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X a \)ti f)oc tf)Uc ngf)tf m xahoi hoc so'i(io9), 2010 39 PHUC LOl XA H O I TRONG PHAT TRIEN GIAO DUC VIET NAM TRINH HOA BINH* NGUY&N VAN CHIEN" D a n n h a p Binh dang xa bdi giao due la mdt v l n de dfldc quan tam dac biet la nen kinh te ed nhflng bie'n ddi ldn Sfl phan hda xa hdi va bat binh dang nhieu linh vflc ed xu hfldng gia tang Khi thu nhap gifla eae nhdm xa hdi chenh lech se anh hfldng de'n kha nang tiep can eae dieh vu xa hdi, dd cd giao due Mat khac, giao due lai trd nhan td' quan trgng quye't dinh kha nang phat trien, thu nhap va hda nhap cua mdi ca nhan xa hdi Vai trd eua nha nfldc nen kinh te' thi trfldng la khdng the phu nhan dfldc Nha nfldc thflc Men eae ehfnh saeh xa hdi, phan phdi lai thu nhap thdng qua danh thud' va eung d p eae dieh vu edng edng nham giam thie'u sfl b i t binh dang va each biet xa hdi Theo quan diem eua d e td chflc phat trien qud'c te thi tang trfldng ehfla phai la mue dfch cud'i eung eua ele qud'c gia ma cin phai gan ele muc tieu tang trfldng vdi phue ldi va edng bang xa hdi Viee dfla ehi sd' HDI (ehi sd' p h i t trien eon ngfldi) ben canh chi sd' GDP (thu nhap qud'c ndi) phan anh sfl phat trien eua mdt qud'c gia d dd ed hdi tu du d e ye'u td've kinh te, giao due, sflc khde va la nhflng phfldng dien phat trien xa hdi ben vflng Bai vie't tap trung tim hieu thflc trang eua chinh sleh phue ldi xa hgi linh vflc giao due d Viet Nam nhflng nam qua; phan tfch anh hfldng eua phuc ldi xa hdi den phat trieii giao due va de xuat nhflng gdi y ve eae giai phap ehfnh saeh Thi^c t r a n g phiic ldi xa hoi t r o n g giao d u e d Viet N a m 2.1 K h a i n i e m phiic ldi xa hoi Phue ldi xa hdi la mdt khai niem dfldc sxi dung d Viet Nam ehfla lau Theo cac hge gia qud'c te, phuc ldi xa hdi la: (1) mdt he thd'ng qud'c gia ve eae chfldng trinh, ldi ieh va dieh vu giup dd mgi ngfldi dap flng nhflng nhu elu thie't ye'u nham tri phat trien xa hdi, dd la nhflng nhu elu ve van hda, xa hdi, kinh te, giao due va sflc khde; (2) hinh thflc nha nfldc ve sfl phat trien phuc ldi ehung eho ea edng ddng hay ea xa * Tieh si, Vien Xd hgi hgc, Vien Khoa hgc Xd hgi Viet Nam " ThS, Vien Khoa hgc Gido due Viet Nam, Bg Gido due vd Ddo tgo 40 Phuc lgi xd hgi phdt triin gido due d Viet Nam hdi\ Mdt xa hdi hay qud'c gia mud'n tri sfl phat trien cua minh e i n phai ed mdt he thd'ng an sinh xa hdi thflc Men edng t i e eung d p cae phuc ldi xa hgi de'n vdi ngfldi dan Ngudn gd'c eua phue ldi xa hdi ehfnh la thue eua cac ea nhan, doanh nghiep dfldc nha nfldc gifl va sxi dung cd nhu clu d n thie't Vf du, Mdng hUu, bao Mem y te, trd elp tha't nghiep, deu la phue ldi xa hdi ma ngUdi dan nhan dUde thdng qua eae he thd'ng an sinh xa hdi NhU vay, phue ldi xa hdi eung dUde xem la mdt khoan thu nhap cua ngfldi dan ben eanh boat ddng san xult, dieh vu trflc tie'p khac 2.2 He t h o n g p h u c l d i d Viet N a m Cae nghien cflu ve an sinh xa hdi va phue ldi xa hdi d Viet Nam dfldc bat d i u vao nhflng nam 80 cua the ky 20 De'n nay, eae nghien cflu ve phuc ldi xa hdi d Viet Nam xoay quanh true ed ban sau^: (1) Xay dflng ba khu vflc ehinh eua he thd'ng phue ldi xa hgi (bao gdm flu dai xa hdi, bao Mem xa hdi, bao Mem y t e v a cflu trd xa hdi); (2) Hinh eae quan he lao ddng (Luat Doanh nghiep, Luat Lao ddng ); (3) Phue ldi che eae nhdm xa hdi ye'u the (tre em, phu nfl, ngfldi eao tud'i, ngfldi tan tat, ngfldi ngheo, ngfldi ed hoan eanh khd khan ); (4) Xda ddi giam ngheo; (5) Khudn khd' boat ddng eua eae ehu the linh vflc phuc ldi xa hdi (Nha nfldc, doan the xa hdi, td' chflc chinh phu, doanh nghiep, nhdm boat ddng ) Cd the xem phue ldi xa hdi nhfl mdt "chie'c dem" n h i m giam nhe nhflng cu sd'c bie'n ddi xa hdi xay dd'i vdi cac nhdm xa hdi cd "sflc de khang" ban ehe Phue ldi xa hdi ehu ye'u dfldc phan phd'i ngoai thu nhap theo lao ddng Trong linh vflc giao due, phue ldi xa hdi bao gom nhflng khoan ehi phf nhfl hge bdng, ehi phf hgc tap khdng mat tien, he thd'ng nha tre, m l u giao, trd d p giac due nham giam bdt khd khan, nang eao kha nang va ed hdi tie'p can giao due eua ngfldi dan Tuy theo mfle phat trien eua kinh te' - xa hdi, quy phflc ldi xa hdi thfldng ed ba nhdm ed ban: quy tap trung cua nha nfldc quan ly; quy phue ldi eua ele doanh nghiep, ddn vi san x u l t va quy phuc ldi tap the ciia eae ed quan, hdp tae xa, tap doan Cac quy phflc ldi boat ddng dfldi hai hinh thflc: tra b i n g tien nhfl tien Ifldng, tien trd d p , hge bdng va cac hinh thflc flu dai thdng qua cle dieh vu khdng m i t tien nham thda man nhflng nhu eau bflc thie't khdng phai tra tien Chfl de eua bai vie't bao ham true thfl (3), (4) va mdt p h i n eua true (1) Ndi ve phue ldi xa hdi la ndi de'n mdt bd phan thu nhap qud'c dan eua xa hdi dfldc sfl dung nham thda man nhu eau vat chit va tinh t h i n eiia cle vien xa hdi 2.3 Phiic Igfi xa hoi t r o n g giao d u e d Viet N a m Nhfl da de cap ben tren, phue ldi xa hdi giao due dfldc the hien qua nhiiu * Social Work Dictionary, NASWPress, 4th Edition, New York ^ Biii The Cudng Nghien cdu chinh sach xd hgi: Nhin lgi mgt chdng dUdng Tgp chiXd hgi hgc sd4, 2005 Trinh Hoa Binh - Nguyin Vdn Chii'n 41 hinh thflc khae nhau: bang tien hoae hien vat hoac qua cac dich vu khdng phai tra tien Thdng qua phue ldi xa hdi, nha nfldc n h i m nang dd va giup cae nhdm xa hdi khd khan/yeu the ed dieu kien va ed hdi tie'p can vdi giao due Phuc ldi xa hdi giao due ed vai trd thue day giao due phat trien, dae biet la giao due ed ban dd'i vdi tre em Td'ng ehi eho giao due g i n 4,8 ti USD vao nam 2006, dd 3,45 ti USD la tfl ngan, saeh nha nfldc (con sd'chfnh thflc) va 1,3 ti USD nhan dan ddng gdp them, dfla theo fldc doan la 21 trieu hgc sinh binh quan ddng 63\USD hay trieu ddng mdt nam (sinh vien dai hgc 150USD/nam, m l u giao lOOUSD/nam, phd thdng 50USD/nam) Dudi day la nhflng sd' lieu nam 1998 va 2002 ve ehi phf trung binh cho hge sinh d cac d p hgc theo gia Men hanh So vdi thdi diem tbi ngan saeh Men chi eho giao due theo dau hge sinh da tang manh Bang 1: Chi phi tren ddu hpc sinh (nghin ddng) Cdp hpc 1998 2002 Gid hifn hdnh Gid hien hdnh Gid ndm 1998 Tieu hoc 408 721 620 Trung hpc co sd 465 609 524 739 876 Trung hpc phd thdng Cdp hpc 753 2002 1998 Gid hifn hanh Gid hi^n hanh Gid mm 1998 Tiiu hpc 408 721 620 Trung hpc co sd 465 609 524 Trung hpc phd thdng 739 876 753 Nguon: Bd Tdi Chinh O bae dai hgc, chi phi eho mdt sinh vien edn eao hdn rat nhieu, dd khoan ngan saeh nha nfldc tham gia vao qua trinh dao tao chie'm da so' Cang d cae vflng khd khan, ngan saeh nha nfldc cang ed vai trd ldn viee tri va phat trien sd' sinh vien dai hge nhap hge Dieu eung ed nghia la rat nhieu dd'i tfldng dfldc hfldng cac ehinh saeh phuc ldi xa hdi tfl pMa nha nfldc tiep can giao due d bae eao Bdng 2: Chi phi ddo tqo tren ddu sinh vien d cdc co sd ddo tqo dqi hpc (Trieu dong) Ngon sdeh nhd nudc Sinh vien trang trdi Tdng Dqi hpc qudc gia 7.60 2.36 9.96 Dqi hpc thudc Bd, ngdnh 2.25 1.96 4.21 Dqi hpc vung 3.22 1.85 5.07 Dqi hpc tinh 4.31 0.85 5.16 Co sd ddo tqo Nguon: Khdo sdt ddo tgo vd tdi chinh cdc trddng dgi hgc ndm 2000 Bd GD-DT Ve ehi ngan sach nha nfldc eho giao due, ty le da len tdi 6% GDP nam 2006 Khdng ke dan ddng them, Nha nfldc ta da chi cho giao due vdi mdt tf le ed the' so sanh 42 Phuc lgi xd hgi phdt trien gido due d Viet Nam vdi ti le trung binh cua eae nfldc phat trie'n cao tren the gidi Chi phf ngan saeh cho giao due eua ta lai tang ra't nhanh, nam 2007 bang hdn bd'n l l n nam 2001, vi mdi nam binh quan tang 27% Ben eanh dd la ngudn trd d p xa hdi, dd ed mdt sd Ifldng tfldng dd'i ldn hge sinh dfldc hfldng tfl ngudn Bdng 3: Chi ngdn sdeh nhd nudc cho gido due hdng ndm Nam Chl gido due Chi trp cdp xa hpi 2000 2.2 2.4 2001 2.5 2.8 2002 2.6 2.5 2003 2.8 2.7 2004 2.9 2.4 2005 3.5 2.8 Ngudn: Bdo cdo Phdt trien Viet Nam 2007: Hddng den tdm cao mdi Ben eanh cac ngudn ehi trflc tie'p cho giao due tfl ngan sach nha nfldc, ngfldi dan cdn dfldc hfldng cle khoan flu dai, phue ldi xa hdi thdng qua eae chfldng trinh mue tieu qud'c gia ve giio due Day la mdt nhflng ngudn quan trgng giup cho giao due d cae vung khd khan phat trien Cd the ndi rang, giai doan vfla qua, nha nfldc da d i u tfl mdt khdi Ifldng ldn thdng qua cac boat ddng cu the (xem bang) ma ngfldi hfldng ldi trflc tie'p hay gian tie'p la ngfldi dan Bang 4: Chi tieu cua cde ehuong trinh muc tieu qudc gio sijr dung ngdn sdeh nhd nude phdn theo vung (1997 - 2004) (%) , Phan theo vung Xoa mu, phd cdp THCS Tang cudng GD mien nui Bdi dudng GV, tang cudng CSVC trudng su phqm Tang cudng CSVC trudng phd thdng SGK, ddi moi chuong trinh Cdnudc 100 6.5 18.5 21.7 24.9 26.0 2.2 Vungi 14.8 11.8 7.4 18.2 17.1 15.8 15.4 Vung li 21.7 21.3 22.2 18.0 21.7 24.7 19.2 Vung iii 7.1 8.9 7.7 6.1 6,7 7.6 6.1 Vung IV 15.0 9.8 12.4 12.2 15.3 20.5 12.7 VungV 8.7 7.2 9.4 9.3 9.4 7.2 8.9 Vung Vi 7.3 9.7 9.2 6.3 5.9 7.4 8.7 Vung Vii 8.7 10.8 8.7 11.7 10.2 3.9 1.3 Vung Vlll 16.8 20.5 22.9 18.2 13.9 12.8 18.7 Ddo too cdn bp tin hpc, dua tin hpc vdo nhd trudng Ghi chu: Vung I: Ddng bdng Sdng Hdng; Vung II: Ddng Bdc; Vung III: Tdy Bae; Viing TV: Bae Trung Bg; Vung V: Duyen hdi Nam Trung Bd; Vung VI: Tdy Nguyen; Viing VII: Ddng Nam Bd; Vung VIII: Ddng bang sdng Citu Long Ngudn: Viet Nam: qudn ly chi tieu cdng detdng trUdng vd gidm ngheo Bdo cdo ciia Chinh phu Viet Nam vd Ngdn hdng The'gidi vdi sU hd trg cua cdc nhd tdi trg, thdng 4/2004 Tap 2: cdc vdn di chuyen ngdnh Trinh Hoa Binh - Nguyin Vdn Chie'n 43 Trong khudn khd eae chfldng trinh mue tieu, hd nghec thudc cac vung muc tieu dfldc miin hge pM mdt phin hoac toan bd Nam 2002, ed 1.5% hge sinh tfl - 14 tudi dfldc giam bgc pM va 15.2% dfldc miin bgc pM Dieu dang quan tam d day la, nhflng gia dinh ngheo dfldc hfldng cMnb saeh chie'm de'n 26.37%, nhdm can ngheo 19.97% Bdng 5: Miin gidm hpc phi phdn theo nhdm thu nhqp (%) Ngheo nhdt Cdn ngheo Trung binh Can gidu Gidu nhdt Cd nudc Gidm mdt phdn 8.9 10.7 13.4 Mien todn bd 11.6 6.5 3.6 9.9 8.6 10.4 3.6 0.9 5.8 Tong 20.5 17.2 17 13.6 9.5 16.2 Gidm mpt phdn 2.21 1.77 Mien todn bd 24.16 18.2 1.42 1.34 0.89 1.52 15.02 11.81 7.39 15.2 Tdng 26.37 19.97 16.44 13.15 8.28 16.72 Ndm 1998 Ndm 2002 Ngudn: Diiu tra thu nhdp hd gia dinh 1998, 2002 Tfl nam 2001 - 2002, nha nfldc da d i u tfl 120 ty ddng ngan saeh de ho trd giao due Dfl tinh khoang trieu tre em ngheo da dfldc hfldng mdt hinh thflc hd trd nao dd, 5.5% hd gia dinh dfldc mien hoae giam hgc phf va gin 20% hd ngheo dfldc hfldng tfl chfldng trinh Dfldi day la bang sd' lieu the hien mfle bao phfl va ngan saeh eho cac nam tfl 1999 - 2002^ Bdng 6: Trp edp gido due vd hpc bdng tiit ede ehuong trinh muc tieu 1999-2000 2001 2002 38 50 39 2660 2004' 851 95 39 42 So hpc sinh hudng lpi (nghin ngudi) 1640 1650 720 Ngdn sdeh (ty ddng) 37.8 6.7 3.1 Sd hpc sinh hudng ipi (nghin ngudi) 1880 600 342 Ngdn sdeh (ty ddng) 47.5 20 8.3 - 20 12.5 3.1 Sd tinh thom gia Hpe phi So hpc sinh hudng Ipi (nghin ngudi) Ngdn sdeh (ty ddng) Sdeh vd dung eg hpc tdp Phfduytu, bdodaong Hpc bdng Sd hpe sinh hudng lpi (nghin ngudi) Ngdn sdeh (ty ddng) * Bao gdm 730.000 hgc sinh ngheo dugc miin hgc phi ** Bao gdm 1.35 trieu tre em ngheo dugc tdng sdeh miin phi Ngudn: UNDP, 2004 ' Rdt tiec, cho den nay, cdc sdiieu mdi han tdc gid chiia tie'p can dugc 44 Phuc ldi xd hgi phdt trien gido due d Viet Nam Qua nhflng sd' lieu va phan tieh tren cd the thay ring, nhflng hd trd tfl phia nha nfldc ve giao due ddi vdi ngfldi dan nhflng nam qua la khdng nhd thdng qua d i u tfl trflc tie'p va cac chfldng trinh muc tieu khae kha da dang NhQng boat ddng it nhieu da giup eho mdt ty le ldn tre em dfldc de'n trfldng va tie'p can vdi giao due cd ban Mae dfl viee danh gia tinh hieu qua eua phue ldi xa bdi dd'i vdi chat Ifldng giao due eho de'n ehfla ed mdt thdng tin cMnb thd'ng dfldc kiem dinh, song ve mat dinh tfnh ma ndi tM ngfldi dan da dfldc hfldng nhieu flu dai thdng qua phflc ldi xa hdi giao due de nang cao trinh giao due eua minh Phan tie'p theo eua bai vie't se di sau ve vai trd eua phue ldi xa hdi ddi vdi sfl phat trien giao due d nfldc ta thdi gian qua Anh hifdng cua phiic Itfi xa hoi tdi si^ phat trien giao due Sfl nghiep giao due la cua toan Dang, toan dan Ben eanh sfl tham gia cua ngfldi dan, Nha nfldc eung da hd trd va nd lfle giflp giao due phat trien thdng qua he thd'ng ehinh saeh va phue ldi xa hdi Chinh dieu da giup eho giao due cd ban eua Viet Nam nhflng nam qua nhanh chdng dat dfldc eae mue tieu de ra, dd phai ke de'n cae mue tieu Thien nien ky ve giao due Ve ed ban, chflng ta da xda mu chfl cho ngfldi dan va dat phd' cap tieu hge Bdng 7: Ty If ngudi ddn biet chired nude vd theo vung Vung Tong sd Thdnh thi Nong thon Todn qude 94.4 97.2 93.3 Odng bdng Sdng Hdng 97.2 98.8 96.7 Oong Bde 92.8 98.3 91.4 lay Bde 84.1 97.5 81.8 Bde Trung Bp 95.5 97.7 95.2 Duyen Hdi Nam Trung Bp 94.9 97.1 93.9 Tdy Nguyen 90.3 96.7 87.6 Odng Nam Bd 96.0 97.2 94.5 Odng bdng sdng Cdu Long 92.7 94.8 92.1 Ngudn: Diiu tra bie'n ddng ddn sd'vd ke hogch hda gia dinh, 2006 Cd dfldc edng ke tren khdng the phu nhan dfldc nhflng hd trd eua nha nfldc thdng qua cle chfldng trinh phat trien giao due, eae chfldng trinh xda ddi giam ngheo, phat trien xa hdi ^' Bdng 8: Tiep cdn Ipi ieh tur phue lpi xa hpi gido due % nhOng nguoi thu h u d n g la %gia dinh eo id Gidy chiing nhdn hp ngheo 3.8 Phan b d t h u h u o n g t h e o n g u vj p h a n % ngadi n g h e o d u g c thu h u d n g Khdng ngheo Ngheo Ngheo thdnh thj Trong nhung ngudi ngheo Trong nhung ngudi ngheo thdnh thj Ngheo nhdt Ngheo Trung binh Gidu Gidu nindt 27^ 72.6 36.9 9.5 12.8 58.5 24.7 9.1 6.5 1.1 Trinh Hoa Binh - Nguyin Vdn Chie'n 45 Thd bdo hiem y te 4.0 28.6 71.4 42.0 9.9 15.5 57.8 20.8 13.6 4.6 1.3 Tiep cdn vd'n tin dyng uu dai 2.2 25.1 74.9 37.9 5.8 7.1 60.2 20.4 13.7 4.4 1.3 Mien gidm hpe phi 5.5 30.2 69.8 39.8 13.2 20.0 56.9 23.3 11.6 6.5 1.9 Sd'ng xaeua Chuang trinh 135 14.8 44.8 55.2 30.1 28.2 41.0 43.5 22.6 15.1 13.6 5.3 Nguon: Bdo cdo vi binh ddng cua Viet Nam: Ddnh gid vd nhdng lUa chgn chinh sdeh, 8/2005 Nhin vao bang sd' lieu tren ed the thay rang, mien giam hge phi la phflc ldi xa hdi nhin thay ro rang nhat ma ngfldi dan ed the hfldng ldi Tuy nhien, eae Chfldng trinh 135 bay dfldc la gia dinh hg ngheo, tie'p can vdi tfn dung flu dai de phat trien kinh te deu ed tae ddng de'n giao due Nhflng hge sinh gia dinh ngheo dfldc mien giam hgc phi, dfldc cung d p saeh giao khoa, bao hiem y te mien phf Khi nen kinh te Viet Nam ehuyen dd'i theo dinh hfldng thi trfldng ed sfl quan ly eua nha nfldc va dae biet sii kien gin day Viet Nam nhap WTO se ed nhflng tae ddng ldn de'n ddi sd'ng ciia ngfldi dan, nhat la nhflng ngfldi vd'n da gap khd khan ve kinh te Tuy nhien, nhd he thd'ng phue ldi xa hdi, ngfldi dan da p h i n nao "chd'ng dd" dfldc vdi nhflng tae ddng r i t manh me va diy rui ro eiia xa hdi Theo nghien cflu eua nhdm ele nha khoa hge thudc Trung tam Phan tfch chfnh saeh xa hdi, Dai hge Bath, Anh, ve chinh saeh an sinh xa hdi eua Viet Nam, ty le ngheo ed the tang 4,6% ne'u khdng ed khoan trd d p an sinh xa hdi Day la eon sd' tae ddng eu the nhat dfldc tuyen bd'trong nghien cflu vdi chae chan va tin cay cao Cung theo nghien cflu nay, xet ve ty le dfldc hfldng an sinh xa hdi d nhdm 20% dan so' giau nhat xa hdi Viet Nam eao gip l l n nhdm ngfldi ngheo Va nhdm lien ke nhdm giau gap l l n nhdm ngfldi ngheo Mfle hfldng an sinh xa hdi eua nhdm ngfldi cd thu nhap eao rat ldn ngfldi ed thu nhap t h i p , d ndng thdn, mien nui chie'm ty le r i t ban che Trong cae khoan thu nhap tfl an sinh xa hdi d Viet Nam nam 2004, bao hiem xa bdi - Ifldng hflu chiem 61,8%, trd d p y te 22,6%, ehi phi phue ldi 9,2%, trd d p giao due 4,8% va bao Mem xa hdi eho ngfldi dang lam viee la 1,6% Mdt nghien cflu eiia Chfldng trinh phat trien Lien bdp qud'c tai Viet Nam da dfla mdt sd' lieu dang ehu y, dd la ty le nhan trd giup giao due eua nhdm giau nha't va ngheo nha't tfldng flng la 35% va 15%^ Dieu ed nghia la ban than phue ldi xa hdi eiing da ehfla dflng b i t binh dang ve ddi tfldng hfldng ldi * An sinh xd hgi d Viet Nam Idy tie'n nhU the ndo? Bdo cdo cua Chuang trinh Phdt trien Lien hop qudc tgi Viet Nam, 2005 46 Phuc lgi xd hgi phdt trien gido due d Viet Nam Bdng 9: Phqm vi lpi ich ed dupe tCt ehi cho gido due (%) Tieu hpe THCS THPT Ngheo nhdt Can ngheo Trung binh Can giau Giau nhdt Tdng 1998 26 25 21 16 12 100 2002 31 23 18 15 13 100 1998 13 19 23 24 21 100 2002 20 23 23 20 14 100 1998 11 17 30 38 100 2002 16 22 28 26 100 Ngudn: Viet Nam: qudn ly chi tieu cong de tdng trUdng vd gidm ngheo Bdo edo ciia Chinh phu Viet Nam vd Ngdn hdng The'gidi vdi sU hd trg cua cdc nhd tdi trg, thdng /2004 Tap 2: edc vdn di chuyen ngdnh De dang ed the nhan t h i y ldi ieh tfl ebi tieu eua nha nfldc cho giao due ed md'i quan he gifla v l n de ngheo ddi vdi elp hge O d p hge dfldi (giao due ed ban) thi hd trd eua nha nfldc dd'i vdi cac nhdm ngheo cao hdn eae nhdm khae Tuy nhien, d cac bae hgc eao hdn thi nhdm ngheo ed xu hfldng nhan dfldc phuc ldi xa hdi thap hdn eae nhdm k h i gia va giau ed Cae nghien cflu ve kinh te hge giao due da chi rang, sua't sinh ldi cua met nam di hge dd'i vdi giio due ed ban se tang khoang g i n 11% thu nhap^ Sd' nam di hgc trung binh eua Viet Nam da tang ding ke tfl nam 2002 trung binh 7.3 nam, nhflng de'n 2006 eon s d n a y la 9.6 nam He thd'ng giao due phd thdng eua nfldc ta thflc hidn hge 12 nam dai tra eho ea nfldc ke tfl nam 1976 Tuy nhien, so vdi ke't qua dieu tra ke tren mac dfl da ed nhieu ed' ging va tie'n bd, song edn t h i p so vdi eae qud'c gia phat trien d Chau A nhfl Nhat Ban la 13,7, Singapore 11.1, Han Qud'c 12.1 nam ^ Bdng 10:Sdndmdi hpe binh qudn