JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Interdisciphnary Sci , 2014, Vol 59, No 1, pp 27 36 GIAO DUG vi SU PHAT TRIEN B£N V0NG QUA TO CHlJc DAY HOC DU AN KHAI THAC NANG LUONG MAT T R 6 I TRONG DAY HOC VAT Ll 6 TRU[.]
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Interdisciphnary Sci., 2014, Vol 59, No 1, pp 27-36 GIAO DUG v i SU PHAT TRIEN B£N V0NG QUA TO CHlJc DAY HOC DU AN KHAI THAC NANG LUONG MAT T R I TRONG DAY HOC VAT Ll TRUdNG PHO THONG Tildng Duy Hai\ D HiTdng Tra^ ^ Trudng Dai hpc Aix-Marseille, ^Khoa Vat If, Trudng Dai hpc Su pham Hd Noi Tom tat Bai bao phan tich nhiing thuan Ipi va cac khd khan Uong viec ihuc hien giao due vi su phat trien ben vflng qua to chflc day hoc du an khai thac sfl dung nang lupng mat trdi Tfl do, de xuat mot so gdi y nham cai thien va dieu chinh cac budc trien khai du an cho phii hop vdi boi canh thuc ll day hoc d Viet Nam, Tit khda: Day hpc du an, bip nang lUpng mat trdi, giao due vi sii phal trien ben vflng, day hoc vat li Mcl dau Giao due vi sfl phat trien bin vflng (GDVSPTBV) dang dUde trien khai he thong giao due chinh quy dfldi hinh thflc day hpc long ghep theo chu de vao cac mdn hpc nham thay ddi hanh vi va thai dd cua ngfldi hpc, hfldng din xay dflng mdt xa hpi ben vflng, cdng bang va van minh hdn Cac chu de GDVSPTBV dupe soan thao dac trflng cho tflng mdn hpc va phu hdp vdi bai hpc trdng chUdng trinh cho kien thflc ciia bai hpc lien quan true tilp hoac gian tiep den cac chu de phat trien ben vflng Doi vdi mdn Vat li, cd hai chfldng trinh cung trien khai GDVSPTBV la Giao due moi trfldng va Giao due sfl dung nang Ifldng till kiem va hieu qua Viec long ghep dUde thflc hien tren tinh thin phai lam cho bai hpc song ddng hdn, phan anh dupe thuc tien cudc Sdng hang ngay, ddng thdi tranh qua tai gid hpc vdi mong muon phal trien cac thai dd tich cflc y thflc tfl chu va sang tao d ngUdi hpc 'l\iy nhien hieu qua day hpc cac ndi dung cdn chua cao.flyban UNESCO Viei Nam cung da chi mdt so nguyen nhan: "cdc muc lieu ciia chuong trinh chua ro rdng, cdc gidi phdp khdng phu hpp vdi to trinh cua nd [ }, cdn ton tai nhieu rdo cdn nhu vS tdi chinh, cdc nguon nlidn luc, cdcphudng tien va thiet bi de trien khai" [8j Nhflng ton tai tao nen rao can Idn cua GDVSPTBV Trien khai GDVSPTBV qua day hpc dU an la mot nhflng giai phap dua Ngay nhan bar 15/8/2013 Ngay nhan dang 15/12/2013 Lien he' Do Huong Tra e-mail dtitra@hoimail,tom TUdng Duy Hai, Do Huong Tra Noi dung nghien ciiu 2.1 Giai quyet van de Chu dl nang lUdng mat trdi dang la de tai dfldc khai thac manh nhat boi canh GDVSPTBV tren the gidi Cae dinh hudng chinh tri chinh sach flu tien, Uu dai, kem theo cac khoan dau tfl mot tang ciia cac quoc gia va cac td chflc phi chinh phu de dfla cac cdng nghe khai thac nang Ifldng mat trdi vao ddi s&ng da phat trien mdt each dang ke thdi gian qua [2] Viec khai thac nang Ifldng mat trdi phu thudc manh me vao cdng nghe khoa hpc va y thflc cua cdng dong Viec khai thac nguon nang lUdng mat trdi bien nhat qua hai dUdng la tfl nhien (nang Ifldng mat trdi chuyen nang lUdng gid, nang Ifldng sinh khdi va thuy nang) va nhan tao (nang lUdng mat trdi dUdc chuyen trflc tilp nhiet nang va dien nang) Da cd nhilu de tai nghien cdu ve bep nang Ifldng mat trdi nhfl: Dfl an ciia trfldng Dai hoc Cdng nghiep Ha Ndi hpp tac vdi tinh Vinh Phuc bSng each trd gia bep nang Ifldng mat trdi cho ngfldi dan d huyen Yen Lac; Td chflc phi Idi nhuan Phuc vu Nang lUdng Mat trbi da kit hpp vdi Dai hpc Da Ning san xuat bIp mat trdi phat miln phi cho cac hd dan ngheo To chflc cung da xay dflng mdt trang web bang tilng Viet de bien kiln thflc vl bIp nang Ifldng mat trdi va cung cap nguon thdng tin cho ngfldi dan Cac dfl an la ngudn thdng tin hflu ich cho hoc sinh (HS) va dat hpc sinh vao mot boi canh thuc cua cupc song hang d dia phUdng GDVSPTBV dflpc thflc hien qua viec td chflc day hpc dfl an ve khai thac sfl dung nang lupng mat trdi (thiet ke va chi tao bIp nang lUdng mat trdi) Tien trinh day hpc dUdc chia lam giai doan Idn: - Giai doan chuan bi nhlm tao ddng cd, hflng thu va cung cap cac thdng tin hflu ich - Giai doan thflc hien du an: cac nhdm hoc sinh thflc hien dfl an "Thilt ke va chi tao bIp nang Ifldng mat trdi dap flng nhu cau sfl dung ciia mot gia dinh cd vien" - Giai doan trinh bay du an va danh gia san pham Tiln trinh day hpc du an dupe trao ddi vdi giao vien vat It d trfldng THPT dd trfldng nam xa trung tam ma viec dun nlu hang van phu thudc Idn vao nguon nang Ifldng rdm, cui, than va mdt trfldng d gan de phan tich doi chflng Cac hoai ddng hpc se dupc theo doi, phan tich qua philu hpc tap, so theo ddi dfl an ma hpc smh tfl ghi va qua trao ddi bang dien thoai tin nhan Giai doan va giai doan 3, hpc sinh thao luan tren ldp, giai doan 2, hpc sinh hoan toan chu dpng viec thUc hien du an Xen ke Irong giai doan 2, giao vien td chflc cac budi gap nhanh dc giai dap cac thac mac va ho tro ki thuat cho hpc sinh Toan bp giai doan I va giai doan dfldc ghi am va ghi hinh, euoi giai doan tiln hanh phdng van hpc sinh de thu thap dfl lieu phuc vu viec phan tich cac thuan Idi va khd khan qua trinh thuc hien dU an Gido due vi su phdt trien hen vung qua tdchi'fc day hpc du a 2.2 C a c ket qua thu dUdc Du an dUdc trien khai thang cua nam hpc 2012 - 2013 vdi 109 hpc sinh ldp 12 d trudng trung hpc phd thdng (THPT): Bang So HS tham gia dU dn THPT Dpi Can (huyen Vinh Tfldng, Vinh Giai doan Phuc) chpn mot nfla ldp vdi 20 hpc sinh; So hpc sinh 109 71 41 THPT Dai Cfldng (huyen Lfng Hda, Ha Ndi) chpn mdt Idp vdi 43 hpc smh va THPT Thanh 100% Oai B (huyen Thanh Oai, Ha Npi) cung chpn 90% mot ldp vdi 46 hpc sinh tham gia dfl an Tdng 80% so la 109 hpc sinh 70% 2.2.1 Ve sti tham gia cua hoc sinh lat ca hpc sinh dfldc chpn deu tham gia giai doan I cua du an, nhung chi cd 71 hpc sinh (chia 15 nhdm), dang ki thiet kl va chi tao hip nang lUdng mat trdi Trong qua trinh thUc hien du an da cd nhdm bd cupc, dong thdi cac vien cac nhdm cdn lai ciing cd nhieu ngudi bo dd dU an Cudi cung chi cdn lai 10 nhdm vdi 41 hpc sinh (tUdng dfldng 38 % tdng so hpc sinh) la di 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% ^(11 C j n « bo d« Thanh Oai B DaiC -' ihain gia Hinh Ti le HS tham gia va HS bo dd du dn din dich: che tao dfldc san pham bIp nang Ifldng mat trdi Giao vien tham gia cd kinh nghiem day it nhat la nam va nhilu nhat la 22 nam Cd mdt giao vien vdi li khdng hieu nhilu vl day hpc dfl an nen da dl xult ngfldi nghien cflu true tiep hudng dan hpc sinh thuc hien dfl an (trfldng Dai Cfldng) Thdi gian tnen khai dfl an phan Idn bd tri vao cac tilt ngoai gid len ldp nen cung anh hudng din y thflc tham gia cua hpc sinh va hieu qua cua du an Sau tuan, trudng Ddi Can chi cdn lai 10 hpc sinh va trudng Thanh Oai B cdn 12 hpc sinh den dU budi bao cao san pham Cac em la nhflng em nhdm cd san pham hoan chinh rieng trfldng Dai Cfldng, 43 hoc sinh van tham gia du 2.2.2 V£ san pham dir an Vdi 10 san pham thu dflpc, cd mdt bIp dang parabol lam bang tre va vd hdp bia, bep cdn lai cd dang hinh hop lam bang carton Hinh San pham bep parabol TUdng Duy Hai, Dd Huong Tni hoac gd gan gidng Cac bIp hinh hop cd kep bang giay hoac g6, gifla ldp hop each nhiet bang trau hoac khdng khi, hdi hi anh sang bang cac vd hop bia giay bac va tao hieu flng nha kinh bang tim kinh hoac mica sudt Cac bep dIu dfldc thiet kl gon nhe, ddn gian, tan dung tfl cac vat lieu phi thai Dilu cho thay tieu chi than thien mdi Uitdng da dfldc hoc sinh tinh den.Tuy nhien, hpc sinh chfla thiet kl dfldc he thong dat thflc pham hoan chinh ma van de thuc pham xudng day bIp Mat ben bIp hpc sinh dIu dan tim phan xa de tang sU hap thu nhiet cho thuc pha'm Moi trUdng chung toi chpn mot san ph&i tdt nhlt de chay thfl, dun dong thdi mot Ifldng nfldc 330ml Iflc 13h nhiet dd ngoai trdi 32°C, khoang 30 phut, nhiet dp cao nhlt thu dflpc la 78"C, nhiet dp thap nhlt la 60''C, du de khfl trung thflc pham theo phfldng phap cua Pasteur chi can nhiet dp khoang 60"C mot khoang thdi gian nhat dinh se tieu diet dupe hit cac vi khuan gay hai cho ngudi cd thuc pham „ "'" ^"" ^"" Nhfl vay, san pham van hanh dfldc va van jUnh Nhiet dp cua bep theo thdi hanh ed hieu qua Hpc sinh da van dung dfldc cac gian dun 330ml nUdc kiln thflc de chi tao bep cung nhfl thuyet trinh vl tinh hieu qua cua san pham 2.3 2.3.1 Phan tich ket qua d u an Vai tro cua giao vien va hoc sinh Trong day hoc dfl an, ngfldi thay ddng vai trd c6 vin, ddng thdi cung la ngfldi dong hanh, tham gia du an, hdn nfla ho phai kiem ludn vai trd trpng tai cd su Iranh luan xay Nhung tren hit, giao vien phai la ngUdi td chflc va danh gia vice thflc hien dfl an cua ngfldi hpc Vai trd cfla giao vien thay ddi theo tflng bUdc, tifng giai doan cua dU an Cac tac gia Dewey, Alain va Freinet dIu nhan manh vai trd cua giao vien va hpc sinh hoat ddng dfl an: Giao vien cd the chuyen tfl ngfldi trung gian gifla hpc trd va kiln thflc, ihanh ngudi nam gifl kiln thflc, ban phat cho hpc trd hoac ddi la ngfldi hfldng dan dieu hanh du an ma ngudi hpc chi lam theo cac budc chi din [9]; Hpc sinh la chu the cfla qua trinh hoc tfl tim tdi van dung kien thflc vao thflc tiln, tfl td chflc qua trinh hpc, ifl chu dpng tranh luan de tim cac giai phap cho dfl an, phan cdng cdng viec va tfl tim cac chuyen gia de tham khao y kiln va tim cac co vln cho dfl an cfla nunh [6] Trong kich ban du an chung tdi da cd hUdng dan cac hoat ddng sU pham cho giao vien, dat cac yeu clu, muc dich cho tUng pha hpc lap nhu "gido vien cdn dehoc sinh lain chu qud trinh hpc, the'hien linh ihdn hpc tap vd co irdch nhiem ciia minh vdi cong dong " 30 Gido due vi suphdt trien hen vUng qua idchiic day hpc du dn CJ pha thao luan "cdn thiet liay khong cdn thiet su dung hep ndng lupng mat trdi" nham giao dtic y thflc va kich thich tinh trach nhiem d hpc sinh ve van de phat trien bin vflng, chung tdi dat cac mong dpi tfl phia hpc sinh la "Hpc sinh se thao luan ve sfl hflu ich cua viec sfl dung bIp nang lupng mat trdi doi vdi sU phat trien cua nhan loai, viec bao ve mdi trudng va sU phat trien bin vflng", "Mong mu6n mot sfl thao luan dan chfl, binh dang di den thong nhat la can thiet sfl dung bIp nang Ifldng mat trdi thay the mdt phin nhien Ueu truyin thdng lam anh hudng din mdi trfldng" va "Hpc sinh ddng vai trd chu ddng thao luan, dua y kiln, cd hai thfl ki tdng hpp cae y kiln cua hpc sinh va dilu hanh thao luan" Do vay, "Giao vien can ddng vai trd la ngUdi giam sat, quan sat va dung hda, giai tda cang thang xay de hpc sinh tap trung vao chu dl Tfl do, tdng kit cae y kien thao luan cfla ca Idp de cd cai nhin khach quan ve su can thilt hay khong can thill sfl dung bIp nang lupng mat trdi" Bang Ti le thdi gian HS vd GV hoat dpng thao ludn Th(fi gian HS boat dong Thifi gian GV dieu hanh 65% 35% Thanh Oai B 33% 67% D6i can 0% 100% Dai Cucing Triroing Tuy nhien, giao vien da ludn can thiep va dilu hanh toan bd qua trinh thao luan lo ngai diln biln thao luan di chech khdi kich ban da soan thao va lo ngai ve thdi lUdng cho phep Phan Idn thdi gian, giao vien giuc hpc sinh tra Idi va ddi cdn gpi y va mdm cau tra Idi de hpc sinh tra Idi cho nhanh Cac cau hdi va cau lenh dUa khdng phai la cac cau dinh hfldng, vi du nhu:"Y kiln chung ta ngan gpn mpl chut, cdn y kiln nfla khdng'' Cdn gi nfla khdng? Tiep theo mot sd y kiln nfla Cd ban nao cd bd xung cac y kiln khac''" TU-iidi O-tl B Thdi gian hoat ddng cua hoc sinli va Hinh Ti le lUdng tif HS thdi gian dieu hanh cua giao vien dfldc the ba trudng da sA dung hien qua bang Kit qua cho thly, d trfldng Thanh Oai B, hpc sinh chi dfldc danh rlt it thdi gian cho viec tra Idi cdn d trfldng Dpi Cln thi nhilu hdn Thdng ke sd ludng tfl ma giao vien va hpc sinh ndi irong qua trinh thao luan cung cho thly ti le so tfl hoc sinh ndi qua trinh rat thlp chi chilm khoang 27% so vdi 73% long so ifl giao vien dilu hanh giai thich, hudng dSn Lfldng tfl ma giao vicn dieu hanh idn gap lln Ifldng tfl ma hpc smh tra Idi Dieu chflng id giao vien la ngfldi hoal dpng chinh ldp hoc 31 TUdng Duy Hai, D6 HUdng Tra Tdng Ifldng tfl hpc sinh hai trfldng Dpi Cln va Thanh Oai B sfl dung chi b5ng khoang 1/3 tong Ifldng tfl cua hpc sinh d trfldng Dai Cfldng Bdi vi, thflc te hpc sinh trfldng Dai Cfldng dieu hanh hoan toan qua trinh thao luan Nhfl vay, vai tro trung gian hay c6 vln cua giao vien pha cdn md nhat Khong dan chia chfla dfldc the hien day du, cac y kiln ca nhan da khdng dfldc the hien hit nhat la cac y kiln mang tinh thieu s6 Phan tich cac philu hpc tap dfldc viet trUdc thao lu5n, 97% cac phieu deu dong y la "cln thilt phai sfl dung" bep nang Ifldng mat trdi, chi co 5% neu len sfl "khdng cln thilt hay chfla cln thilt" lam Tuy nhien, thao luan thi khdng co hpc sinh nao cho la "khdng cln thiet" tren philu dflng len phat bieu, nen giao vien nhanh chdng ket luan: '•[ ] Vay cln thilt phai sfl dung bIp nang Ifldng mat trdi" Ci trfldng Dpi Can, giao vien chua lam dfldc vai trd trpng tai phan tich viec "cln thiet" hay "khdng can thiet" ma nghieng han vl su "cln thilt" mac du cd mot vai y kiln la "khdng can thilt" thao luan, giao vien van kit luan "chung ta thiy co mot vai y kiln cho la khdng cln thiet, cdn lai y kiln cho la can thiet Vay cln thiet phai sfl dung bIp nang lfldng mat trdi" Giao vien vln la ngudi chu Idp hpc can thiep nhieu vao qua trinh thao luan, ddi la "ban phat" quyIn tra Idi cho hpc sinh bSng each gpi dich danh hpc sinh dflng len tra Idi Viec td chflc cho hoc sinh thao luan vdi hoac vdi giao vien da bi bd qua, thay vao dd la hdi - dap de tra Idi cau hdi tren philu hpc tap "cd can thilt sfl dung bIp nang Ifldng mat trdi hay khdng?" va yeu clu mot sd hoc sinh doc cau tra Idi cua minh trfldc ldp de 02 hpe sinh tdng hdp y kien chung cua ca Idp Giao vien da nhlm lln vai trd cua philu hoc tap ca nhan vdi philu hpc tap cua nhdm Muc tieu cua philu ca nhan la lUu lai y kiln ca nhan, sau dd thao luan dUa tren cac y kiln nay, va ndi dung cua philu cua nhdm dflpc bd sung qua trinh thao luan Nhung giao vien da yeu clu hpc sinh thao luan va ghi y kiln vao philu cua nhdm, sau dd dpc cho ca Idp nghe Giao vien trudng Ddi Can da hudng din hpc sinh: "Thay se phat cho mdi ban mdt philu va ghl y kiln vl viec cd cln thiet sfl dung bIp mat trdi hay khdng vao dd [ ] Day la y kiln ca nhan, bay gid chflng ta se tdng hdp y kiln y kiln chung [ ] Chung ta da cd y kiln tren phieu ca nhan rdi, chflng ta phat bieu y kien len day de cac ban tdng hdp y kien chung cfla ca Idp"" Tfldng tfl giao vien trudng Thanh Oai B cung hfldng din hpc sinh: "Cac em cd the ghi cac y kiln cua minh vao phieu ca nhan da phat Sau dd, cac em cd the trao ddi vdi va mdt ban len ghi vao td gily d tren bang [ ] Bay gid ban ndi trUdc xem nao, lly y kien cua tflng nhdm mdt, mdt ban dai dien len ndi nhe" Cac pha sau cung tUdng tu, giao vien da thay vai trd dilu hanh thao luan cua hpc sinh, nen viec thao luan chua dudc thuc hien theo tinh thin dan chu Hoc sinh chua phai la ngUdi chu ddng hpc tap, ngUdi lam chu qua trinh hpc ma van chd ddi thay cd hudng din va cho phep Dilu da lam giam tinh tu chu va sfl dan chii qua trinh thao luan vl chu de GDVSPTBV, lam cho qua trinh hpc trd qua trinh hdi - dap mang tinh mdt chieu, thilu sfl phan bien tfl phia ngudi hoc Gido due vi suphdt trien ben vung qua tdchuc da\ hoc dudn 2.3.2 Stf tham gia dfl an cua hpc sinh Nghien cflu hien tfldng tfl bd dfl an, chung tdi xac dinh cac thdng so cd the dinh Iflpng nhfl cac thdng so hen quan din trinh dp hpc tap cua hpc smh qua viec phan tich kit qua hoc tap mdn vat H va kit qua hpc tap chung ca nam hpc Idp 11 va diem tren philu tham dd y kien vl bep nang Ifldng mat trdi ma hpc sinh da lam u-ude thuc hien du an Khi thuc hien dfl an, hpc sinh phai hieu nguyen II hoat ddng cua hip nang lUdng mat trdi, dd phdng doan: "Cd mdi lien quan gifla cae hpc sinh bd dd dfl an vdi kei qua hpc tap cua hp" dupc dfla Ndi each khac: - Neu hoe sinh hpe yeu mdn vat II se khd hieu nguyen II cua bIp va de bd dd du an - Nlu ngfldi hoc cd y thflc hpc tap thi kit qua hoc tap se tot, dd, ho se cd y thflc va trach nhiem cao irong viec tham gia dfl an din cung ma khdng bd dd du an Ngoai nlu ngUdi hoc cd nilm dam me cdng nghe dam me Ung dung kiln ihflc hpc dUde vao thflc tiln thi cung la rapt ddng Iflc Idn giflp ngudi hpc tham gia dfl an den cung, Chung tdi danh gia dieu qua kit qua philu tham dd trudc thuc hien dfl an Trudng Bai Cuflng Doi Can Bang Diem trung binh cua HS Diem trung binh Diem trung binh Diem cua phigu tham mon Vat li chung cac mon trudc Ihuc hien du an 7,7 7,3 7,1 5,4 6,6 3,7 Viec kiem dinh kit qua hoe tap cfla hoc sinh d cac idp ihuc nghiem cho biel cd sfl chenh lech cd y nghia ve trinh dp hpc tap gifla cac ldp hay khdng Nlu cd, chflng idi se de cac gia thuyet de kiem djnh dilu phdng doan d tren De so sanh kit qua hpc tap gifla cac ldp thflc nghiem chflng tdi lap bang kiem vl diem trung binh mdn vat II nam ldp 11, diem irung binh chung hpc tap cac mdn ldp 11 va diem cua philu tham dd trfldc thuc hien du an cua tflng hoc sinh sau sfl dung Test Fisher de kiem dinh sfl khae biei gifla cac gia tri trung binh Kei qua linh diem irung binh cfla hoc sinh hai trudng Dpi Can va Dai Cfldng the hien bang cho ihay cd su chenh lech gifla cac gia trj trung binh vl trinh dd hoc lap cua hpc sinh la cd y nghia vdi sai so 5% Vay trinh dp hoc sinh cfla trfldng Dai Cudng cao hdn trinh hoc smh cfla tnfdng Dpi Can Tfl dd chung tdi d^ gia thuylt de kiem dinh dieu phdng doan vl moi lien he gifla kit qua hpc tap cua hpc sinh va viec bd dd dfl an gifla chflng cua hp - Gia thuylt 1: Sfl khac ve li le hoc smh tfl bd dfl an d cac ldp ihuc nghiem khdng phai nglu nhien - Gia thuyet Ti le hoc sinh tfl bo dfl an phu thudc vao trinh hoc tap cua hoc smh moi Idp TUdng Duy Hai, Dd Hudng Tra Bang Diem trung binh cua HS Dai Cudng 19 So HS tham gia du an den cung 12 So HS tU bo dfl du an Doi Can 10 10 = 0,255; p = 38,0% * Vdi gia thuylt 1, chflng tdi lap bang thdng ke chung vl hpc sinh tham gia dfl an va hpc sinh bd dd dfl an d tflng trudng, sau dd dung kiem dinh thong ke Khi binh phUdng X^) de kiem dinh gia thuylt Ket qua thu dUde x^ = 0,255 vdi xac suat de co sfl phan biet gifla trfldng vl ti le hpc sinh tfl bd dfl an la 38% Cac thdng so rit thap, khdng du tin cay de khang dinh gia thuylt I la dung, nen chung tdi tfl bd gia thuyet nay, Dieu dd cd nghia viec hpc sinh bd dd dfl an d trudng la nglu nhien, khdng phu thudc vao trinh dp hoc sinh gifla cac trfldng * Vdi gia thuylt 2, chung tdi lap bang thdng ke cho nhflng hpc sinh tham gia du an va nhflng hpc sinh tfl bd dfl an d ca trfldng theo diem trung binh ciia ca thdng so la mon vat li, cac mdn ldp 11 va cua philu tham dd trUdc thUc hien dfl an TO dd, dung Test Fischer kiem dinh sfl khac gifla diem trung binh cua hpc sinh tfl bd dfl an gifla chflng va hpc smh tham gia du an den cung Dfl lieu chung cua ca trfldng dfldc gdp vao mot bang (Bang 5) Bang Diem trung binh cua HS tham gia du dn den ciing vd bd dd dU dn Diem trung Diem trung binh Diem cfla binh mdn Vat 11 chung cac mdn phieu tham HS tham gia du an din cung 7,1 7,3 j 5,9 HS bd dd du an 6,4 6,7 5,7 F vajj 3,94; 95% 17,13:99,9% 0,05; 81% TU bang dd cho th§y, chi cd su khac biet ve diem trung binh chung hoc tap giUa hoc sinh tham gia du an den cung va hoc sinh bd dd dU an la cd y nghia vdi xac suSt idn hdn 95% Cdn diem trung binh chung mon vat li vii diem ciia phieu tham dd la khong cd y nghia ddi vdi xac suk Diem trung binh cua phieu tham dd d ca trudng deu khong cd su khac biet giOa nhdm hoc smh tham gia du an dan cung va nhdm hoc sinh bd dd du an Chung tdi xem lai bang ghi hinh ve qua trinh hoc smh trudng dien vao phieu tham (3 ca trudng hoc smh deu ban luan soi ndi tUng cau tra lai trUdc dien vao phieu Ket qua chi cd su khac biet rd rang giua trudng vS diem trung binh ciia phieu tham dd, khong cd sU kliac biet giua cac nhdm hoc sinh d moi IrUdng lien quan den ket qua phieu tham dd Dira vao diem trung binh chung hoc tap nam ldp 11 nSu chip nhan cd sU khac biet giOa chung vdi xac suit Idn han 95% thi gia thuyet la dung, cd nghTa la nhung hoc smh bd dd dU an c6 trinh dd hoc tap thap hon nhUng hpc sinh tham gia dU an ddn cung Gido due vi suphdt trien hen vimg qua id chiic day hoc dudn Danh gia ket qua hpc tap cua moi trudng phu thudc vao nhilu yeu td nhu mat bang chung cua toan trudng, cua ldp va cua tflng vung nen trinh dd hpc sinh chi cd the so sanh cung mdt dilu kien hpc tap nhfl nhau, cung mdt ldp hpc Tfl gia thuylt cd the ket luan rang, dU an nay, mac du cd su chenh lech vl trinh dd hoc sinh gifla cac trfldng, nhung khdng cd sfl khac biet rd rang ve ti le hpc sinh bd dd du an gifla cac trfldng Tl le phu thudc vao trinh dp hpe sinh ldp hpc, cac hpc sinh cd trinh dp thap hdn bo dd dfl an nhilu hdn cac hpc sinh cd trinh dp cao hon 2.3.3 Moi lien he giira gi6i tinh va sfl tham gia du" an cua hoc sinh Gidi tinh la mot nhan td quan trpng xac dinh cac mat thuan Idi va khd khan day hoc dfl an Trong nghien cflu chflng Bang Gidi tinh HS tham gia du dn tdi quan tam tdi cd mdi quan he gifla gidi tinh Nam Nil Tong vdi sfl tham gia du an cua hoc smh hay khdng Sd HS tham 17 34 51 Chflng tdi de xuat gia ihuyet ve viec bd dd gia du an du an hen quan den gidi tinh, trach nhiera va Sd HS bd n 11 22 y thflc hpc tap cua hpc sinh, la "su khac dd du an ve li le hoc sinh bd dd du an gifla gidi X-^ = 3,59; p:= 94,5% tinh nam va gidi tinh nO khdng phai la nglu nhien" De kiem dinh gia thuylt, chiing tdi xay dung bang thdng ke chung vl gidi tinh cua hpc sinh tham gia va bd dd dU dn d ca trudng va sfl dung Test \^ de kiem dinh xem sU khac biet gifla ti le hpc sinh nam va hpc smh nfl ifl bd du an giua chflng la cd y nghia hay khdng Neu chap nhan xac suat 94,5% ve sfl chenh lech gifla cac dai lUdng thong ke thi chung ta ihay ti le hpc sinh nam ifl bd du an gifla chung nhieu gap doi so vdi ii le hoc sinh nfl Kit qua phan anh mot phln vl ndi dung cua du an, dd la bIp nang lUdng mat trdi, lien quan den mdt so kiln thflc ve ihuc pham nau an, rat gan gui vdi ddi song hang ngay, phu hpp vdi ddi tudng nfl nhieu hdn Trong klii cac kien thflc ve cdng nghe ihdng tin, flng dung cdng nghe hien dai nhu dien mat trdi cdng nghe sinh hoc, khoa hoc ki thuat cua tfldng lai thi hip dan hpc sinh nam hdn Qua 32 dU an vdi hdn 276 hpc smh tham gia nam 2010 ma chung tdi da khao sat lien quan din cac chii de ve thilt kl he thong den giao thdng tren xe buyt dien mat trdi, chflng cli nUdc san xuat dien tfl gid kinh thien van, sfl dung nang Ifldng tai che Ihi li le sd hoc sinh nam tham gia ap dao hdn so vdi sd hoc sinh nfl [4], Nhfl vay, tinh hip dan cfla chfl de du an la khac d6i vdi hpc smh nam va hoc sinh nfl Day la dilu can llnh den td chflc day hoc dfl an gan vdt GDVSPTBV Ket luan GDVSFI'BV qua td chflc day hpc du an nha trfldng hien la rat can thill, nhflng ddng thdi nd cung bde Id mpl so bat cap irong viec tnen khai Giao vien van nhieu bd ngd, chua tfl bd duoc vai trd "thdng tri" ciia minh va cdn can ihiep kha sau vao qua trinh hoc De dam bao vi the chu ddng cda ngfldi hoc giao vien nen gifl vai ird khach quan va chi hd trp hpc sinh nhan dupc yeu cau ve kiln ihflc, ve ki nang ve dieu 35 Tudng Duy Hai, Dd Hudng Tra hanh hoat dpng cua nhdm hpc tap De tranh hpc sinh bd dd dfl an, cln phan loai trinh dp hpc sinh, de xuat cac dfl an phu hdp vdi doi tfldng va ddng vien kip thdi cac nhdm hpc sinh cd trinh dp hpc tap ylu hdn de cd cac hfldng dSn va chi din rieng Khi xay dflng chu de dfl an gan vdi GDVSPTBV, cln chfl y din cac ndi dung phu hpp vdi ca hoc sinh nam va hpc sinh nfl va viec td chflc day hoc dfl an nen dfldc long ghep cac gid hpc va can thill ke dfl an phu hdp vdi khung thdi lUdng cho phep hoac trai dai nhieu tilt hpc vdi cac pha rieng biet de tao dilu kien cho tat ca hpc sinh tham gia, ddng thdi-giao due dflpc tinh than trach nhiem va y thflc vl van de phat tnen ben vflng TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] Virginie Albe Laurence Simonneaux, 2002 L'enseignemeni des questions scienlifiques socialement vives dans I'enseignement agricole: Quelles sont les intentions des enseignants? Aster Vol No 34, pp 26 [2] Sibi Bonfils, 2004 Strategies energetiques pour le developpemeiit durable, in Colloque "De'veloppemeni durable: legons el perspectives" Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) {3] Nguyin Van Cfldng, Nguyin Thi Dieu Thao 2004 PhUdng phap dU an, phUdng phap kep dao tao giao vien Tap chi giao due,Vol 80 [4] Tudng Duy Hai, Dd HUdng Tra, 2010 Thuc hien gido due vi six phdt trien ben vi'fng qua viec idchiic day hoc du dn day hpc vat li Tap chi giao due Vol 241, pp [5] Jean-Marc Lange, Jean-Louis Martinand 2007 Education au de'veloppemeni durable el education scienlifique: Balisespour un curriculum REF Sherbrookepp, 19 [6] Isidore Lauzier, Pierre Nonnon, Marius Caron, 2008 Une experience d'approchepar projeis pourfavonser Timegration des appreniissages Skhole Vol.14, pp.5 [7] Bernd Meier, Nguyin Van Cudng, 2009 Li ludn day hpc hien dai Potsdam [8] Unesco Viet Nam, 2010 Thap ki Gido due vi Phdt trien ben vii'ng ad htlp://unescovietnam.vn/vnf/index.php?option=com_content&view=articIe&id=414: thp-k-giao-dc-vi-phat-trin-bn-vng&catid=58:tin-tc&Itemid=182 [9] Vianney Pavioi, 2007 Quels projeis pour quels apprenti.ssages? ad http://cefedemouest.org/telechargements/FI/memoires/2005-2007/Paviot.pdf [10] Dd Huong Tra, Phung Viet Hai, 2008 Hoal dpng hpc tap day hpc du dn vd nhung kei qud thu dUdc Journal of Science of HNUF, Vol 53 ABSTRACT Education for sustainable development using project-based learning on the use of solar energy in high school This paper analyzes the advantages and difficulties in the implementation of education for sustainable development through project-based learning on the u.se of solar energy From this, we give some suggestions to improve and adjust the phases of the project in 5ie context of education in Vietnam ... tich cac thuan Idi va khd khan qua trinh thuc hien dU an Gido due vi su phdt trien hen vung qua tdchi''fc day hpc du a 2.2 C a c ket qua thu dUdc Du an dUdc trien khai thang cua nam hpc 2012 -... ngUdi lam chu qua trinh hpc ma van chd ddi thay cd hudng din va cho phep Dilu da lam giam tinh tu chu va sfl dan chii qua trinh thao luan vl chu de GDVSPTBV, lam cho qua trinh hpc trd qua trinh hdi... Gidi tinh la mot nhan td quan trpng xac dinh cac mat thuan Idi va khd khan day hoc dfl an Trong nghien cflu chflng Bang Gidi tinh HS tham gia du dn tdi quan tam tdi cd mdi quan he gifla gidi tinh