Thực hiện tốt an sinh xã hội trong công cuộc đổi mới ở Việt Nam.pdf

LY LUAN KINH TE VA QUAN Lt THUC HIEN TOT AN SINH XA H I T R O N G CONG c u O c DOIMOfldVIETNAM PGS j s T R A N Qudc TOAN * Cung vdi qua trinh doi mai va phat trien thuc hien tot an sinh xa hoi la mot mcfi Trong qua trinh doi mdi, thuc hien tuu quan trong, song cUng dang phai khae phuc kinh te Dang va Nha nadc Viet Nam coi viec nhiing nhiem vu ySu cua cong cuoc doi an sinh xa hoi, Viet Nam da dat dupe nhung cho thay nhieu yeu kem va hat cap can Nhihig nhan thi^c co ban Trong qua trinh ddi mdi, Dang va Nha nudc Viet Nam ludn xac dinh bao dam tdt an smh xa hdi (ASXH) va phuc Igi xa hdi (PLXH) la nhiem vu Idn va ed y nghia rat quan trpng ddi vdi su on dinh va phat trien ben vung ciia dat nudc Xac dinh: tang trudng kinh te di lien vdi thuc hien tien bd va cdng bang xa hgi Xay dung he thdng an sinh xa hgi da dang, cang rdng md va hieu qua de dap dng cang tdt hon yeu cau cua moi tang ldp nhan dan xa hgi, nhat la nhdm ddi tugng chinh sach, ddi tugng ngheo Vdi tam quan dd, nhat la dieu kien phat trien kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hgi ehii nghia va hgi nhap qude te cang sau rpng, Viet Nam phat trien ASXH va PLXH theo nhung djnh hudng ca ban sau: - Phat trien he thdng ASXH va PLXH hpp ly, hieu qua, khdng ngdng cai thien, nang cao ddi sdng vat ch4t va tinh than cua ngudi dan H§ thdng ASXH va PLXH phai kit hgp ddng bo co hieu qua ca ba chiic nang phdng ngda nil ro, giam thieu rui ro va khae phuc riii ro Gdp phan dam bao cdng bang, binh dang xa hgi, dgng luc cua su phat trien ben vang He thdng ASXH va PLXH dugc xay dung va phat trien tren nguyen lac kit hop cd hieu qua vai trd chii dao cua Nha nudc gan vdi xa hpi hda eao, huy ddng mpi lue lupng - ngudn luc cua xa hgi, nang cao trach nhiem va nang luc tu an sinh cua mdi ca nhan, gia dinh va cdng ddng; vda trg giup kip thdi, hieu qua viec bao dam mde sdng tdi Ihieu ciia ngudi dan, thiic day xoa ddi giam ngheo, ddng thdi lao dieu kien de mdi ngudi d§n, gia dinh va eong ddng phat trien, khdng ngung nang eao ddi song vat chat va linh than ' Hpi dong ly luan Trung uang - Xay dung mot he thong ASXH va PLXH da dang, da tang, linh boat, ben viing va 12 iTAPCHrKINHT^VAQUANLYl S6l2(ll-2014) cang md rdng, cd the ho trg lan nhau; cdng bang ve trach nhiem va Igi ich, chia se riii ro, hudng tdi bao phu toan dan, tap trung hd trp cho nhCrng ngudi ngheo, hg ngheo, ddng bao dan ldc thieu sd, nhiing ddi tugng de bi tdn thuong, dac biet la nhiing ddi tuong cd hoan canh khd khan - Xay dung va phat tnen he thdng ASXH va PLXH tiing budc dugc nang cao va hoan thien phu hgp vdi dieu kien kinh te - xa hdi cua dat nudc Ddng thdi, tiep can vdi cac tieu ehi qudc te; tang cudng hop tac qudc te ve ASXH Nhiimg ket quii did yeu va nhihig yeu kem, batcap Cdng tac bao dam ASXH va PLXH da dat diipc nhieu kit qua quan trgng Cu the: Mot la, cdng tac xoa ddi, giam ngheo da dugc Dang va Nha nude tap trung chi dao thue hien dong bg tren ca mat (1) Giup ngudi ngheo tang kha nang tiep can cac dich vu cdng cdng, nhat la ve y le, giao due, day nghe, nha d, nude sinh boat ; (2) Hd irp phat trien san xuat thdng qua cac chinh sach ve bao dam dat san xuat, tin dung uu dai, khuyen ndng - lam - ngu, phat trien nganh nghe ; (3) Phat trien ca sd tang thiet yeu cho cac xa, thdn, ban dac biet khd khan Cdng tac xoa ddi giam ngheo da dat nhieu tuu ndi bat, dugc qudc te danh gia cao So hg ngheo giam tii 58,1% (nam 1993) xudng cdn khoang 7,6% (nam 2013) Ddi sdng vat chat va tinh than ciia da sd nhan dan dugc nang len ro ret, thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi cua Viet nam nam 2013 dat khoang 1914 USD Hai la, ket qua cua cdng tac xda ddi, giam ngheo g5n true tiep vdi kit qua eua cdng tac giai quylt viec lam Chuang trinh muc tieu quoc gia v l viec lam vdi nhieu chinh sach tro giiip thilt thue, cung vdi su phat trien cua cae loai hinh td chdc san xuat, kinh doanh thudc eac phkn kinh t l , mdi nam da tao dugc hon 1,6 trieu viec lam mdi cho ngudi lao dgng, giam ty le lao dgng thai nghiep d thi tu 6,42% (nam 2000) xudng cdn khoang dudi 4,5% (nam 2013), tang thdi gian sd dung lao ddng d ndng thdn, gdp phan nang cao thu nhap va ddi song cho nhan dan Ba la, he thdng bao hiem xa hpi va bao hiem y te da cd bade phat trien manh vdi npi dung va hinh thuc cang phong phu Sd ngudi tham gia bao hiem bSt budc tang nhanh, til 4,1 trieu ngudi (nam 2001) len 9,6 trieu ngudi (nam 2011), chiem gan 20% tdng sd lao ddng Bao hiem xa hdi tu nguyen dugc trien khai td nam 2008 Bao hiem that nghiep dugc trien khai td 2009 Bao hiem y t l tang tii 13,4% dan so (nam 2000) len khoang 68% (nam 2013); dd da thuc hien chinh sach bao hiem y le mien phi cho tre em d i n tudi, mot sd ddi tugng chinh sach, ngudi ngheo va hd trg bao hiem y te eho eac hd can ngheo, Bon la, cac chinh sach uu dai ddi vdi ngudi cd cdng khdng ngdng duoc hoan thien va nang cao ban Ca nude hien cd khoang 8,8 trieu ngudi cd cdng ( chiem khoang 10% dan sd), cd khoang 1,4 trieu ngudi dupe hudng irg cap thudng xuyen Den nay, ban 90% gia dinh ngudi cd cdng cd muc sdng bang hoac cao ban miic trung binh cua dan cu cung dia ban, Cac ciiinh sach trg giup xa hgi thudng xuyen va dot xuat dupe thuc hien rdng ban ve quy md va ddi tupng thu hudng, vdi muc trp giiip cang tang PLXH va he thdng cae dich vu xa hdi tiep tuc phat trien va md rdng, nhat la vl cham sdc siic khoe giao due va dao tao, van boa, thdng tin, cung cap dien, nudc sinh boat, nha d cho ngudi ngheo ; eo ehe, chinh sach uu tien dau tu cho vung sau, vung xa, mien nui, bien gidi, hai dao va vung ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd duge thuc hien Chat lugng cac dich vu cd nhieu mat dugc cai thien Mac du dat dugc nhung kit qua neu tren, song cdng tac bao dam ASXH va PLXH van edn nhung bat cap va yeu kem: Nhan thuc va y thdc eua cac cap lanh dao va ciia toan xa hgi ve bao dam ASXH va PLXH chua day dii, ehua eoi la mdt y i u td - mot S(5 12 (11 -2014) I TAP CHf KINHT^VA QUAN LY | 13 LY LUAN KINH TE VA QUAN LY ddng luc gdp phan quan trpng vao phat trien bin viing; tam ly y lai vao su bao cap eua Nha nudc cdn kha nang Cdng tac lanh dao, quan ly chua dapc quan tam dung miic, cdn nhieu yeu kem, hieu luc hieu qua chua cao; he thdng ea chi, chinh sach chua day du, thieu su lien ket, cdn chdng eheo, cham dugc bd sung va hoan thien ddng bo Chua hinh dugc he thdng ASXH va PLXH rdng khSp, thilu nhiing ca che chti ddng, tich cue thich dng vdi the che kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hgi chu nghia va hgi nhap qudc te Giam ngheo chua ben vung, sd hg can ngheo cdn nhieu, ty le hd tai ngheo hang nam cdn cao Ddi song vat chat va tinh than cua mdt bg phan dan cu, nhat la dvung cao, vung sau, vung xa, vung ddng bao dan toe it ngudi edn nhieu khd khan, khoang each thu nhap cua cac tang ldp dan cu cdn Idn Tmh trang thieu viec lam cdn nhieu Ngudn luc cho ASXH va PLXH edn ban ehl, chu yeu dua vao ngan sach nha nudc Theo danh gia ciia UNDP mdi chi cd 56% dan sd Viet Nam dugc hudng hd trg an sinh xa hoi chinh thdc Cae hinh thdc bao hiem cham dugc phat tnen va md rdng Ty le ngudi tham gia bao hiem xa hdi, bao hiem y te cdn thap, ehua dap dng dugc nhu cau da dang cua ngudi dan He thong cung dng cae dich vu xa hdi edn nhieu bat cap, nhat la dvung cao, vung sau, vung xa; chat luong nhin chung cdn thap Nhiem vu chd yeu giai doan mdi Mot la, phat trien thi trudng lao dgng g5n vdi trien khai cac chuang trinh phat trien kinh t l xa hdi Nha nude hoan thien ca chi, chinh sach khuyin khich cac phan kinh t l , cac doanh nghiep, eac hd gia dinh phat trien san xuat kinh doanh, phat trien nganh n g h i Thuc hien tdt Chuong trinh muc lieu qudc gia v l viec lam gSn vdi chuang trinh day n g h i cho lao ddng nong thdn, Phat trien he thdng thdng tin, tu vin va dich vu viec iam; day manh xuat khau lao dpng Hd tra ngudi ngheo, bg doi xuk ngu, lao dgng ndng thdn va cac ca sd dao lao nghe thdng qua chinh sach vay uu d a i , Hai la, phai trien va nang cao chat lugng cac loai hinh bao hiem xa hgi Kel hpp cd hieu qua giira bao hiem bat budc va bao hiem tu nguyen, giua bao hiem mang tinh chat chinh sach xa hdi va bao hiem mang linh chal dich vu Ihucng mai nhSm dap ling nhu cau da dang ciia xa hpi Tap trung phat trien bao hiem xa hpi, dac biet la bao hiem huu tri Xay dung chinh sach bao hiem xa hdi tu nguyen cho ngudi lao ddng, cd chinh sach hd trp ngudi lao ddng cd thu nhap thap, lao ddng d ndng thdn va lao dgng d khu vgc phi chinh thiie Xay dung va thue hien tdt chinh sach, che bao hilm that nghiep Phin dau d i n nam 2020 cd khodng 50% luc lugng lao ddng tham gia bao hilm xa hdi; 35% luc lugng lao ddng tham gia b^o hiem that nghiep Tilp tuc hoan thien eac chinh sach ve bao hiem y t l ddng bd vdi chinh sach vien phi va chinh sach kham chua benh Day manh phat trien ca bao hiem y te bat budc va bcio hiem y te tu nguyen, Dac biet, can thuc hidn tdt chinh sach uu dai, hg trg ddi vdi ba me, tre em, ngudi ngheo, can ngheo, ngudi dan d vung khd khan, ngudi lao ddng cae khu vuc phi chinh thiic, Thuc hien ddng bd cae giai phap de dat muc tieu bao hiem y te bao phu 80 % dan cu vao nam 2020, Ba la, xoa ddi, giam ngheo b i n viing, Trong dd tam la Chuang trinh muc tieu quoc gia v l giam ngheo Dae biet quan tam thtrc hien nhiing chinh sach va giai phap gi^m ngheo dae thu cho nhiing vung, nhiing huyen, nhung xa thdn ban khd khan nhat va vung ddng bao dan tpc thieu sd; gan phai trien ddng bd he thdng ket cau tang kinh t l , xa hdi vdi hd trp phat trien san xuat va vdi nang cao nang lue ngudi dan d ngiing viing Hoan thien chinh sach huy dpng su tro giup cua loan xa hgi de dgng vien ngudi ngheo, viing ngheo no luc vugn len thoat ngheo b i n viing; ddng ihdi, tao dieu kien de cdng ddng dan c.u tham gia vao viec xay dung kl hoach va trien khai cac 14 iTAPCMfKINHT^VAQUANiyi S6l2(ll-2014) Kh^ h$nh dLung Cd/Anh TTXVN chuong trinh, du an giam ngheo Bon la, thuc hien tdt chinh sach ddi vdi ngudi cd cdng va chinh sach irp giup xa hdi Hoan thien he thdng trg giup xa hdi thudng xuyen va trg giup xa hdi dot xuat; phat trien he thdng tro giup xa hdi linh boat, ung phd ed hieu qua vdi eac biln cd, rui ro theo hudng da dang eac kenh va hinh thdc trg giup xa hdi dua vao cdng ddng va tranh thu su trg giup eua cdng ddng qude t l Tilp tuc md rdng ddi tugng va dieu kien hudng thu trg giup xa hdi den toan bg eac nhdm dan eu dd bi tdn thuong vdi mde trg giiip phu hgp Phan dau den nam 2020 cd khoang 2,5 trieu ngudi dupe hudng trg giiip xa hdi thudng xuyen, dd tren 30% la ngudi eao tudi Nam la, nang eao phuc Igi xa hdi va nang cao chat lupng he t h i n g eac dich vu xa hgi ca bari Khdng ngung nang cao PLXH va kha nang tiep can eac dich vu xa hdi, trudc bet la eac dich vu cdng cdng ca ban nham bao dam cdng bang binh dang, thoa man nhiing nhu cau thiet yeu ve vat c h i t va tinh than, giam bdt su chenh lech ve thu nhap va mde sdng giixa cac vien, cac tang ldp dan cu, cae nhdm xa hpi va cae vung mien Nang eao PLXH gan vdi nang cao chat lugng he thdng dich vu xa hgi de mgi ngudi dan dupe tiep can vdi cae dich vu xa hpi CO ban tdi thieu; ddng thdi dap dng nhu cau cang cao, da dang cua nhan dan Vi vay, phai day manh phat trien eac quy phuc Igi xa hgi d ca cap do: quy tap trung cua Nha nudc; quy cua cac doanh nghiep, dan vi kinh doanh; quy eua cac tap the va cdng ddng, Cai each thii tuc hanh chinh, kh&c phuc eac tieu cue, phien ha, tao dieu kien thuan loi eho mpi ngudi dan dugc tilp can cae dich vu • 56l2(11-2014)|TAPCH(KINHTfvAQUANLY| 15 ... khan nhat va vung ddng bao dan tpc thieu sd; gan phai trien ddng bd he thdng ket cau tang kinh t l , xa hdi vdi hd trp phat trien san xuat va vdi nang cao nang lue ngudi dan d ngiing viing Hoan... eao PLXH gan vdi nang cao chat lugng he thdng dich vu xa hgi de mgi ngudi dan dupe tiep can vdi cae dich vu xa hpi CO ban tdi thieu; ddng thdi dap dng nhu cau cang cao, da dang cua nhan dan Vi vay,... can ngheo, Bon la, cac chinh sach uu dai ddi vdi ngudi cd cdng khdng ngdng duoc hoan thien va nang cao ban Ca nude hien cd khoang 8,8 trieu ngudi cd cdng ( chiem khoang 10% dan sd), cd khoang