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Hgi Dja ly va Tai nguyen MSi tru frng Thu a Thign Hue H^iPja l>''''Vr|t Nam Cac phiFang phap giao due kiln thi>c bien ddi khi hau toan c lu trong day hoc dia ly a tru''''d''''ng ph6 thong Nguyin Phuwng Lien'''' A[.]
Hgi Dja ly va Tai nguyen MSi tru-frng Thu-a Thign Hue H^iPja l>'Vr|t Nam Cac phiFang phap giao due kiln thi>c bien ddi hau toan c l u day hoc dia ly a tru'd'ng ph6 thong Nguyin Phuwng Lien' Abstract Methods of educational knowledge global climate change in teaching in school geography Climale change is one of the problems of global nature Currently, climale change become more sirong and deeply affecled the country in the world including Vietnam Education and knowledge about climate change far school children is a very Important job lo equip learners with basic knowledge about climale change as' concept, causes, manifestations, the effects of climate change lo daily life and production of man, from that, there are measures to respond and mitigate the effects of this phenomenon In the general education program, geography is one of the basic subjects of cultural, geographical content of the subjects in schools are consistent with ihe integration of teaching on knowledge of global climate change The contents of the article discusses the general problem of climate change and propose methods to climate change education in the schools L D^TVANDE Bien doi hau (BDKH) la mot van d6 mang tinh chit toan c4u Hien nay, BDKH cang diln manh me va anh hucmg sau sac toi cac Qu6c gia tren thi gioi co Viet Nam Theo canh bao cua Uy ban Lien chinh phu v^ BDKH (IPCC) den nam 2100, nfiu muc nuoc bi^n dang (NBD) cao Im se anh hucmg dSn 5% dSt dai cua VN, 10% dan so, tac dgng dgn 7% san xuSt nong nghiep, giam 10% GDP fIJ, rieng san xuat kinh t^ bi€n se suy giam 1/3 f2J Con theo dir bao dira vao cac kich ban khac, n6u mirc nuoc co thS dang cao tir - 5m thi doi voi Viet Nam se la tham host liem tang Ciing voi lh6 gicri, Viet Nam da va dang co nhi§u bien phap nham ban chfi BDKH nhu tham gia nghi dinh thu Kyoto nhim han chS thai, lap nhiSu hgi bao ve moi trutrng., De phong ch6ng BDKH cin CO sir chung tay, gop sue ciia tat ca cac ting ldp nhan dan, giao dye kien thiic BDKH cho hgc sinh ph6 thong co y nghTa h^t sue quan trpng, Tren thd giai da diln hang loat cac hoi nghi lien quan den bien doi hau thu but su tham gia ciia nhilu Qu6c gia, to chuc To chuc UNEP (Lien hgp qu6c), WMO (To churc tugn^ ihl gioi) da ban hanh nhilu cong uoc vl biln d6i hau nhu nghj djnh thu Kioto vl viec cit giam chat thai gay hieu irng nha kinh Nhilu nha khoa hgc Viet Nam da nghien cuu vl biln doi hau nhu Nguyen KhSc Hi'a (2008) voi " T6ng quan vl cac kjch ban biln dii hau loan cau va ket qua hgi nghi lien hgp qu6c vl biln d6i h|tu a Bali", TS Nguyin Nggc Tran voi " ung voi biln doi hau va nuoc biln dang", TS Pham Khoi Nguyen v^ " kjch ban biln doi hau, nuoc bien dang cho Viet Nam" Nhung nghien curu ciia cac tac gia tren la co so li luan va thuc lien cho viec long ghep giao due Bien dii hau day hgc dia li a truong thong Chuang trinh Dia ti Trung hge ph6 thong voi mang kien thiic: Dja li dai cuong (lop 10), dja li The gioi (lop 11) va dja Ii Viet Nam (Icrp 12) rit thu|in lgi cho viec long ghep kiln thiic ve BDKH, nhSm giiip cho cac em nhan thiic ro hon vl nguyen nhan, hien trang va anh huang cua BDKH a Viet Nam ciing nhu ' Khoa Dia li - Tru&ng Dgi hgc Supham - DLTTN DAO TAO DIA LY, PHU'ONG PHAP vA CONG NGHg NGHIEN CUV D U LY Hoi Dja ly va Tai nguyen M5i truong Thii-a Thien Hug Hoi Dja ly Vigt Nam tren thi gioi Ngoai ra, viec giao due kiln thuc BDKH day hgc dia li of thong nhim hinh cho hgc sinh thai do, hanh vi ung xir vai hien tugng BDKH BIEN DOI Klii HAU 2.1 Khai nicm - Bien d6i hau Trai dat la sir thay doi ciia he thong hau gom quyen, thiiy quyen, sinh quyen, thach quyen hien lai va luang lai bai cac nguyen nhan lu nhien va nhan lao mgi giai doan nhit dinh,/37 - Biln dii hau la su bien doi vl trang thai ciia he thing hau dugc nhan biet qua sir biln doi vl trung binh hoac sir bien doi cac thugc tinh ciia no tri Irong thai ki dai dien hinh la hang thap ki hoac dai hon [4] - Biln doi hau la su Ihay doi cac dac diem mang tinh thong ke ciia he thong hau xcl din nhiing chu ki dai hoac hang Ihap ki hoac dai han ma khong ke den cac nguyen nhan,/J/ - Bien dii hau la "nhiing anh huong co hai ciia bien doi hau" la nhung bien doi moi Iruong vat U hoac sinh hpc gay nhiing anh huang c6 hai dang ke den phan, kha nang phuc hii hoac sinh san ciia cac he sinh thai tu nhien va dugc quan li hoac den hoal dpng cua cac he thong kinh te - xa hgi hoac den sue khoe va phuc lgi cua nguoi [6] Trong giai doan hicn bien doi hau the hien a viec gia tang nhiet tren be mat trai dat dan loi hien lugng bang lan, nuoc bien dang va nhicu hicn tugng thoi tiel cue doan khac 2.2 Nguyen nhan cua bicn doi hau BDKH la mpl van de mang tinh chal toan cau no lien quan den nhieu hien tugng thai liet circ doan lam cho tan suai cuong cue doan ciia hau tang len rat nhilu Co nhilu nguyen nhan gay BDKH nhung nguyen nhan chinh la su gia tang cac hoal dgng lao cac chat thai nha kinh, cac hoal dgng khai thac qua muc cac be hap thu nha kinh nhu sinh khoi rirng, cac he sinh thai bien ven bo va dat liln khac Trong loai chu yeu la CO2 ,CH4, N2O, HFC,, PFC^, SFg, Theo bao cao moi nhat ciia Lien Hgp Quoc nguyen nhan ciia hien tugng BDKH 90% ngiroi giy ra, i 0% la tu nhien gay Truac lien BDKH chinh la ket qua su lang Ien ciia cac thai nha kinh Hau het gioi khoa hpc dlu cong nhan BDKH la nong dp ciia hieu ung nha kinh tang Ien quyen cr miic cao, Trong vong 200 nam tra lai day dac biet la irong may chuc nam vira qua cong nghiep hoa phat trien, nhan loai bat dau khai thac than da, dau lira su dung cac nhien lieu hoa thach boat dgng cong nghiep tang len nguoi bat dau thai vao bau quyen mpt lugng lon CO2, nito oxit, metan khien cho be mat Trai Dat nong len Nhiet nong len da tao cac bien doi cac van de Ihoi tiel hien Hoat dpng ciia nguai ke lir each mang cong nghiep da lam tang so lugng cac nha kinh klii quyen, lam tang lire hue xa tir CO2, mclan, ozon ting doi luu, CFC va nito oxiL Ngoai BDKH lien quan den sir bien doi biic xa mat troi Cac bien doi ve bufc x? mat tr6i da gay nen cac BDKH qua khii Mac dii buc xa mat trai nhin chung la qua nho de co the anh hucmg lot su am len loan cau Irong nhung thap nien gin day nhung mpl so it nghien ciiu da bac bo quan diem tren Mgt gia thuylt Henrik Svensmark dua ring cac hoat dgng ciia tir truong mat troi lam Iccli 1126 Hot nghi Khoa hoc Dta ly Todn qudc ldn lhu 6; Thdnh phd Hue, 9/20 Hgi Dja 1^ va Tki nguyen Moi tru&ng Thua Thien Hu£ Hgi Dja \^ Vi^t Nam huong cac tia vii tru ma no cd the anh huong tdi vice tao hat nhan ngung tu may va gay anh huong t6i hau Cac nha kinh va biic xa mat trcri gay bien doi nhigt dg theo cac each khac Neu viec tang hire xa mat troi se Iam am tang binh luu thi viec tang cac nha kinh se iam lanh lang binh Iuu Tuy nhien, ca hai deu lam im tang doi Iuu khien hau Trai Dat nong len va gay nhieu hien tugng thoi tiet cue doan 2.3 Bieu hien cua bicn doi hau Thii: nhdt: Su ndng len cua nhiet dp Trdi Dal hay su dm len lodn cdu Tat ca c^c tram nhiet dp deu CO the do, danh gia va xac nhan dugc bang chiing ve BDKH Trong the ki XX, nhiel dg trung binh ciia khong gan mat dii da tang 0,6 ± 0,2''C (1,1 ± 0,4''F) Theo cac mo hinh nghien ciiu thi ki XXI, nhiet dp trung binh ctia Trai Dit co Ihl tang len tir 1,1 - 6,4''C (0,2 - 1,5''F) nhu vay nhict dp trung binh ciia Trai Dal da tang len tai 0,3 - 0,4''C may chuc nam qua va hien dang co xu hudng tang tilp Thic hai: Su gia tdng mice nudc biin Nhiet dp ciia Trai Dat nong len, bang cua cac day Himalaya, Nam cue, Bac cue va cac vimg khac tan chay lam cho m^rc nudc biln tang len, Thdi ki 1961 - 2003 cho thay toe dp tang ciia mue nudc bien trung binh tir 1,8 - 0,5mm/n, Theo so Ii?u dac tir ve tinh TOPEX/ POSEIDON giai doan 1993 - 2003 loc tang cua m^rc nudc bien trung binh lir 3,t-0,7mm/n nhanh hon so vdi thdi ki 1961 -2003 (lPCC-2007) Thir ba: Su thay ddi ranh gidi cua cdc ddi hdu ton tgi hdng nghin nam iren cdc viing khdc nhcm cua Trdi Ddt Dan tdi nguy co de doa su sing cua cac loai sinh vat, cac he sinh thai va boat dgng ciia ngudi Thd tu- Su ihay ddi cudng dp hoat dpng cita hodn luu quyin, chu trinh ludn hodn nudc Urnhien vd cdc chu trinh sinh dia hod khdc Thd ndm: Si^f thay ddi ndng sudt sinh hpc cua cdc he thdng sinh ihdi, chdt hcamg vd thdnh phdn Ihuy quyen, sinh quyen vd cdc dia quyen khdc Thic sdu :Sif thay doi cua miia ddng vd miia he Miia dong ngan 1^1 va miia he cd cac dgt nong tang len va keo dai, ban ban, mua lu that thudng khong gilng quy luat, cay cd sir thay ddi ve thu hoach, djch b^nh nhilu hon, b?nh mdi xuat hien Dac biel la su ngap iing d cac viing dat thip, cac dao nho tren biln va sy md rgng cua cac sa m^c viing can nhi^t ddi 2.4 Tdc dong cua bicn doi hau BDKH la mpt hien tugng thdi till cue doan, nguy hiem No anh hudng rat Idn tdi ddi song, sinh hoat, san xuil ciia eon ngudi va ldi mdi trudng xung quanh Theo bao cao mdi ciia IPCC cd dau higu cho thiy ho^l dgng ciia xoay thuan nhiet ddi tang cudng d Bic D^i Tay Duang kl ti' nam 1970 cd sir tuang quan vdi nhiel bl mat nudc biln tang Muc NBD khoang 0,18 - 0,59m din 2040 - 2100 so vdi 1980 - 1990, cac tuyln dudng thucmg mai se md bang d Bic cyc co lai, cd kha nang lam ddng mudi nhi?l cham lai, se tang cudng dp cac bao va cac hien tugng thdi tilt cue doan, suy giam tang ozdn, thay ddi nganh ndng nghiep, thay doi pham vi cCia cac vat chii trung gian truyin benh, lam gia tang sdt ret va sot xuat huyet va tam giam oxy d^i duong, C02 quyin tang lam tang Iugng C02 hoa tan dai duong, C02 hoa tan d?l duong phan urng vdi nudc tao axil cacbonic gay hign lugng axil hoa dai ducmg Phan be mat dai duong udc tinh se giam tir 8,25 xuong 8,14 vao nam 2040 va dy kien giam 0,14 - 0,5 DAO TAO D!A LY; PHl/ONG PHAP VA CONG NGH$ NGHIEN CLTU DIA LY n27 H$i Dja ly vk T^i nguyen M5i tru-ong Thiia Thien Hui Hoi Dja Ij Vigt Nai don vi din nam 2100 dai ducmg hap thu nhieu C02 hon Nhi?t va dioxlt cacbon bj giif d; duong CO thi se can hang tram nam de tai thoat trd lai quyen, dy doan khoang 18% den 35% tron ting s6 1103 loai dpng thuc vat cd the bi tuy?t chiing cho den nam 2050 Nhii'ng anh hudng eu the cua BDKH la: - Anh hudng den tai nguyen nudc: BDKH lam thay dii chi dp mua gay lu lut vao miia mira vj h?n han vao miia khd Gia tang cudng dp va tan suat cac bao, gidng td, gay trugt dit va xoi moi lam cho nhu ciu ve nudc thilu tram trgng Do thien tai, nhiel dp, nhilm dlu tang nen djch b?nh plia triln nhanh chdng dac biel la d cac nudc kem phat trien Su biln ddi tai nguyen nudc cdn gay cac van de xa hpi cd lien quan nhu: van de di dan d cac quoc gia ven biln muc NBD, tinh trang thieu luong thuc, thyc pham mat dat san xuat, cac dich benh cd nguy co lang manh ngudn nudc bj d nhiem, tinh tr^ng thieu nudc sinh hoat xay dac bi^i la d cac nudc ngheo dan den su suy giam chat lupng cu^c sdng nhu y te, giao due - Anh hudng den ndng- lam - ngu nghiep: + Trong ndng nghiep: Vdi tdc BDKH nhu hien san lugng cac cay lucmg thuc se giam 15% Nhiel dp loan eau tiep tuc tang len gay h^n ban d nhilu nai lam cho 50 trieu ngudi lam \ao canh ngheo ddi vai thap ki tdi Theo dy doan, nam 2070, cac lo^i cay trdng cd the len den cao 550m va hudng len phia bac 100 - 200km so vdi hien Nen nhi?t dg cao va lang thuy giam d viing lgc dja lam nang suat ndng nghiep giam 30% qua trinh sa mac hoa dat ndng nghiep Nhiet dg Trai Dat tang se lam tan bang va dang cao muc nudc bien, nhu vSy nhieu viing san xual ndng nghiep Irii phii va cac khu ddng dan, cac ddng bang ldn ven bien nhat la vimg dao thap se bi chim dudi nudc Sir ndng len ciia Trai Dat lam thay doi dieu kien sdng binh thudng ciia cac Ioai sinh vat khien cho mot so loai sinh vat bi thu hep ve dien tich hoac hi lieu diet, + Trong lam nghiep: Lam thay ddi dien lich rimg ngap man, lam cho ranh gidi phan bd cac kicu rirng nguyen sinh, thir sinh bi djch chuyen, lam cho cac nguon dgng thyc \^X ngudn gen quy hiem dling irudc nguy co bj tuyet chung, nd cung lam tang nguy co chay rirng va phat tan djch benh, Klioa hpc chiing minh ring neu nhiet lang lOOC cd the lam bien ddi cau true va chiirc nang cua rinig Nl ilu loai dgng v^t sdng rirng dd hon mgt nira s6 linh trudng Idn va gin 9% cac loai cay mi loai ngudi da biet den dang dimg trudc nguy co bj tuyet chung + Trong ngu nghiep: Nhiet dp tang lam ngudn thuy, hai san bi phan tan cac loai ca nhiet ddi lang len, cac loai ca can nhiet ddi lai giam xuong, Theo IPCC, 20 - 30% cac loai dpng lhuc val seed nguy CO bi tuyet chiing cao nlu nhiet dp tang len tir 1,5-2,50C kl ca giu bic cue va cac loai tom lay ngudn thiic an tir cac ran san hd Nhiet dp va Iugng mua thay ddi Iam cho khdi lugng cac dan ca bi giam siiL tru lugng cac Ioai hai san cung bj giiun siit tram Thien tai xay lien tyc, bal thudng lam cho sd lugng cac ngu trudng ldn tren the gidi bj suy giam - Anh hudng den du Hch: Do BDKH gay cac hien tugng thdi tiet cyc doan, sy bung phat cac dich benh nhiet ddi va khiing hoang ciia tham lhuc vat lam anh hudng ldi kha nang lhu hiit va phat trien nganh du ljch - Anh hudng den da dang sinh hgc: BDKH anh hudng ldn tdi da dang sinh hgc nhu la vung phan bd ciia nhieu loai cay, triing, chim, ca chuyin dich ien phia bic va len viing cao hon, Nhieu loai thuc val nd hoa sdm hon, nhilu loai cdn trimg da xuat hien sdm hem d bic ban ciu, san ho bj chil tring rigay cang nhilu BDKH gay biln dj hoac dot biln gen cua mgt so loai dgng thuc vat lam xuat hien nhieu sinh val ngoai lai nguy hilm cho he sinh thai ndng nghiep va sire khoe nguoi Hien nay, da dang sinh hgc dang bi giam sut trim trgng: rieng rirng nhiet ddi mdi nam da mit 17 500 1128 Hot nghi Khoa hpc Dfa ly Todn qudc ldn thu 6; Thdnh phd Hui 9/201 Hoi Dja ly va T^i nguygn M6i tnrong Thua Thicn Hui Hgi Dja 1^ Vigt Nam loai, Cli phiit lhi co mgt loai hi lieu diet Cac nha co sinh hgc tinh dugc ljch sur trudc day - trieu nam cd loai bj lieu diet nhung tir nam 1600 den cd khoang 162 loai chim, 100 loai thii b'\ tieu di^l, 255 Ioai thu khac cd nguy co bj lieu diet Cac loai hien dang bi de doa dlu la cac loai song tren mat dit, mdt nira sdng rung, cac noi cu tru nudc nggl va nudc biln dac bi^t la cac dai san ho la nhQ-ng mdi trudng song de bj tdn thuang Sy xam nhap cac Ioai ngoai lai khdng the kiem soal dugc cd the gay anh hudng din ngudn thirc an, noi d, lam xdi mdn ngudn gen ban dia va thay ddi nai sinh sdng ciia cac loai ban dia - Anh hudng den nang lugng va giao thdng: BDKH tac dgng nghiem irgng tdi nang lugng nhu cac gian khoan dau bj anh hudng bdi bao, 16c, sdng than giam san lugng dien h?n ban, che dp thuy van khong dn djnh, lieu thu nhieu nang lugng ban nhiet va am tang Ddi vdi giao thdng, cac hien tugng thdi tilt cue doan gay khd khan viec di lai va van chuyin hang hoa - Anh hudng den siic khoe ngudi: Theo IPCC (2006) thiet hai thien tai vi BDKH thap ki (]ua lam trieu ngudi chet, thiet hai trung binh 40 ti USD/nam BDKH da va dang lam xuat hien nhieu benh mdi la da lam bien doi nhieu loai benh irudc day tren quy md rdng ldn Kit qua la da ghi nhan dugc 30 can benh mdi thap ki qua CAC PHU'ONG PHAP GIAO DUC KIEN THlTC BDKH TRONG DAY HOC DIA LY Tuy thugc vao cac loai bai khae ma viec van dung cac phuong phap d^y hpc cung khac nhau, nham dam bao: phuang phap phai thich irng vdi npi dung cua bai hgc Trong sach giao khoa dja li, cac kien thuc ve BDKH cd hai lo^i: Loai loan bai va loai bai cd mgt phan kien thiic la giao due kien thirc BDKH - Ddi vdi loai bai cd kien thiic loan bai la giao dye kien thiirc BDKH: cd the sii dung hinh thiic day hgc ldp hay ngoai ldp, cac bai hgc cd ngi dung gan lien vdi dieu kien ty nhien hoac cac boat dgng lhuc lien thi viec sir dung hinh thirc day hgc ngoai khda cd hieu qua cao hon hinh thiirc day hgc ldp - Ddi vdi lo^i bai hgc cd mgt phin co ngi dung giao due kiln thiic BDKH hoac cd kha nang lien h? kien thiic giao dye BDKH: Cd Ihl long ghep giao due BDKH quafrinhlien he thuc tiln Do ndi dung giao dgc kien thirc ve BDKH dugc tich hgp vao ngi dung bai hpc dia li nen cac phuong phap d^y hgc giao due kiln thirc BDKH cung dugc tich hgp vao cac phuang phap d$y hgc dia Ii Dudi day la mpt sd phuong phap day hgc dugc sii dung higu qua Idng ghep kien thirc BDKH d?y hpc dia li d trudng phd thdng 3.1 Phu'otig phap dam thoai Dugc sii dung thong qua viec giao vien (GV) dat he thong cau hdi de hpc sinh{HS) tra ldi Phuang phap cd thi phat huy dugc tinh tich cue hgc tap ciia hpc sinh Trong cac bai hgc cd npi dung giao due kiln thirc BDKH giao vien cd ihl dat he thdng cac cau hdi chira dung cac thdng tin lien quan din cac vin dl BDKH nhim trang bj cho HS su hieu biit, kha nang giai quyet cac vin dl vl moi trudng, gdp phin bao vg biu i lidng va ban chi tinh trang BDKH dang dien nhu hien mdi bai sau dua he thong cac cau hdi cho HS tra Idi, GV se ldng ghep giao due cac kiln thirc BDKH khac tiiy vao lirng ngi dung cu the Vi dy: Khi HS tra ldi cho cau hdi "Hiin linh chdt cua cdc logi gio miia thay ddi nhu lhi ndo? Nguyen nhdn cua su thay ddi do? ", GV cd thi Idng ghep kiln thiic BDKH nhu: hign anh hudng cua BDKH cang manh nen tinh chit ciia cac lo^ii gid miia cd su thay ddi rd ret gid miia miia dong cang sau sac, gid miia miia cang gay git vi mang theo rit nhieu can bao phiic lap lam thay ddi ranh gidi thdi gian giiia miia DAO TAO DIA LY, PHUONG PHAP VA CONG NGHE NGHIEN CUtI D\A LY 1129 H8i Dja IS va Tai nguyen Moi truong Thiia Thicn Hug Hoi Dja ly VielNjim ddng va miia he ciing nhu tao nhieu hien tugng Ihdi liet bat thudng cd hai (tuyit rai vao mua doiig, miia he nang ndng keo dai ) 3.2 Phuang phap thao luan Thao luan la su trao ddi y kien vl mdt van de nao giija GV va HS ciing nhu giira HS v6i nhim tim each giai quyet vin de hay di den ket luan hoac mgt su khai quat tren co sd long h ^ cac y kien Gin vdi npi dung giao due kien lhuc BDKH phuong phap thao luan dugc xem la mgt nhung phuang phap phii hap va co hieu qua Bdi vi phuong phap thao luan dugc lien hanh viVi nhung kiln thiic mang tinh phd thdng, linh xa hpi cip bach, mang nhieu ngudn thdng tin dai chung va dugc the hien d mgi dia phuong nhu cac kien thirc ve quyen, BDKH, mdi trudng Han niJa, vice sir dung phuang phap gdp phan giup HS cd nhii'ng nhan thuc dimg din ve BDKH cung nhu cac van dl ve mdi irudng da va dang dien ra, hinh d HS thoi quen quan tam thudng xuyen tdi van de BDKH, nhung hoat dong bao ve moi trudng, Dieu co tac dung rat lot qua trinh day hoc giao due kien thuc BDKH Vi du: Khi day bai: "Bdo ve mdi trudng vd phong chdng thiin lai" (Dia li 12): Sau cho I IS thao luan ve mdt sd thien tai chu yeu va bien phap phong chong, GV long ket lai ngi dung Ihao luan v6 thdi gian, khu vuc thudng xay ra, nhQng hau qua va cac giai phap khac phuc hau qua ciia mot s6 thien lai chil yeu, sau dd nhan manh cho HS thay: Vdi tinh Irang BDKH nhu hien lhi cac thien tat cang gia lang cudng dd, tan suai va dp phirc tap gay thiet hai to ldn cho ngudi, cho san xu