat va ehiic nang d cae viing khac Ihi khac Tinh thong nhat phal sinh cua cac don vi phai dugc hicu la tinh tuang ddi thdng nhal phat sinh Irong suoi qua Irinh phat trien cua nd Mdi dan vi phai la mdi khu vuc thdng nhai loan ven mat khac Iai la mgt khu vuc khdng dong nhat Nguyen ldc ddng nhdl luang ddi tinh dong nhat tirong ddi la tinh dac ihii ciia cac viing CNMT vi khong the co mgt hay vai chirc nang dong nhat dan vi Ianh tho Nguyen tdc ciing chung lanh tho dam bao tinh loan ven ciia cac don vi, khong lap Iai khdng gian Vice phan viing CNMT dua Iren nguyen lac Ircn, nhung phai dam bao cac dau hicu (tieu chi) phan viing sau: - Diu hicu vd tinh thdng nhit tuong doi ciia cac don vi lanh thd; - Diu hieu tuang ddng vd moi Irudng, lai bicn va to chirc su dung eiia dan vj Ianh thd ciing nhu kha nang chiu tai cua don vi Ianh Iho fi!A LY TU'NHIEN, TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN VA MOI TRU'ONG 369 Hoi Dja iy Vis Hoi Dia ly va Tai nguyen Moi Iruong Thiia Thicn Hue 3.3 Kct qua phan vung chiic nang moi tru'ong tinh Nghe An Phan tich CNMT dua tren ca scr cac dan vi CQST - don vi lanh tho tjcnig doi dong nhat v6 dj^ kicn tir nhien va hoat dong ciia nguoi, da dugc thiia nhan mpt each rpng rai cac nghi^jj^ truacday[9,2, 5, 12, 13), I Dua tren phan tich CNMT cua cac don yi CQST, ap dung cac nguyen tac va tieu chi phan vdj CNMT neu tren, chung toi da Ihanh lap ban phan viing CNMT tinh Nghe An t! I? 1/100 000 v«ii viing CNMT (A, B C, D, E) va 14 tiju viing Trong do, viing A dugc chia tieu viing (AI.A^ viing B dugc chia tiiu viing (Bl, B2), viing D dugc chia tilu viing (Dl, D2, Dl.Of va viing E dugc chia lieu viing (El, E2, E3, E4, E5) Dac diem eia tirng viing va neuvinj CNMT dugc mo ta a bang va v i tri khong gian phan bo the hien Irong hinh M-N,.