30 m&i s6 3 2012 DOHvaHoc II ^NGAY NAY Mot so bien phap hirorng din hpc sinh l(hai thac hieu qua Jircfc do giao khoa dien tu* trong day hoc Ljch sir cf trufcfng phd thong TS NGUYEN MANH HUONG Khoa Ljc[.]
30 m&i s6 3-2012 DOHvaHoc I ^NGAY NAY Mot so bien phap hirorng din hpc sinh l(hai thac hieu qua Jircfc giao khoa dien tu* day hoc Ljch sir cf trufcfng phd thong TS NGUYEN MANH HUONG Khoa Ljch sii - TrQdng Dai hpc SQ pham Hd Npi Kdnh hinh (KH) h6 trp dgy hpc (DH) ndi chung, mdn Ljch sii (LS) d trQdng thdng ndi ridng Id cdng cy, phQdng tien chQa dQng, chuyin tai IQpng thdng tin tdi gido vidn (GV) qua trinh giang dpy vd Id ngudn tri thQc phong phu da dang, nham phdt then tri tu#, ndng cao ndng IQc nhan thQc cho hpc sinh (HS) SQ kenh hinh hidu qua khdng chl gdp phan quan trpng vdo doi mdi phQdng phdp day hpc cua thay vd trd, ma cdn chong Ipi viec "day chay", "hgc chay" mdt tinh trang khd bien DHLS d nhilu trQdng thdng hien Theo chQc nang va muc dich sii dyng, cdc nhd gido dye vd tdc gia vilt sdch gido khoa (SGK) LS da chia lam loai KH chu y l u : KH dQng d l cy t h i hda ndi dung mdt sQ kipn LS quan trpng bdi hpc (Cudc tan cdng Cung dipn MQa Ddng Cdch mpng thdng MQdi Nga dem 25/10/1917, Hong qudn Lien Xd cam cd chiln thang tren ndc nhd Qud'c hdi DQc ngdy 30/4/1945,.-); KH ed nhipm vy cung cap thdng tin cho HS (thQdng Id cdc tranh anh tQ lipu LS); KH vQa cung cap thdng tin, vQa minh hpa cho kenh chQ SGK, thQdng kem theo mdt so thdng tin ben epnh d l HS ty dpc vd tim hiiu (Cac nQdc d l qud'c xdu xd Trung QuIc, Ipm phdt d DQc - Trd em Idm dilu bang nhQng dong mdc mat gid vdo dau nam 1920,.,,); K H d u n g d l ren luypn kT ndng thyc hdnh, kiem tra kiln thQc HS (LQpc v l sQ bdnh trQdng cua d l quoc Nhdt Ban cuoi t h i kl XIX - dau the kf XX,,,,) [1], Du Id loai KH ndo, chung d i u cd d^c dilm chung Id phai phan dnh dung doi tQpng nghien cQu, phu hpp vdi npi dung trinh bay d "kinh ehd"(ba\ viet) SGK, khdng cd nhOng thdng tin sai lech ve mat khoa hpc, dam bdo tinh thim mT, mang tfnh gido dye va cd tdc dyng phdt triln trf tup dd'i vdi HS Mat khde, d l thudn tien cho GV nghien cQu bdi vilt SGK vd HS chuan bi bai hpc d nhd, hpc tdp trdn Idp, cdc KHLS bao gid cung dQpc dat canh phan "kenh chd", cd ndi dung tQdng Qng, cd bo cyc cdn doi vd dQpc ddnh so thQ ty tQ hinh cho den hlnh cuoi cung, LQpc gido khoa LS la mdt dpng cua KH, thupe logi phQdng tien trQc quan quy Qdc chiem tl le nhieu thQ hai he thong KH ho trp tfch cQc cho hopt ddng dpy - hpc d trQdng thdng (ben canh tranh anh LS ehilm da s l ) Td't cd cdc lopi IQpc dd du phan dnh v l yeu to dia li qudn si/, chinh tri hay kinh t l xd hdi neu dung nhd trudng, h$ thing gido dye quoc dan deu dQpc gpi Id IQpc gido khoa, TQ nhOng d$c trQng cua qua trinh hpc tap LS (HS khdng trQc tiep quan sat dQpc cdc sQ kien dd Idng tdn /^/" nhQng "khdng hien cd") viec sQ dyng IQpc dd giao khoa se gdp phan tich cQc vdo tpo bieu tQpng, hlnh khdi nipm cho HS, nhdt Id nhQng IQpc LS cd sQ ho tri? cua cdng nghp thdng tin (CNTT) Bdi vi, theo cdc chuyen gia gido dye n l u cQ dp dyng PPDH truyen thong (thay dpc, trd chdp) thi 90% tri thQc cue HS dQpc tiep nhdn qua tai, 10% qua mdt sau mpt thdi gian ngdn se rdi vdo tdm trang mpt mdi, gidm sQ chu y [2], nhung n l u cdc em vQa dupe nghe, vQa dQpc nhin thdng qua hinh dnh, k i t hpp vdi cdc hopt dpng (tdc li huy dgng cung mgt luc nhiiu giic quan) thi kit qua ghi nhd kiln thQc ciJa HS dpt hdn 90% [3], Tuy nhien, thQc t l cho thSy vi^c sQ dyng IQpc giao khoa di$n tQ d trQdng thdng cdn nhieu bat cap, Khdng it GV sQ dyng chu y l u chl "kkh chugt" 6e gidi thieu, minh hpa cho bdi giang; cd GV sQ dyng nhQ mdt bdi thuyet trinh, diln gidng, khdng chu y phdt huy tfnh tich cQc nhan thQc cua HS; bdn cpnh dd cung cd GV cd' g^ng kit hpp PP ddt cdu hdi vd trd Idi, trao d l i va dam thopi, nhQng lai lung tung cdc bQdc vd PP khai thdc, cdn Ipm dung phQdng ti^n kTthu^t hi^n dpi,., nen hi$u qua khdng cao Xud't phdt tQ gdc dp cua ngudi nghien cQu v l li luan DH bO mdn vd thQc tien DHLS d TrQdng thdng Nguyen Td't Thdnh - TrQdng DHSP Ha Ndi nhilu ndm, chOng tdi xin chia se mdt sd' bipn phdp hudng dan hpc sinh (HS) khai thdc hipu qua cdc IQpc gido khoa dien tQ DHLS, Trudc hit cin khing dinh rang, DH ndi chung, mdn LS d trudng phi thdng ndi riing li mdt qui trinh sU pham phQc t^p Qud trinh iiy cd sQ tham gia cung mdt luc cua nhilu yeu t l : myc ti§u DH, npi dung, PPDH, thilt bj phQdng tien DH, hinh thQc to chQc, kiem tra danh gia, , Cac y l u t l tren cd vai trd, vj trf nhd't djnh qua trinh DH, cd moi quan hp mdt thilt vdi khdng the tdch rdi Chat lupng DH chl cd t h i dQpc ndng len cd sQ tham gia tfch cQc eua cdc ylu to dd, n l u y l u t l ndo thilu, Ipc hau, td't y l u se tac ddng va IkfUvaHpC /NGAY NAY s o 3-2012 - _ _ _ _ , anh hudng d i n chat iQpng bp mdn Trong cdc y l u to cua qua trinh DH ndi tren, hoat ddng day - hpc cua thay vd trd, PP day cCia thay vd PP hpc cua trd cd vai trd quylt dinh nhd't, nhQng phai dQa tren nen tang cua "chiic ciu nii"\h dd dung trQc quan Thd hai, se khdng ed mgt PP sd dung chung eho ti't ci cic loai luac giio khoa dien td, cung nhU cie loai KHLS Viec hieu rd vai trd, chQc ndng cua tQng lopi KH se giup GV xde dinh, iQa chpn dung phQdng tien vd PP sQ dyng mdi bdi hpc Tuy nhien, GV can IQu y d i n tfnh cd bdn, hinh anh vd tfnh vQa sQc dd'i vdi HS SQ dyng iQpc gido khoa dien tQ DHLS phai phan dnh dung doi tupng, phu hpp vdi ndi dung kiln thQc, khdng cd thdng tin sai lech v l mdt khoa hpc, hoac Idm phdn tdn sQ tap trung suy nghT cua HS v l sQ kien bdi, n l u hlnh anh dQpc dQa len mdn hinh PowerPoint phai that sinh dpng, cd mdu sdc hdi hda, kem theo Idi chu thich rd rdng, ThQ ba, van dyng linh hoat cdc bQdc vd thao tdc hQdng dan HS khai thdc iQpc gido khoa LS vdi sQ hd tip cua CNTT: 2.1 Chuan bj d nhd (gin Hin vdi qui trinh soan giio in) TrQdc tien, gido vien (GV) nghien cQu bdi vilt SGK d l xde djnh myc dich sQ dyng, kiln thQc cd ban, IQa chpn IQpc chuan xdc,_ Tren cd sd dd, tim hiiu ndi dung kiln thQc LS "an" mdi iQpc do, gdm hodn canh dja li (ddc dilm dja hinh, vung lanh th6,.„) vd kiln thQc LS, cung nhU kf hieu quy Qdc (hQdng tan cdng, rQt lui,,.„) Kiln thQc LS "an"trong moi IQdc it nhilu da dupe bdi vilt SGK nhac d i n , thQdng Id diln bien eua chiln dich, khdi nghTa Ddy Id mdt phan kiln thQc cd ban cua bdi hpc, nen GV can dpc kT, k i t hdp cdc nguon tdi lieu tham khao khde d l xdy dQng bdi tQdng thuat, mieu ta, hoac IQpc thudt, giup HS cd bilu tQpng vd hiiu rd hdn sQ kien Tim hieu ndi dung LS tren lUpc dd se giup GV djnh hQdng dQdc PP sQ dyng, dQ kiln so iQpng cdu hdi, tinh huong sQ pham DH tren Idp 2.2 SQ dung tren Idp (kit hop to ehdc eho HS nghien cdu kiin thde mdi) Khi day den ndi dung can khai thdc, GV trinh ehilu IQpc do, dung bQt chi KH (hoac tia laze) hQdng ddn HS khai thdc thdng qua cdc PP dac trQng nhQ tQdng thudt, mieu ta, neu ddc dilm,,,, Cdc bQdc vd thao tdc nhQ sau: Mgt, GV gidi thieu khdi qudt IQpc (theo dQdng chl kim dong ho), ti le vd kf hieu cd ban d phan "Chu giii" (hudng tiln cdng cua djch, ndi qudn djch nhay du,,,,) Cdng viec ndy cd tdc dung djnh hQdng vd kfch thfch sQ td md, chu y cua HS vdo chu d l , hinh thdnh dpng cd tfch cQc tim hiiu kiln thQc Hai, hQdng sQ chu y cua HS vdo chi tilt quan trpng tren IQpc do, neu cdu hdi gdi md N l u Id IQpc dd LS v l trdn ddnh, GV nen cho cdc em tim hiiu bdi vilt SGK, nhd'n manh nhOng y chfnh v l diln biln, roi dQa cdu hdi gdi md d l HS tim hiiu ban chat vd y nghTa sQ kien, khdng bj phan tdn tQ tQdng, HS suy nghTvd tra Idi cdu hdi theo gpi y, cdc ban Idp Idng nghe, bo sung y kiln, Ba, GN nhdn xet, trinh bdy va chd't lai van d l d l HS ghi y chinh, Tuy nhien, chung ta khdng nen rap khudn, mdy mdc qud trinh hudng dan HS khai thdc IQdc Trong mpt so trQdng hdp, GV cd the k i t hpp neu cdu hdi gdi md, HS tra Idi vd GV nhdn xet, trinh bdy sQ kien GV can tranh viec Ipm dyng kT thudt nhQ tieng ddng, dm phQc tap, hoac mdu sac Ide lopt vi chung 'f[ Hfri-iift-iiA'' 31 d l Idm phdn tdn tQ tQdng HS Khi trinh bdy IQpc d l can iQu :n song Bgch Dang nam 938 (Tranh ve) Khi quan Nam H.iii chuan bi keo quan voo xam l u c e nu'ac la Nyo Quyen cl3 thuc hiii'ii ke sach g i ' Luc thuy quan cua Hoang Thao Keo vao bien Bach Dang Ngo Quyen da lam gi de nht'i dich"^ Luc quan giac vuai qua b3i CQC n g a m , thuy tneu rut xuong Ngo Quyen to c h u c danh gigc LLTOC chion ihang B j c l i Dang nam &35 n h u the nao'^ Ket qua"^ Vdo mdt mQa ret giOa mua ddng nam 938, LQu Hoang Thdo cam dau thuy qudn Nam Han tiln vdo cQa sdng Bpch Dang ddnh ehilm nQdc ta Dpi cho nQdc thuy trilu len ngap hit trdn dja bai cpc, Ngd Quyln cho mdt so thuyin nhd tudng Nguyin Tat To chf huy keo ddnh nhQ djch, roi vd thua rut chay Hoang Thdo hdm hd thQc quan duoi theo, vupt qua trdn dja bai cpc ngam cua ta md khdng bilt Khi nude thuy trilu rut, Ngd Quyln Ipnh phan kfch NhOng mui ten tQ cdc vdeh da vun vut lao nhQ mQa, hdng tram thuyin cua ta cung bat ngd xuat hi^n Qudn gi$c hoang hot quay dau thdo chay Ra den gin cQa sdng, dung IQc nQdc trilu rut manh Bai cpc nglm nhd Idn, Qudn ta din sQc tan cdng, Qudn tQ phfa thQpng iQu ddnh xulng, qudn mai phye tQ hai bdn bd sdng vd qudn thu^ tQ cdc sdng nhdnh xdng ddnh tat ngang, D^i hlnh thuyin cua djch rii loan, xd vdo nhau, va phai bai cpc nglm bj thung vd, dim rat nhilu Thuyin cua djch khdng thodt biln dQpc Qudn djch bd ca cheo ldi, nhay xulng sdng, phin bj gilt, phan chit duoi, thi^t hpi qud nQa Ho^ng Thdo cung bd mang tai trpn That bpi ndng n l ciia dpo thuy qudn Ho^ng Thdo da Idm cho vua Nam Hdn kinh hodng, chf bilt thQdng khde trai vd l^nh rut qudn tilp Qng, hodn todn bd mdng xam IQpc nQdc ta" [4] Kit thuc phan tQdng thudt vd mieu ta, GV d$t cdu hdi: Em cd nhin xetgl ve nghe thuit dinh giic cua Ngd Quyin? Tai nhi sd hgc Ngd Thi STd thi ky XVIII lai dUa Idi nhan djnh: "Trin thing lai tren sdng Bach Ding li ca sd sau niy cho viec phuc lai quic thong?", HS tra Idi xong, GV chot lai: Chiln thang Bpch Dang nam 938 thi hien nghe thudt ddc ddo, sdng tpo ciia Ngd Quyln da biet Ipi dyng thidn DmvaEfK ^^ Dau vet bai coc ngan thdi, din ldi nhan hoa Chien thing Bach Dang nam 938 cua Ngo Ouyon da cham dQt hdn 1,000 nam nudc ta bi cac tiiou dai phong kion phudng Bac thong tn, md mpt thdi dai mdi thdt dai dpc lap, tu chij lau dai cija dan tpc ta Vi du ve cac bien phap hudng dan HS khai thac iQOc gi,ao khoa dien tu' nhQ tren the hien PPDH tich cyc Trudc day, de tao bieu tQpng cho HS ve hoan canh dia li va dien bien cua chien thSng Bach Dang nam 938 GV chu yeu dung ludc dd treo tddng hoac SGK NhQng Idoc rat han che ve tinh trdc quan tham ml (do c6 nhieu ki hieu tddng trdng, ludn 6' dang "tinh", _), sU dung GV mat thdi gian de tim vi tri treo va cat Iddc d6, khdng cdn yeu to bait ngd, NhOng han che tren deu dddc khac phuc nhd khai thac Uu diem cua CNTT Tren ludc do, GV cd the lien ket hinh anh tddng trdng, tao hieu dng sinh ddng ve thOy trieu len xudng, thuyen chien cua giac xuat hien theo logic bai tudng thuat va y tUdng sd pham Vi the, quan sat liJdc dd, HS vda cd bieu tudng ve sd kien, vda khac sau, nhd lau kien thuc, hieu dddc mdi quan he gida cac yeu td thien thdi, dia ldi va nhan hda, cung nhu nghe thuat quan sd danh giac cua Ngd Quyen Ung dung CNTT de hudng dan HS khai thac ludc giao khoa LS se gop phan quan trpng vao nang cao hieu qua bai hpc, nhdng "CNTT la da nang khdng phai van nang", "LS khdng phai la mot chudi cac sd kien ma ngddi viet s\i ghi lai, roi ngddi day sd dpc lai va ngddi hoc sQ lai hpc thuoc Idng" (Pham Van Dong) [5] GV can phai chii ddng, linh hoat, ket hpp vdi cac PPDH khac, giup HS them say me, thu yeu thich hpc tap LS./ TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Phan Ngoc Lien ^Chu bien) Phuong phap day hoc lich sil (tapl va2) Nxb DHSP HN, 2002, tr.113 Phan Ngpc Lien Lich su va giao due lich su Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia HN, 2003, tr 455 The training of trainers program 2002 Block one course materials The Viet Nam - Australia training project the VAT project, page 11 Nguyen Thj Coi, Trjnh Dinh Tung, Nguyen Manh Hudng Hudng dan sudung kenh hinh SGKLS Idp ?0 Nxb Giao dtJC HN, 2009, tr 109, Din theo: Phan Ngpc Lien (Chu bien) Nhap mon su hoc Nxb DHSP.HN,2006, tr 168 Nguyen lUlanh HQdng - Hddng din hpc sinh khai thac hieu qua cac doan phim tai lieu day hpc lich sd trudng THPT Tap chi Giao due, so 258 (3/2011), tr.38 - 40 ... hinh PowerPoint phai that sinh dpng, cd mdu sdc hdi hda, kem theo Idi chu thich rd rdng, ThQ ba, van dyng linh hoat cdc bQdc vd thao tdc hQdng dan HS khai thdc iQpc gido khoa LS vdi sQ hd tip cua... vQa sQc dd''i vdi HS SQ dyng iQpc gido khoa dien tQ DHLS phai phan dnh dung doi tupng, phu hpp vdi ndi dung kiln thQc, khdng cd thdng tin sai lech v l mdt khoa hpc, hoac Idm phdn tdn sQ tap trung... eho HS nghien cdu kiin thde mdi) Khi day den ndi dung can khai thdc, GV trinh ehilu IQpc do, dung bQt chi KH (hoac tia laze) hQdng ddn HS khai thdc thdng qua cdc PP dac trQng nhQ tQdng thudt, mieu