|*«« - T R U - C N G OAt HOC SU- PHAM TP H d CH( MINH HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION Li4"l TAP CHI KHOA HQC JOURNAL OF SCIENCE ISSN: KHOA HQC XA HQI VA N H A N V A N 1859^100 TSp 15, S i (2018): 147-156 SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES Vol 15, No (2018): 147-156 Bma\\: t3pchikhoahoc@hcmuB.edu.vn, Website: httpV/tckh.hcmue.Bdu.vn V ^ DVNG Tir TlTCKNG HO CHI MINH VE CHINH SACH AN SINH TRONG QUA TRINH DOI M I VIET NAM Nguyin Minh TrC Trudng Dgi hqc Cdng nghf TP Hd Chi Minh Ngiy nh$n bii: 26-12-2016; ngiy nh$n bii siia 04-01-2017; ngiy duy$t Hing 23-02-2018 T6MTAT O Vi4t Nam, vdn di thuc hiin chinh sdch an sinh xa hgi (ASXH) luon dugc Ddng vd Nhd nuac quan tdm Sau gdn 30 ndm ddi mdi, cttng vdi nhimg thdnh tuu to ldn ve kinh ti, cong tdc thuc hiin chinh sdch ASXH dd dgt dugc nhiing thdnh qud quan trgng Tuy nhiin, vice thuc hiin chinh sdch ASXH vdn cdn nhiing hgn che nhdt dfnh, cdn cd nhiing gidi phdp phit hgp nh^m ndng cao fian nOa ddi sdng vgt chdt vd tinh thdn cho nhdn ddn Chinh vi vgy, viic nghien cdu vd vgn dtpig tu tu&ng Ho Chi Minh vi thuc hiin chinh sdch ASXH giai dogn doi mdi hiin ddng vai trd het sue quan trgng viic dn dinh phdt triin kinh ti - xd hgi Tukhda: tu tudng H I Chi Minh, an sinh xa hOi ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Ho Chi Mink views on implementing social welfare policies in the current renewal in VietNam In Vietnam, thee issue of implementing social security policy has always been a concern for both the Communist Party and government After 30 years of reformation, along with enormous achievements in economy, the implementation of social security policies has gained significant results However, the implementation still shows some constraints, requiring appropriate solutions to enhance the material and spiritual life of the people Therefore, it is important to research and apply Ho Chi Minh views on the implementation ofsocial security policies in the current period of reformation for a stable socio-economic development Keywords: Ho Chi Ninh views, social security Wf ddu Sau gdn 30 ndm tiln hanh dli mdi, Vi^t Nam dd dgt dugc nhilu thdnh tyu quan ftgng trSn cdc ITnh vyc kinh t l , chinh trj, vdn hda - xd hOi , ddi sdng v§t chat vd tinh tiian eua nhdn ddn khdng ngimg dugc nang cao MOt nhflng yeu t l quan trgng gdp phdn thye hiOn thdng Igi cdc myc ti6u "dan gidu, nude manh, ddn chu, cdng bdng, vdn minh" cfta Ddng chinh Id vdn d l hogch djnh vd thyc hi|n chlnh sdch ASXH Tuy nhien, bdn c?nh nhftng m§t dd d?t dugc thi vSn t i n dgng nhiing vdn d l nhu: hg thing chmh sdch ASXH chua dugc phan bo hgrp li gifta eac nhdm ddn cu vd mgt bO ph?n ddn cu cdn bj bd • Email: gv nguyenminhtri@yahoo.com.vn 147 TAP CH[ KHOA HQC - Tru-dng DHSP TPHCM m > IS, So (2018): 147-156 sdt mang ludi ASXH; mftc dO bao phft chua cao, ddc biet la khu vyc lao dOng phi chinh thftc Trudc thyc trang dd, vigc nghidn cim vd ldm r5 hon Tu tu&ng Ho Chi Minh vi thuc hiin chinh sdch ASXH la mOt nhfing viee ldm can thilt ca ve mdt H ludn lan thyc tiln Bai vilt hi vgng s6 cung cap thSm cdc edn cft khoa hge de hodn tliiOn chinh sdch ASXH hiOn Ngi dung 2.1 Khdi ni$m vi chinh sdch an sinh xd hdi Cho din nay, cd nhilu each hilu khdc ve ASXH bdn than nd la mOt khai nigm rOng vd dOng v l pham vi, ddi tugng vd chftc ndng vigc ho trgr ngudi ddn dli phd higu qua vdi nhflng rfti ro ddi sdng xa hOi- O gdc tiep can khdc nhau, cdc to chftc qudc te cd khai nidm nhu sau: Trong Dao lu^t Hoa Ki ban hdnh vao nam 1935 (dao ludt ASXH 1935): "ASXH dugc hieu Id sy ddm bao cfta xd hgi nhdm bdo tdn nhan each ciing gid tri cd nhdn, dong thdi tao lap cho ngudi cuOc sing sung man va hftu ich dl phdt triln ngudi" (Hing Vdn, 09/01/2015) Dao ludt ndy da thilt l$p cac chl dg tro edp huu tri vd trg cap thdt nghiep ntidm bao vd ngudi dan thoat khdi ngheo kho ve gia, hit tuoi lao dgng; bfin cgnh dd, dgo lu$t ciing dat su bdo vg mOt s l trudng hgp: dm dau, tan tat, tft vong Ngan hdng Thi gidi (WB) ciing dua quan dilm rieng v l h§ thdng ASXH Theo d6: "ASXH la todn bO nhftng chinh sach cua nha nude nhdm giftp cho cdc cd nhdn, gia (£nh vd cdc nhdm xd hgi quan li riii ro cfta minh vd cung cdp, ho trg nhiing ngudi nghdo nhdt" (Nguon trich dan?) Nhu vsiy, theo WB tilp can ASXH dua vao md hinh quan li rfti ro ve kinh tl, chinh tri, x3 hOi la nguyen nhdn ciia nghdo ddi vd nhdm ngudi ngheo thudng chju nhftng rui ro nhdt, ddng thdi hg it cd dilu ki§n khdc phyc nhftng rfti ro Hdu hit cdc nghien cftu trdn thi gidi, dd cd ViOt Nam ftng hg khdi nigm ASXH cua T I chftc Lao dOng Qudc t l (ILO) dua ndm 1946: "ASXH Id sy bdo v | md xd hOi cung cdp cho cdc thdnh vien cua minh thdng qua mOt sd bign phdp dugc ap dyng rOng rdi de duong ddu vdi nhftng eft sic vl kmh t l va xd hgi lam mdt hodc suy gidm nghiSm trgng nguin thu Im dau, thai sdn, thuang t|it lao dOng, mdt sftc lao dOng ho|c tft vong Cung cap chdm s6c y t l vd trg edp cho gia (finh n?in nhdn cd tre em" (Vu Vdn Phftc, 2012, tr.61) ViOt Nam, m ^ dft ASXH la mOt ITnh vyc cdn nhilu mdi me nhung cflng nh^n dugc sy quan tdm cfta nhieu hge gid, nhd qudn li nghien cftu vd cOng ding xd hgi Theo Mai Nggc Cudng, dk thdy hit dugc ban chat efta khdi niOm ndy, chftng ta phai tiep c$n ASXH theo cd nghia rOng vd nghia hgp Theo nghTa rdng: ASXH Id sy ddm bdo thyc hi$n cdc quyln dl ngudi dugc an binh, ddm bao an ninh, an todn xd hOi Theo nghia hgp: ASXH Id sy dam bao tiiu nhdp vd mOt s l dilu kiOn thilt ylu khac cho ca nhan, gia dinh va cgng ding hg bi gidm ho§c mdt thu nhgp hg bj gidm ho$c mdt khd ndng lao 148 TAP CHl KHOA HOC - Tru-dng DHSP TPHCM NguySn Minh Tri dOng hole mdt vi§c Iam; cho nhflng ngudi gid cd don, tre em md cdi, ngudi tdn tat, nhihig ngudi ylu thi, ngudi bi tiiidn tai djch hga (Mai Nggc Cudng, 2009, tt-.21-22) Theo Nguyen thft tudng Nguyen Tan Dung: ASXH vd phftc lgi xa hgi Id hO tiidng cac chinh sdch va gidi phdp nhdm vfta bdo ve mftc song tli thilu cua ngudi ddn trudc nhung rdi ro vd tde dOng bdt thudng ve kinh te, xa hOi va mdi trudng; vfta gdp phan khdng ngung nang cao ddi sing vdt chdt vd tinh thdn cho nhdn ddn (Nguyen Tdn Dflng, 2010, tr.2) Trong cuon 77m hiiu mot sd thugt ngd Vdn ki^n Dgi hdi dgi biiu todn qudc ldn thir XII cua Ddng cho rang: "ASXH la mOt hg thdng chinh sach vd gidi phdp nhdm bdo vg mftc song tdi thieu cfta ngudi ddn trudc nhftng rfti ro va tdc dgng bdt thudng ve kinh te, xa hOi vd mdi trudng; vfta khdng ngiing ndng cao ddi sdng vat chdt vd tinh than cho nhan dan" (Phiing Hiiu Phu, Nguyen Vdn Dang, Nguyen Viet Thdng, 2016, tr.l 8), Tren ca sd ke thfta nhiing thdnh qua nghien cftu ciia cdc nhd khoa hge vd qudn li, chung tdi cho rdng: Chinh sdch ASXH Id mdt he thdng cdc chinh sdch, chucmg trinh cda nhd nu&c vd cdc ngudn luc xa hgi thdng qua phdt triin th} truang lao ddng vd gidi quyit vi?c ldm, xda ddi gidm ngheo, bdo hiem xd hdi, trg giup xd hgi, tgo diiu kien de mgi ngu&i ddn tiip cgn cdc dich vu xd hgi ca bdn nhdm kiim sodt nhitng rid ro nhieng nguyin nhdn khdc nhau, ddm miic sdng tdi thiiu, khdng de tinh trgng hg rai vdo cdnh bdn citng, gdp phdn ndng cao chdt lugng cudc sdng cda nhdn ddn, nhdm thuc hi$n cdng bdng vd tiin bg xa h0i Ban chdt cfta chinh sdch ASXH Id tgo lu&i an todn gIm nhilu tdng, nhilu ldp cho tat cd cdc thdnh vien tiudng hgp hi giam, bj mdt thu nhgp hay g^p nhftng rfti ro xd hgi khde Chinh sdch ASXH la mOt chinh sdch xd hgi co bdn cfta Nhd nude nhdm tiiyc hi$n chitc ndng phong ngira, hgn chi vd khdc phuc riii ro, b£K) ddm an toan thu nhdp va cuOc sdng cho cdc vidn xd hgi Vdi y nghia nhu vay, d ViOt Nam, cau trftc ngi dung cua hg thong chinh sdch ASXH gdm: Chinh sdch thi trudng lao dgng vd vigc lam; Chinh sdch bao hilm xd hgi (gdm bdo hilm xa hOi bdt huge vd ty nguygn, bao hiem y te, bdo hilm tai nan); Chinh sach xda ddi gidm ngheo; Chuih sdch sach tri? giftp xd hgi; Chinh sdeh tilp cgn djch vy xa hOi ca bdn So vdi md hinh biln tren till gidi, h§ tiling ehinh sdch ASXH d nude ta cd mOt cdu phdn ddc tiift, Id chuih sdch uu ddi xd hOi Chinh sdch ndy nhdm tiiyc hign myc tieu cao cd Id din on, dap nghTa doi vdi sy hi sinh, cdng lao ddc bigt vd cong hien to ldn cua nhiJng ngudi cd cdng vdi each mang, vdi dat nude; tiiuc hiOn trdch nhigm cfta Nhd nude, cua xd hOi chdm lo, bdo dam cho ngudi cd cdng cd cuOc sing I n djnh vd ngdy cdng dugc cdi thi^n TAP CHl KHOA HOC - Tru-dng DHSP TPHCM Tdp 15, S6 (2018): 147-156 Chftc ndng co bdn cfta chinh sdch ASXH Id bao ddm an toan vd tri thu nhgp cho cac vien xa hgi thdng qua cdc chinh sdch, bi$n phdp cfta Nha nude vd cOng ding xa hOi nhdm ndng cao ndng luc tu sinh cfta ngudi ddn vd eOng ddng 2.2 Ttr tirdng H6 Chi Minh ve chinh sdch an sinh xa hgi Tu tudng Hd Chi Minh vl ASXH xudt phdt chmh tft trilt li nhan sinh, trilt Ii hdnh dOng cfta Ngudi D I cao ddn, tigng dan la trilt li xuyen suit toan bg cugc ddi boat dgng cdeh mgng cua Chft tich Ho Chi Minh Theo Ngudi, chinh sach ASXH phdi d$t moi quan hg bi§n chiing vdi su phat trien kinh te, van hda; ddng thdi tac dOng trd lgi sy phat triln kinh tl, vdn hda Vdo nhflng ngdy ddu xdy dung che dO mdi sau Cach mang thang Tdm, trd Idi phdng vdn cdc nha bao, Chft tich Hd Chi Minh dd ndi: "Tdi chl ed mgt su ham mudn, ham muln tot bgc, la lam cho nude ta hodn todn ddc lap, ddn toe ta dugc hodn toan tu do, ding bao eung cd ccrm dn, mgc, cflng dugc hge hdnh" (Hi Chi Mmh, 1995, tr.161) Cau tra ldi phdng van da toat len triet li ve ASXH cfta Hd Chft tich Ngoai ra, the hien tu tudng Hd Chi Mmh ve ASXH, Hien phdp Vigt Nam nam 1946 da ghi nh$n nhiing dilu khodn quan trgng v l ASXH, tao ca sd phdp li quan trgng cho v i ^ hinh hg thdng quy phgm va chinh sdch ve ASXH, Didu 13 ghi n h ^ : "Quyen lgi cdc gidi cdn lao tri thftc vd, chdn tay dugc bdo ddm"; Dilu 14: "Nhflng ngudi cdng ddn gid cd hodc tan tat, Ididng lam duge vigc thi dugc giftp Tre eon dugc sdn sdc v l mdt gido dudng" Cd the ndi, lan ddu tien, nhftng van dl ASXH dugc vdn bdn phdp It cao nhdt la Hiln phdp ghi nhdn, ldn ddu tiSn cdng ddn Viet Nam dugx; ghi n h ^ nhiing quyln rdt quan trgng thuOc liiih vyc ASXH Dd cung la can cft cho thay nhihig quan diem co ban cfta Chft tich Hd Chi Minh dd dugc the che hda d vdn ban p h ^ luat cao nhat cfta mOt nhd nuac ddn chft Nam 1941, "Chuong trinh Vigt Minh" edng b l 10 chinh sach ddi vdi cdc tang Idp nhdn ddn, cy thi Id: "cdng nhdn lam gid, cdng vigc nhu nhau, nhgn tiln luong nhu nhau, cftu t l xd hOi, xd hOi bao hiem, tfau tieu cdc gidy giao k^o nd 10, l^p cdc gidy giao kSo chung chft - thg Nong ddn cflng cd ruOng cdy, giam dia td, cftu t l ndng dan nhflng ndm mat mfta Hau ddi binh linh c6 cdng gift vftng Td quic vd phu cdp gia dinh binh linh ddy du Bd hge phi, md them trudng hge, giftp dd thdy tro ngheo Ve phuang diOn kinh tl, chinh trj, vdn hda, ddn bd diu duge binh ddng vdi dan dng Chinh phft het sftc giftp dd cdc nhd co vdn ttr kinh doanh, bd thul mdn bdi vd cdc thft tgp thul dl quic ddt H§u dai vidn chftc xftng dang vdi cdng hge hdnh cfta hg Ngudi gid vd ke tdn t^t duge chinh phft chdm nom vd cdp dudng Nhi dong dugc ehinh phft chdm sdc d ^ biOt vl thi dye vd tri dye Hoa kilu dugc chinh phft bao chiing tai sdn an todn, dugc ddi ddi nhu ddn t l i huO qu6c (Hd Chi Mmh, 1995, ti-.585) Quan dilm trdn dd xft Ii dftng ddn, hdi hda, ddm bdo ASXH mli quan hg vdi tdng trudng kinh te vi lgi ich cfta nhan ddn, phft hgp vdi yeu cdu va dilu ki§n cfta timg giai dogn ljch sft cu thi 150 TAP CHl KHOA HOC - Trudng DHSP TPHCM Nguyin Minh Tri Trong giai doan tft ndm 1947 din nhflng ndm 50 cua thi ki XX, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh dd sogn thdo, ban hdnh mOt logt chinh sach, che dO lien quan din can bd, cdng chftc, ngudi lao dOng nhu chl dd tiln luang, phu phi, chd dO bao hiem xd hOi ddi vdi can bd cdng chftc, vien chftc, che dO dai ngg quan nhan Danh gid vai trd cfta nguyen tac cdng bdng, hdi hda lgi ich gifta cac giai cdp, tdng ldp xa hOi, nhom xd hOi, gifta cac nghe nghiep, cac nganh, giOia cac vien tiong xa hgi tren ITnh vuc phdn phdi vdo ndm 1966, Ngudi cdn ddn: "Trong cdng tac luu thdng phan phdi, cd hai dieu quan trgng ludn nhd: Khdng sg thilu, chi sg khdng cdng bdng Khdng sg ngheo, chi sg ldng ddn khdng yen" (Hd Chi Minh, 1995, ti-.185) Thyc hien cdng bdng phft hgp vdi dilu kign thyc t l cfta ddt nude ludn la vdn dl bftc xuc ddi sdng xa hOi Ngudi ta ludn ludn khd cd thi thda mdn vl tdt cd nhiing nhu cdu nhu mong mudn ve vat chdt vd tinh thdn Dgc biet, ddi sdng cdn nhilu khd khdn, thilu thdn thi nhdn ddn cd thS sdn sang chdp nhgn va ed gdng tim edch khac phyc Song nhdn dan khdng the chdp nhgn bSt cdng xa hOi tinh trang phan phdi khdng cdng bang gay Cdng bang xa hOi la ngudn gdc tao nen sy dodn ket toan dan vd sftc mgnh cfta su ddng thudn xd hgi tiong phdt trien kinh te - xd hgi Cdng bdng can dugc thuc hiOn tiong mgi ITnh vyc quan he xa hdi vd td chftc xa hOi cua ngudi va can thyc hien tiong ed qua trinh san xuat, nhdt Id ITnh vuc phan phoi Trong sudt cuOc ddi hogt dOng cua minh, Chft tjeh Hd Chi Minh ludn quan tdm, chdm sdc nhftng ddi tugng ylu thi, ngudi cd cdng vdi Td qudc Trong Di chuc de lai eho todn Dang, todn dan, Ngudi cdn d ^ , sau khang chien chdng MT cftu nude cua nhan dan ta hoan toan thdng lgi Dang phdi thuc hien chinh sdch ASXH ddi vdi nhflng ddi tugng cd cdng vdi ddt nude dl hg nhanh chdng dn djnh cude sdng "Ddi vdi nhftng ngudi da diing cdm hi sinh mdt phdn xuang mdu cua minh , Ddng, Chinh phu vd ddng bdo phai tim mgi cdeh ldm cho hg cd noi an chdn d yen on, dong bdo phdi md nhung ldp dgy nghe thich hgp vdi mgi ngudi ^h hg cd till ddn ddn "ty lyc each sinh" Dli vdi cha mg, vg (cua tiiuang binh vd liet si) ma thilu sftc lao dOng vd tftng thilu tiii chinh quyln dia phuang phai giftp dd hg cd cdng dn vigc lam thich hgp, quylt khong de hg ddi ret" (Ho Chi Mmh, 2000, ti:.503) Cd till ndi, vigc chdm Io cho ddi tiigng da thi hign tuih nhdn vdn, nhan ban cfta xd hgi x§ hgi chu nghia Nhftng bai phdt bilu, bai vilt cua Chft tjeh H i Chi Minh till hiOn ro tir tiidng ve ASXH, din van cdn nguydn gid tri nhdn van 2.3 Vgn dtfng cua Ddng Cpng sdn Vi^t Nam vi chinh sdch ASXH qud trinh doi m&idVi$tNam Dua tren tu tudng Hd Chi Minh, tdng kit nhihig nghidn cftu cfta cdc nhd khoa hge tiong vd ngoai nude vl ehinh sdeh ASXH, Ddng Cgng sdn Vigt Nam da vgn dyng dl xay dung dudng lli phdt triln ddt nude thdi ki qud dO len chft nghTa xd hOi Tuy nhien, TAP CHl KHOA HQC - Tru'dng DHSP TPHCM T&p 15, S6 (2018): 147-156 tfty vdo dilu kien Uch su cu thi d tftng giai dogn ma muc tiSu chiln luge va nhidm vy cy the dat khac Nhin lgi thdi ki trudc Ddi mdi, dat nude vfta thodt khdi chiln tranh vdi nhiing h|u qua ndng ne de lgi, nen kinh t6 lac h^u, ddi ngheo; do, Ddng tdp trung chi dgo vigc phat trien kinh td - xd hgi nhdm gidi quydt nhiing khd khan trudc mdt cfta xd hOi Vdi co chl tap trung bao cdp n6n nOi dung cfta chinh sach ASXH da khdng phft hgp, cdn tdn man, chua tap tnmg vd gid tri phdp li chua cao Ciing co che dieu hdnh chinh sach theo kilu kl hogch hda dan dSn vai tid cfta Nhd nude bj suy giam, ddi sdng ngudi lao dgng khd khdn, quyln hudng ASXH Viidng dugc ddm bao Chinh sach ASXH, tiong dd, bdo hilm xa hgi mdi chi hudng den cdng nhdn, vien chftc, luc lugng vfl trang, ngudi cd cdng vdi cdeh mang, thuang b|nh binh vd gia dinh ligt sT chft chua chft y dftng mftc din lao ddng d cac phan kinh t l khdc Dai hOi VI cfta Ddng Cdng sdn Vi^t Nam (12/1986) md ddu thdi ki ddi mdi dd nghiem khac ty phe binh nhiing khuylt dilm, sai ldm, ding thdi dl dudng ldi dli mdi todn dign dat nude Dang coi chinh sdch xa hOi la chinh sdch bao triun len mgi mdt ddi sdng cua ngudi, dilu kidn lao dOng va smh hoat, gido dye va vdn hda, quan h? giai cdp, dan tOc Cung tft ddy, hogt dgng cfta hg thing ASXH Vigt Nam ed buac thay dli cdn bdn, tu ca chl bao cdp cfta Nha nude sang co chl cd su tham efta cdc thdnh phdn khac tiong xd hOi Ke tft dd, tien trinh doi mdi todn dien dat nude ngdy cdng di vdo chieu sdu Thudt ngft "ASXH" dugc ehinh thftc sft dyng vdn kien Dgi hOi IX ciia Ddng (4/2001), mOt tu mdi xuat hiOn, phft hgp vdi xu the phat triln cfta thdi dai: "Khan truong md rOng h? thong bdo hilm xd hgi vd ASXH Sdm xdy dyng va thue hiln chuih sdch bao hiem tiidt nghiep dli vdi ngudi lao dgng tiidt nghigp" (Dang Cgng sdn Vigt Nam, 2001, tr.l05) Trong nOi dung vdn ki|n, ASXH dugc dl cdp vdi tu cdeh Id mOt bO phan quan ttgng ttong eua ehinh sdch xd hOi hudng tdi gidi quylt cd higu qua mli quan hg giua tdng trudng kmh tl vdi tiln bg vd cdng bdng xd hOi vd "thyc hign ed higu qua tiln bg vd edng bdng xd hOi, bdo ddm ASXH ttong tiing budc vd tftng chinh sdch phdt triln" (Ddng COng sdn Vigt Nam, 200I,tt.l24) Nghi quylt Dai hOi X cfta Ddng chft truang: "Xdy dung hg thdng ASXH da dgng, phdt trien manh hO thing bao hiem xd hOi, bao hilm y tl, tiln tdi y t l todn dan ; da dgilg hda cdc logi hinh ciru ttg xd hgi" (Ddng Cgng sdn ViOt Nam, 2006, tt.229) Din Dgi hOi XI (ndm 2011), ASXH 6\xac nang len tdm cao mdi, vdi quan dilm mdi todn dign hon vl nOi dung kit hgp tdng trudng kinh t l vdi chinh sdch ASXH nhdm ddp ftng ydu cdu ddt nude tiong giai dogn mdi, chu dOng, hOi nh$p quic tl Ddng tilp tyc khdng djnh quan dilm nhat qudn: "Phdi coi ttgng vigc kit hgp chJtt ehS gifta tdng trudng kinh t l vd cong bdng xd hOi; bdo ddm ASXH, chdm Io ddi sdng vat chdt vd tinh thdn cho nhdn dan, nhdt la ddi vdi ngudi nghdo, ding bdo vung sau, vftng xa " (Ddng COng Sdn Vigt Nam, 2011, tr.316) 152 TAP CHl KHOA HQC - Tryeing BHSP TPHCM Nguyin Minh Tri Nghi Quy6t s6 15-NQ/TW cua Ban Chap hanh Tmng uong Dang 01/6/1012 va Nghi quyfe 70/NQ-CP 01/11/2012 da d8 c4c mvic tieu, phuang huong va giai phap thuc hi?n mgt s6 vln d6 v6 chinh sdch xS hOi, d6 co chinh sach ASXH giai dogn 2012-2020 Nghi quySt da dat yeu cSu la chinh s^ch xS hoi phai dugc d§t ngang t ^ v6i chinh sach kinh xk va th\rc hi§n d6ng bp vol phat trign kinh tS, phu hop vdi trinh dg phat triSn va kha nang nguon luc timg thoi ki , dong thai th\rc hi?n co trgng t&n, trgng diem, bao hiSm miic song toi thieu v& ho trg kip thoi nguM c6 hoan c^inh kh6 khan Di^u the hien ro ban chat t6t dep cua xa hpi nham d ^ bao su on dinh va phat trien kinh te xa h$i ciia dat nuac Trong thai ki doi moi va hgi nh^p, quan di6m chinh sach ASXH da nhanh ch6ng dugc cu the hoa thSnh cdc van ban phdp li, bdo ddm tinh hieu l\rc, hi|u qua triln khai thuc hi?n Trong 30 nam doi moi, Nha nuac da the che hoa Nghi quyet cua Dang va ban hanh trfin 50 loai chinh sdch ve ITnh vvc ASXH khdc (Bg Lao dgng - Thuang bmh va x a hgi quan li) (Nguyen Hiiu Dung, 2010) Co the khdng dinh, ve m§t xay dyng the che, thoi gian qua, cong tdc xay dyng, hoan thi^n h^ th6ng chinh sdch, phap ludt vl ASXH da dugc Dang va Nhd nuac rat quan tam vd ciing da dgt dugc nhftng tien bO dang kl; dong thdi tao dilu ki§n cho mgi nguoi ddn tiep can chinh sdch, phdp luat Th\rc hi?n dudng loi d6i moi, 30 ndm qua, cdc chucmg trinh, chinh sach ASXH da dgt dugc nhftng ket qua noi bat: Trong lmh v^c lao dgng, n8m 2014, uoc c6 1,6 trifu ngirfii dugc tgo vi$c ldm, tdng 3,7% so vcri ndm 2013, xuat khdu lao dgng khoang 105 nghin ngu6i, vugt chi tieu hon 20% (H6ng Vdn, 09/01/2015) S6 hg ngheo gidm tir 29% (ndm 2002) xuflng 9,5% (ndm 2011); chi s6 phdt triln nguoi (HDI) tdng tft mile 0,683 (ndm 2000) len miic 0,728 (ndm 2011), xep thii 128/187 nude, thugc nh6m trung binh cao cua thi gioi; ndm 2011, nude ta da hodn thdnh 6/8 nhom M\ic ti6u phdt trien Thien nien ki (MDGs) LiSn higp qu6c dl cho cdc nude dang phdt triln din nam 2015 (Vu Vdn Phiic, 2012, tr.l37) Ndm 2014, Vigt Nam cung 6ky manh vi$c thvrc hign chinh sdch hS trg ddt ft, dit sSn xuat, nu6c sinh hogt cho dong bdo dan tOc thilu so, thvrc hign tin dvmg ira ddi cho hang tram nghin lugt hO nghdo vay von vdi doanh s6 g ^ 10 nghin ti ddng Higu qud Id ti lg hO nghto cua cd nude vd cdc huyfn, xa nghfo gidm nhanh Din cu6i ndm 2014, ti lg hO ngheo cd nude udc gidm 1,8-2%/nam so vdi cu6i ndm 2013 (tft 7,8% xuong 5,8-6%), rieng cdc huygn ngheo gidm binh qudn 5%/ndm Hg thong bdo hiem xd h^i cd nhiing budc phdt trien ddng kl; tham gia bdo hilm xd hOi bat buOc ndm 2012 dat 53.766 nghin ngudi, bdo hilm tvr nguyfn thu hut trSn 104 nghin ngudi tham gia; tren 5544 nghin ngudi tham gia bdo hilm that nghifp Trong nam 2014, Vigt Nam tilp tvc dau tu xdy mdi vd ndng cap md rgng nhieu bfnh vifn, phdt trien y te biln dao, khuyin khich phat triln y tl ngodi cong lap Cac logi hinh bdo hilm cho ngudi 153 TAP CHl KHOA HQC - Trifdng DHSP TPHCM Tap 15, S6 (2018): 147-156 dan cang md rgng vdi sdn phdm da dgng Ddi tugng tham gia bao hilm xa hOi, bdo hiem y te vd bdo hiSm thdt nghiOp ngdy cdng tang va dugc hudng cdc ehi dO vd quyln lgi dung quy dinh So ngudi tham gia bdo hiem xd hOi dgt hon 11,5 trieu ngudi Ti 1? tham gia bao hiem y te dat khodng 72% dan so Phd chft nhiem Uy ban eac vdn dl xa hgi cfta Quic hOi Bfti Sy Lgi ddnh gid: Chftng tdi thay ttong ndm qua, Chinh phft tap trung gidi quylt chinh sdch xd hOi rat tot Chftng ta ddnh 18% ngdn sdch dl ehi cho phftc lgi xa hgi, chinh sach xa hdi, ASXH vd chinh sdch nguoi cd cong Diem sang nhdt Id chftng ta dam bdo rdt tdt chinh sach doi vdi ngudi ed eong (Hdng Van, 09/01/2015) Chinh sdch uu dai ddi vdi ngudi co eong khdng ngung dugc ddm bdo vdi mftc sing bang hodc cao hon mftc sdng tnmg binh cfta dan eu cung dia ban Mftc uu ddi tig cap nam 2009 tdng 2,1 lan so vdi nam 2006 Nam 2010, ngan sach trung uong ddnh 19.000 ti ddng dl thyc hidn uu dai thudng xuydn cho 1,4 ttigu ngudi cd cdng (Hdng Vdn, 09/01/2015) H | thing phdp ludt bdo hiem xa hoi ngdy cdng dugc hodn thien, tgo co sd phap li ttong dilu chinh cdc quan h8 xd hOi HO tiidng bdo hiem xd hgi dugc hoan thiOn vdi nOi dung vd Unh thftc cdng phong phft, nhdm chia se vd tig giftp thilt thyc eho ngudi tham gia bdo hidm xa hOi; cdc phong ttdo "Tuong than, tuong di", "Quy vi ngudi ngheo", "Din on dap nglua", "Udng nude nhd nguin" dugc td chftc thudng xuyen vd thu hftt sy hudng ftng cfta nhilu lyc lugng xa hdi, ddng gdp dang ke vdo vigc nang cao ASXH cho mgi ngudi, nhdt Id ngudi ngheo, vung ngheo Nguon lyc cho ASXH dgt mftc dO xa hOi hda cao ve tdi ehinh vd t l chftc thyc hign Nhd nude gift vai ttd chft dao vigc thuc hien cdc chlnh sdch ASXH thdng qua cdc chuang trinh myc tieu quoc gia vd cdc chuang trinh khac Tuy nhien, vi^c thuc hi?n chinh sdch ASXH cdn nhiiu hgn chi: Cdng tdc tao vigc lam chua bin vftng, ti 1§ thdt nghigp ndng thdn vd thi cd xu hudng tdng; gidm nghdo chua bin vftng, nguy ca tdi ngheo cdn cao nhdt la vimg ddng bdng ddn tOc thilu sl, vung sdu, vftng xa; dign hudng ttg cap xd hOi thudng xuyen cdn hep, mftc chudn ttg cdp thdp; ti le bao phft cfta chinh sach h i ttg cflng nhu mftc trg cdp thdp, chua theo kip vdi sy phdt trien efta nen kinh te thi trudng djnh hudng xd hOi chft nghTa; ngudn luc dl thye hign ASXH cdn han chl, chft ylu dua vdo ngan sdch nha nude vd cae hinh thftc bdo hilm ehua ddp ftng dugc nhu cau da dgng cua ngudi ddn; chdt lugng cac djch vy nhin ehung edn thdp, van xdy khdng It tieu cyc, philn hd Tren co sd phdn tich nhftng kit qua dat dugc ciing nhu hgn che qud trinh thyc hign ehinh sdeh ASXH d Vigt Nam, chftng tdi kiln nghj mgt s l gidi phdp sau: Dilu tiet tdng thu nh|ip cho tdng ldp ngudi nghdo Nhd nude dftng ngdn sdch dl ho ttg eho ngudi ngheo,nhftng ngudi khuylt tat thdng qua cdc chuang trinh kinh tl - xa hOi, cdc quy ttg cdp, ttg gid, tin dyng uu dai Ngoai cdn v$n dOng nhdn ddn gdp qu^ xda ddi, gidm nghdo, giup dd vftng gdp thien tai 154 TAP CHi KHOA HOC - Tru-gyng DHSP TPHCM Nguyin Minh Tri Md rdng vd da dgng hda hS thing bdo hiem Kinh te th; trudng xdy nhilu rui ro, cOng vdi thiSn tai, dich benh anh hudng din sdn xudt va ddi sing efta dan cu Vi vdy, Nhd nude can khuyen khich md rOng va da dgng hda cdc logi hinh bdo hilm cfta cd Nha nuac lan tu nhdn, nhdm I n dinh kinh tl - xd hgi Dich vy ndy d nude ta edn kem phdt triln Tang cudng quan li nha nude ve thue hign chinh saeh ASXH, rd soat, danh gid todn dign cdc chinh sach ASXH hiSn hdnh Tilp tue thyc hign cdc chuih sdch cd hiOu qud, dilu chinh nhftng chinh sdch dang cdn bdt cdp vd bd sung mOt s l chinh sdch mdi; tdng cudng so lugng vd chdt lugng dOi ngu ehuyen mdn, nghiSp vy vd cdn sy xa hOi; xdy dyng chinh sdch khuyin khich khu vyc ngoai nhd nude tiiam gia cung cdp cdc djch vu xd hOi co ban; hien dai hda cdng tde qudn li dli tugng ASXH Day manh cdng tac tuyen truyen, phd biln phap lugt, ndng cao nhdn thftc cua eac cap, cdc ngdnh va ngudi dan v l ehinh sach ASXH Thftc day hgp tdc qudc te ttong linh vyc ASXH, ttanh thft nguin lyc quic tl, hgp tac chuydn gia, phdt triln cdc dy dn kT thugt dl thi dilm cdc ehinh sdeh, chuong tiinh mdi vd nang cao ndng lyc nghidn cftu, td chftc thyc hiOn, giam sat, danh gid vigc thyc hign dl dn; xdy dyng Bdo eao qudc gia vl ASXH Nhd nude cdn phdi dp dyng nhftng gidi phdp thilt thyc mdi cd thi phat huy dugc mdt tich cyc, hgn che va ngdn ngfta m^t ttdi cfta co chl thi trudng, tgo nhftng tien dl dl nln kinh tl phdt triln blii vftng, hai hda vdi thuc hign tiln bO vd cdng bdng xa hOi theo dinh hudng xa hOi chu nghTa K i t lu^n Trong cuOc ddi hogt dOng cua minh, Chft tieh Hd Chi Minh "clii cd mOt sy ham mudn, ham muon tOt bgc Id ldm cho nude ta hodn todn dgc ldp, ddn tOc ta dugc hodn todn ty do, ddng bao cimg co com dn, mdc, cung dugc hge hdnh" (Hd Chi Minh, 1995,tt.I67) Nghi6n cftu tu tudng H i Chi Minh vl thyc hiOn chinh sdch ASXH, van dyng vdo tiiye tiln dli mdi hiOn Id vdn dl rdt cdn tiiilt, d^c bigt Id Vigt Nam tiln hdnh dli mdi toan diOn ddt nude, xdy dyng nln kinh t l thi trudng dinh hudng xd hOi chu nghia, thyc hiOn edng nghigp hda theo hudng hign dgi, vd hOi nhdp kinh tl qudc tl Sau 30 ndm doi mdi, ViOt Nam da thodt khdi nhdm nude ngheo, ddi sdng vdt chat vd tinh thdn khdng ngiing dugc cdi thiOn Tuy nhien, vdi mgt trdi cfta nln kinh te thi tiudng, hOi nhdp quoc te da tac dOng tieu cyc din cuOc song efta ngudi lao dOng, nhu: that nghigp, phan hda gidu ngheo, rui ro khftng hodng kinh t l gay Vi thi, hon bao gid hit, viOc xdy dung va hodn thiOn hg thing chinh sdch ASXH da tdng, linh hogt dl bdo vg ddi song ngudi Iao dOng ttong qud trinh ddi mdi d ViOt Nam hign Id hit sftc cdp bdch, nhdm myc tidu "dan giau, nude mgnh, ddn chft, cdng bdng, vdn mmh" p|IU»iiMiiVi|i II I iiiiiJi^ ijj, ^ -^ 751 H^ ^ fuy6nb6v& quyin lyi: TScgii x6G^h$nhodn to^n khdng cdxung d^t v6 quySnl^^.^^ TAP CHt KHOA HOC - Tru-dng DHSP TPHCM Tap 15, sS (2018): 147-156 TAI LI|;U THAM KHAO Nguyin Hftu Dung (2010) HO thing chinh sach an sinh x5 hgi d Vi?t Nam: Thyc ttgng vd djnh hirdng phat, Tgp chf Khoa hge Dgi hge Qudc gia Hd Ngi, Kinh te vd Kinh doanh, 26 (2010), tt 118-128 Nguyin Tan Dung (2010) Dam bao cang tot han an sinh xS hOi va phiic Igi xS hOi la mgt n^i dung chd yeu cda Chiln luge phat triln kinh te - xd hOi 2011 - 2020 Tgp chi Cgng sdn, Sl 285 (9/2010), tt.3-4 Mai Ngpc Cudng (2009) Xdy dimg vd hodn thiin hi thong chinh sdch an sinh xa hgi a Viit Nam Hd NOi: NXB Chinh trj Quic gia Dang COng sdn Vi$t Nam (2001) Vdn kiin Dgi biiu todn quoc ldn thd- IX Ha NOi: NXB Chinh trj Quic gia Dang COng san Vi?t Nam (2006) Vdn kiin Dgi bieu todn qudc ldn thirX Ha Npi: NXB Chinh trj Quoc gia Dang COng San ViOt Nam (2011) Vdn Ki?n Dgi h0i dgi biiu todn qudc ldn thu XI: Ha NOi: NXB Chinh trj Quoc gia Ho Chi Minh (1995) Todn tgp, t§p Hd NOi: NXB Chinh trj Quoc gia Hi Chi Minh (2000) Todn tgp, tgp 12 Ha NOi: NXB Chinh ttj Quic gia Phiing Huu Phu, Nguyin Vdn Dgng, Nguyin Vilt Thdng (ding chu bien) (2016) 77m hiiu mQt sd thugt ngd Vdn kiin Dgi hgi XII cua, Ddng Ha NOi: NXB Chinh ttj Quoc gia - Stf that Vu van Phuc (chii bien) (2012) An sinh xa hgi & Viit Nam hu&ng t&i 2020 Ha NOi: NXB Chinh tri Quic gia - Sy thgt Phgm van Sdng, Ngd Quang Minh, Biii VSn Hien, Nguyin Anh Dung (2009) Li thuyit vd mo hinh an sinh xa hgi (phdn tich thuc tiin & Ddng Nai) Uk'biQv.liXB Chinh tr\ Quoc %i& Hing Van (09/01/2015) An sinh xS hpi nam 2014: diem sang v8 bao dam quySn ngudi Truy c§p http://vovworld.vn/vi-VN/Binh-luan/An-sinh-xa-hoi-nam-2014-diem-sang-ve-bao-damquyen-con-nguoi/ 301969 vov 156 ... H6 Chi Minh ve chinh sdch an sinh xa hgi Tu tudng Hd Chi Minh vl ASXH xudt phdt chmh tft trilt li nhan sinh, trilt Ii hdnh dOng cfta Ngudi D I cao ddn, tigng dan la trilt li xuyen suit toan bg... cdng vdi Td qudc Trong Di chuc de lai eho todn Dang, todn dan, Ngudi cdn d ^ , sau khang chien chdng MT cftu nude cua nhan dan ta hoan toan thdng lgi Dang phdi thuc hien chinh sdch ASXH ddi vdi nhflng... an sinh x5 hgi d Vi?t Nam: Thyc ttgng vd djnh hirdng phat, Tgp chf Khoa hge Dgi hge Qudc gia Hd Ngi, Kinh te vd Kinh doanh, 26 (2010), tt 118-128 Nguyin Tan Dung (2010) Dam bao cang tot han an