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CHUYEN MUC KINH Te HQC XA HOI HOC CHI^U CANH XA HOI TRONG PHAT TRI^N GIAO DUG DAI HQC 6 VIET NAM THOI KY D 6 I MOI NGUYEN DI>C CHigN'''' BOI VAN HA" Viet Nam da ban hSnh nhiiu chfnh saeh giao d(ic, dong[.]
CHUYEN MUC KINH Te HQC-XA HOI HOC CHI^U CANH XA HOI TRONG PHAT TRI^N GIAO DUG DAI HQC VIET NAM THOI KY D I MOI NGUYEN DI>C CHigN' BOI V A N H A " Viet Nam da ban hSnh nhiiu chfnh saeh giao d(ic, dong then diy manh vi$c dau tu- cff sd v$t chit cho h$ Ih6ng giSo dye vd dSo (go * feftip mp/ mien dit nu-dc ki to- sau B^l h$i Oing lan thir VI (1986) Dieu niy tao co hgi cho cac nhdm xa hoi dutyc tiep c§n tot hon vio h$ thong gido di^c vi dio t$o b$c cao Song thi^ t4 cho thiy nhiiu bit cip giao di^c d^i hgc v§n dang hi$n hOu nhw vin di bit binh ding tiep can giio dye glOa nhdm giau va ngheo, giita thinh thj vi ndng thon, giOa dan tgc Kinh vi cic din toe it nguw van dang tiip dien va co diu hieu khoang cich ngiy eing xa hon Dya vio nguon dO li$u thie eip, bai viSt bin tu$n ve chiiu c$nh xa hoi phit triin giao due dai hoc o Viit Nam, die bi$t quan lim din khic biet co hdi tiip c$n giio d(ic cua cac nhdm xi hdi cr bac dai hoe Tren eo so phan tfeheie so li$u, bai viit dwa mdt so ham j / chlnh sich nhkm dim bao binh ding han giio due d^i hge a nuirc ta boi canh hi$n TCi" khda: giao dye dgi hpc, chi4u cgnh x i hgi ph^t triln giao due dai hgc Nh$n bai ngiy: 22/6/2016; du^ vio bidn tdp: 9/2/2017; phan bidn 18/2/2017, duy^t ddng: 15/4/2017 DAT V A N B Sau Sai hpi Oang \kn thiJ VI (1986), Chlnh phu Vi?t Nam da ban hanh diy mgnh vi^c diu tu- cc so- vat chit ^=^0 h# th6ng gi^o dye v i dao tgo a kh4p mgi miln dit ni.b'c Dilu niy tao nhilu chinh sich giio dye, ding thai ^^^ ^^'' ''^^ " " ' * ' '^'^^ ° "^^^ "^"^"^.f h6i du-g-c tiep can hpc t|p voi nhieu logi hinh, hinh thCrc dio tgo khac C6 t h l n6i, nh&ng thay doi giio due 30 nim qua d i mang din nhilu • Vien xahfti hoc " BO NOi vy NGUY£N DI>C CHIEN - BOI VAN HA - CH|£U CANH XA HOI TRONG thinh tyu phat trien giio due, co giao due bac dai hgc, nhu'ng chit lu'ong giao dye dgi hgc van eon b| danh gia thap Theo cong bo cua To chtre Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientifieas (CSIC) tren Webometrics bang xep hang cac tru'ong dai hoc nam 2014 tren toan thl gioi, Viet Nam vln ehua cd mgt trirong dai hgc a top 700'^', Dya vao nguon di> lieu thiJ cap, bao gom eac ket qua th6ng ke, cong trinh nghien ciru va eac thong tin cong bd tren mgt so trang web, trang bio di?n ti> chinh IhiJc cua nhi nu'6'c cflng b l thcri gian qua, bii viet ban luan v l chilu eanh xa hgi Irong phit tnen giio due dai hgc a Viet Nam thoi ky 061 moi Bii vilt se phan tich ve sy phit trien qui miJc cua loai hinh tru'O'ng cao dang, dai hoc; siy bat binh dang giCra cae nhom thu nhap, giCVa thj va nong thon, giiia dan tgc Kmh va cac nhom dan loc it ngu-ai, giu'a nam v i nir tiep can giao due dai hoc Cu6i cung bai viet eung 6tra mpt so ban luan v i ggi md chinh saeh nham bao dam binh dang hon tiep can giao due dai hgc o nu'oc ta, hlu dap irng yeu ciu tgo nguon nhan lyc CO chat lu-ang cho dat nuoe boi canh doi moi v i hgi nhap quoc te CAC CHI^U CANH XA HOI N I BAT TRONG PHAT TRI^N GIAO DUC DAI HOC Thai D I Niai 2.1 Phat triln qua mtpc loai hinh trifcyng cao ding, dai hoc Giio dye dai hoc a Viet Nam nh&ng thap ky vi>a qua co su phat tnen manh me So lu'ong sinh vien tang nhanh cung vdi viee md rong cac loai htnh tru'dng io-p Iron toan qu5c, ding chij y nhat la SLC ddl cua nhdm tru'dng ngoii cong lap Thyc te niy du'oc nhieu nghien CU'U phan inh nhOng nam vij-a qua Theo Nguyen Die Hung (2012 179) "Nam 2001 ed 178 trudng dai hoe, din nam 2010 ed 412 trudng dai hoc, cao ding (trong cd 77 trifdng ngoii cdng lap)" CCing theo bao cao ca nu'de cd khoang 1,8 trieu sinh vien dai hpc, tang 13 lan so vdi nam 1987 Thong ke eua nganh giao dye nude ta gin diy cung cho thiy, hai nam 2006-2007, cd 39 tru'dng du'g'c lip, v i ti> 2006 din 2011, cd 84 tru'dng mdi thinh lap, nang cap 51 trudng, lap mdi 33 trudng Ciing vdi sy gia tang nhanh chdng s6 CO sd dao tao cao dang/dai hgc la sy gia tang nhanh chdng khong kem so smh vien cao ding/dgi hgc Nam 1995 ca nude mdi cd 297.900 sinh vien cao dang/dai hpc, Sau 20 nam, sd da tang len den 2,363.900 smh vien, tLPC tang gip lan 20 nam Su tang nhanh cie trudng dai hoc, ehuyen nganh dio tao v i sfi smh vien nhap hoc la ket qua tong hop eua cac ylu ta su tang len nhanh chdng ve so lugng hpc sinh tot nghiep trung hoc thdng, su gia ting chi tieu thi sinh trung tuyen dai hgc, Ben eanh dd la su ddi hdi eing tang v l nhu eiu lao dgng cd trinh dg hoe van cao dang, dai hoc, vi su thay ddi v l ky thuit dya tren ky nang v i tam quan ngiy TAP CHl KHOA HOC xA HOI s6 (2;2) 2017 cang tang cua kien thuc (Ngin hang T h l gidi 2006) Bieu d6 1, Sy gia tang sfi trudng cao alng/dai hoc d Vigt Nam giai doan 1995-2014 Giao due dai hpc ngoii cdng lip cung tang len nhanh theo xu t h l Chung Theo thdng ke tai Hpi nghj Tong ket 20 nam phit triln md hinh giao due dai hgc ngoai edng lap 14/3/2014, nam 1994, ca nudc cd ca so dai hpc ngoai cdng Ngudn: S6 li§u cua Tong cyc Thong ke http //www gso.gov lap, din nam 2013, vn/defaulLaspx'?tabid=722 truy cap ng^y 30/3/2016 s6 la 90 trudng, chiem khoing 22,2% tong so cong lap so vdi 347 trudng cdng lap eac trudng dai hoc, cao dang tren (so lieu cua Tong cue Thong ke, dugc toin quoc Cung vdi quy md (rudng cdng bd trgn mang eua co quan niy)'^' thi so sinh vien cua h^ cung tang Chinh phii Viet Nam chii truong da manh Ty le tang smh vien binh quan dang hda cac logi hinh dio tao ddng hing nam giai doan 2000-2010 thdi vln dim bao chat luong, song l i 12,39%, cao hon ty le tuong img khong phai tinh hinh luc nio cung cua eac trudng dgi hpc cong lap l i dugc nhu vay (Ngan hing The gidi, 9,05% Hien so sinh vien dai hgc, cao 2006) Mac du Chinh phu keu gpi, ding chinh quy ciia cic trudng ngoii khuyin khieh sy tham gia cua toin x i cdng lap l i tren 314.000 sinh vien, hdl viee md rdng quy md giao chilm ty le 14% sd smh vien cua ca dye dai hgc de tang ca hgi hge tgp cho mpi ngudi, Tuy nhien, nudc (Le Van 2014: 1) Bilu dd eho thay tdc dp ting trudng khuyin khieh khu vuc tu nhan lham rat nhanh cua cac trudng cao gia dio tgo, Chinh phu lal chua cd ding/dai hgc ca nudc giai nhiJng bien phip quan ly thich hop de doan 1995-2014, dd ed cac logi hinh dao tao niy cd dilu kien hoal trudng ngoai cfing lap Nam 1995 ca dong hieu qua Dudi gdc nhin cua cac nudc chi cd co sd dio tao ngoai trudng dai hoe ngoii cong lap, dudng cong lap so vdi 109 trudng cao ding, nhu nhirng ylu td "thien vf he thdng dai hpe cdng lap 20 nam sau da cd giao due dgi hoe cfing lap van con, 89 trudng cao ding/dgi hgc ngoii Cac Irudng dai hpc ngoii cdng lap mm NGUYEN BLfC CHIEN - Bill VAN HA - CHl£U CANH XA HQl TRONG nghi ngd v l su "bao ve loi ich" cua Bo Giao dye v i Dao tao ddi vdl hg, dii mpl irong cic quan diem chi dao cua Ding Cdng san ve ddi mdi giao dye dai hpc giai doan 2006-2020 l i "Phil trien manh cic trudng dgi hgc, cao dang ngoai cong lap Tao dilu kien thuan lai v l chinh sieh de td chifc, ca nhan va loin xa hgi tham gia phit triln giao due dai hoc mdt each binh (Jang" (Chinh phu 2005) Nghi quylt so 05/2005/NQ-CP cdn dat chl tieu dmh hudng din nam 2010 ty le sinh vien dgi hoc tu thuc chilm khoang 40% long sfi sinh vien ca nude Bio cao Phat trien Viet Nam nam 2010 ciJa Ngan hang Thl gidi (200973) tirng dinh gii nhu sau Cic co sd giao due ngoai cdng lap gap phai rat nhilu trd ngai [.,,], Theo mgt nghien ciru nam 2008 ciia to chirc v l giao due dai hoc, cic quy dinh de tham gia cung cap dieh vu giao due dai hgc cho cie trudng dai hpc tu nhan v i nudc ngoii cdn rit nhilu noi dung han chl ua khdng ro ring Cic dilu kien cap giiy phep cho cac co sd giio due dai hoc va cao dang van edn ehua ro va dfii cdn mau thuan [,,.] Ve ban chit, cac ca sd cung cip dich vy phi nha nudc thudng theo duoi lai nhuin [ ] Tinh trang khdng tuan thu quy dmh cua cac ca sg tu nhan khdng phai la mot vin d l biln nginh giio due [ ,], Anh hudng cua viec chay theo lai nhuan chi the hien d muc hoc phi rii cao, cao han so vdi mipc hoe phi eua cac trudng cdng Tuy nhien, mti-c hoe phi eao khdng bi coi la mdt van d l lo nggi hoc phi dugc xie dinh theo tinh hinh til chinh cua dgi da sd cic bge phy huynh (Bao cao ehung cua cic nhi t i i trg tai Hgi nghj tu vin eic nhi tai trg cho Viet Nam 2009), Viec tang nhanh cac trudng dai hoc nham md rgng cac ca hoi hgc tap, dap irng nhu eiu cua xa hdi, nhung khdng phai nhdm xa hgi nao cung dugc hudng eo hdi Theo bio cao cua Ngan hing The gidi (2009), ngudi dan nong thon cd the khd tilp can vdi giao due dai hoc, mdt phin bdi t i i chinh cua cac hd gia dinh Viec md rgng quy mo giio dye dai hoc, ed su gia tang sd luang hoc sinh triing tuyen cac ky tuyen sinh dai hoe, da dat vin d l v l chit lugng giio due dai hoe Theo Nolwen Henaff, Trin Th| Kim Thuin v i cic tac gia khae (2007) viec md rgng qui md giio due qui nhanh, thilu cac bien phip dam bao ehit lugng, viec so sanh vdi cic he thfing giio due ciia nhung nude tien tien nhit, da lam lung lay mem tin ciia Chinh phu v i ngudi dan vao he thdng giao due cua minh Do dd, viec dat lal van d l chat luong giao due tren ca sd md rgng quy mo giio due dai hoc trd uln d l duac du luan x i hdi dac biet quan tam Cd I h l ndi, quy mo dao tgo phat tnin he thing giao dye da lim thay doi ca ciu trinh dfi cda nhin lue, Ty le lao ddng cd tay nghi, trinh do, cao dang, dai hoc tang manh, Tuy nhien, mdt vin de bit eip noi len hien la co TAP CHl KHOA HOC x A HQl so (2221 2017 c l u d a o tgo k h d n g c i n d l i ty le sinh vien d u a c d i o tao d trinh cao dang lap va n g o i i cdng lap c h u a cd s u binh dang, h o n nOa, tinh trgng bat binh v i dai hgc tang m a n h h g n n h i l u so v d i dang t i l p can g i i o dye dgi hgc d trinh d d trung hoc ehuyen nghiep v i v l n bieu hien d u d i nhieu hinh thirc day n g h i , d i n thiy thilu din tha" nghieh ly "thira Ching han, giai d o a n 1990-1999 q u y m d d i o tao dai hoc tang 6,2 lan thi trung hgc chuyen khae 2.2 B i t b i n h d i n g g i u a c i c n h d m t h u n h g p t r o n g t i l p c a n g i i o d u e dgi hpc nghiep chi tang 1,4 l i n v i day n g h i ehinh q u y chi tang 1,5 lan nghta la c i r Bat binh dang 10 sinh vien dgi hoc, cao d i n g thi c d nhgp t i l p c i n giao dye dai hpc hpe sinh trung h o c c h u y e n nghiep v i l i c h i l u canh d u o c c i c nghien ctru d l edng n h i n ky thuat (Dang Ba Lam giira c i c nhdm cap den thdi gian qua thu Indu 0 : 7) Tinh hinh n i y lap lai Irong Bhushan va cdng s u (2001) da phan cae k h i o sat quy m d m a u ldn g i n d i y tich, nen kmh t l thi t r u d n g g i i o T h e o ket qua Tong diiu vi due d u d n g n h u l i mfit khoan d i u t u s u mat c a n dfii e a ddl hdl c i c gia dinh p h i i chi tra cao nha a 2009 tra dan so c a u d i o t g o c h u y g n m d n hoan loan h a n n h i l u so v d i Irong n l n kinh t l k l t u o n g i r n g v d l tinh trang m i l can ddi hoaeh l i p trung G i n h n i n g d i u t r o n g c o c i u lao d d n g cua Viet Nam d i n h i r n g n a m q u a , N d d u g c t h l hien d tu khien n h i l u gia dinh ngheo bugc thdi hoc hay c i t giam mirc d d c h d s d nhtrng n g u d i 15 tuoi t r d hoc hanh ciia eon c i i vi khfing dii t i l n len chi tra dang theo hoc d cac trudng Mfit nghien ciru khie eua c h u y e n nghiep, c d t d i % dang hgc Ngan hang T h l g i d i (2004) thi ehi c a o d i n g v i dgi hoc N h u vay, tinh r i n g Irong kha n h i l u hd ngheo lao trgng "thira thay t h i l u t h a " khdng suy d d n g cua tre e m ed g i i trj h a n n h i l u g i a m m a cdn n g h i e m h o n ( d i n so v d l viec t d i t r u d n g Lgi ieh d i i hgn t h e o L u u B i c h N g o c 1 * 11) cua g i i o dye khfing the bii dap d u o e N h u v a y n h i r n g thap men v i r a nhtrng tdn that ve thu nhap n g i n q u a qui m d g i i o d y e dai hgc d n u d c han Nhirng hg gia dinh ngheo n h i t ta da c d s u m d rdng v u o t bae v d i s u khdng the d i p gia tang n h a n h ehdng s d l u a n g sinh tieu dung hien tai n l u khdng cd ngudn vien, va thu n h i p lao ddng tre e m mang lai, ngoai c d n g lap O i e u tao t h e m vi v a y hgc v l n cua tre e m va t n i n n h i e u c a hdi cho eac n h d m xa hdi l i l p v o n g thoat ngheo phai n h u d n g chfi trudng dio tao cdng lap irng nhirng nhu cau c a n giao dye dgi hgc, dap irng cac cho s u tdn tai t r u d c m i l Nghien cii'u n h u c l u n g i y c a n g cao cua xa hdi cua (2009) T u y n h i e n s u gia tang n i y d a n g bgc t h i y , ly b d hoc chti y l u va b i l n Id d i u hieu q u i m i r c khdng di ddl cua hoe smh ngheo la kinh t l u d l chat l u g n g ; g i u a khfii i r u d n g c d n g k h i n , cdn d n h o m ho ed m u c sfing Nguyen Dire Vinh eho khd NGUYEN flP'C CHIEN - BOI V A N H A - CHl£U CANH XA HQl TRONG tren t m n g binh thi c i c ly k h i c , chi tieu khae (giau ngheo) n i y Hfi gia dinh c d m u c sdng cang thap d u g c x i p v a o loai bat binh dang theo thi e i i eang hay bd hoc va di hpc mugn h o n so v d i tudi Nghien ciru g i n day cua T r i n Quy Long (2013) cung eho thay mirc s i n g va khoang t h d i gian di hgc cua t h i l u nien cd mdl quan he chat che v d i D i l u ngudn gde gia dinh N h u uay cd the thay n i i len xu h u d n g vgn ddng eua bat binh d i n g l i : e i n g d bgc hgc cao thi s y b i t binh d a n g v l g i i o dye d tre e m eang Idn va ldn nhat la d c i p dgi hoe cQng cd nghTa r i n g viec l i l p can K i t qua cude khao s i t mirc sfing d i n ua tri hpc v i n cua t h i l u c u Vl#t N a m nam 2 cQng cho thay, nien phy thupc n h i l u vao dieu kien n h d m d a n sd tir 15 tuoi t r d len cd trinh kinh te gia d i n h d d cao dang dai hpc t r d len cd xu N h u vay, h i u h i t c i c nghien ciru a Vipt Nam a l u khang dmh, ty le di hoc cua tre em x u i t t h i n tir nhdm gia dinh ngheo ludn t h i p h a n ty le di hoc ciia nhdm gia dinh giau S u bat binh d i n g eang b i l u hien rd net d bac giao due dai hpc T h e o D o Thien Kinh (2005: 51) giCra nhdm g i i u va ngheo cd s u chenh lech kha l d n Nam 1993, s u bat binh dang tang d i n tir d p hgc thap ( c i p 1) den c i p hoc cao (dai hoc) la 1,3 -> 2,9 -> 11,5 (lan) Nam 1998 xu h u d n g b i t binh dang tang din cang dien manh m e h o n la 1,1 >2,6->12,4->61,2 (lan) B i t binh dang g i i o dye giira e i c nhom hp cd m i r c h u d n g tang len qua eac n a m Mac dii vgy, khoang each g i i o due dai hpc giu'a c i c n h d m thu n h i p qua c i e nam lai ed xu h u d n g gian rgng h a n N l u , s u chenh lech giO'a n h d m va nhdm v l t r i n h eao d i n g , dai hge t r d len nam 2006 la 73 l i n thi nam 2010 ty le n i y t i n g len 169 l i n Bang cung cho thay, ty le dan s6 lir 15 tuoi t r g len c d Irinh cao dang, dgi hgc t r d len d n h d m 1, glai d o a n 0 - tang nh? rdi giam di, d d , d n h d m ty le tang n h i l u h a n tCr 2006 d i n 2010 S u p h i n hda viec d i u t u cho g i i o due dai hoc va tren dai hgc g c i c nhdm xa hgi Bang Ty le dan so tif 15 tuoi trd len co b i n g cap cao c nhom thu nhap (%) I, dgi hpc trd len theo 2006 2008 2010 Nli6m - 20% nhom thu nh^p thap nhat 0,2 0,3 0,1 Nh6m2 0,4 Trinh i3o cao dgng a^i hgc trd len 0,5 0,6 Nhdm l.'l 1,6 Nhdm 4,4 5,1 5,0 Nhom - 20% nhom thu nhap cao nhat 14,6 17,1 16,9 73 57 169 Chenh l#ch giira nhom 5/nh6m (lan) Nguon T6ng cue Thong ke 2014 93 1,3 TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQl so (222) 2017 g i i u va ngheo d i d i n d i n s u b l l binh l u o n g hoc t i p anh h u d n g den ddng d a n g xa hgi giao dye l i r dai hgc e g t i l p tuc di hge va s u san s i n g v l t r d l e n D i l u n i y l i c i c gia dinh hoe v l n eiia cac bgc g i i o dye t i l p g i i u n g i y cang c d d i l u kidn d i u theo sau" (Ngan h i n g T h l gidi 2006 cho cai cua hp hon gia tu dinh 121) n g h e o T h e o k i t qua khao sat mirc 2.3 B i t binh dSng giira thi va s d n g d a n e u 2 , chi phi cho giao n d n g t h o n t i l p can giao d u e due dai h p c t r g len ciia gia dinh cd dai hoc dieu ki?n kinh t l tdt n h i t (nhdm 5) la 19,24 trieu d d n g so v d i 8,59 Irieu d d n g cua h d gia d i n h c d d i l u kien kinh t l t h i p n h i t ( n h d m 1) N l u vao n a m 0 , s u c h e n h lech d i u t u g i i o C i e bang chirng t h u e t l d Viet Nam cung cho t h i y ty lg di hoc cua tre em d thj t h u d n g cao h a n ty le di hgc cua tre e m d ndng thon S u b i t binh d i n g giao dye giira khu vuc due dai hgc t r d len cua n h d m so v d i t h a n h thj v i nfing thdn cung d i l n rd n h o m chi k h o a n g 1,6 l l n , thi din net h o n d bgc dai hge Nghien ciru n i m 2 , s u c h e n h lech n i y t i n g len eua Le Nggc Hung (2006) cho t h i y ty k h o a n g 2,24 lan ( T o n g cue T h i n g ke le di hgc cao d a n g , dai hoc cua : 130-131) N h u vay s u chenh nien d t h i n h thi ludn cao g i p lan so l^ch v e trinh d o tir cao d a n g , dai hoe vdi nien d ndng thon Bang 2, t r d len g i i r a c i c n h d m giau nhat ua cung phan i n h mire dp chenh lech, ly n g h e o nhat l i r i t I d n D i e u k h i l n Ip d i n so tir 15 tuoi t r d len cd bang cho n h d m n g h e o n h i t ed r i t it c a hgi c i p cao d i n g , dgi hgc t r d len d t i m k i l m d u g c viec l a m co thu n h i p thi lufin cao h a n n h i l u l l n so v d i khu c a o n h i m doi d d i Vi vay, b i i v y e ndng thdn binh d i n g xa hpi t r o n g g i i o d y e , d i e biet l i N i m 0 , cd d i n 11,3% giao due dgi h g c da m d rdng "Ithoang d a n sfi 15 tuoi t r d len a khu uuc trong" cic thi c d trinh cao dang, dai hpc t r d n h d m thu n h a p ( S t e p h e n Machin va len thi ty le d khu v y c ndng thdn la vl kmh tl-xi hdi A n n a V i g n o l e s 0 : 107-128) Mdt s d n g h i e n ci>u c i i a to c h i r c q u d c te gang 2: Ty le d i n so tir 15 trd len bang cap dgi hgc trd len theo thi va d V i e t N a m c u n g cho thay c d m d i lien he giii'a thu nhap va viec dl d u hoe T h e o bao cio nong thon " N g u d i g i i u c d x u h u d n g di hoc Khu vtpc X K h u vuc Thanh th| eOa N g i n h a n g T h l g i d i (2006), NSm \^ (%) N6ng th6n (%) g nhOng t r u d n g c d chat l u a n g 2006 11,3 c a o h o n so v d i n g u d i ngheo v i 2008 12,8 1.9 2,2 2010 12,6 1,6 c d m d t m d l t r u d n g hinh t h a n h eac ky ning tdt hon Chat Ngudn Tdng cue Thdng ke 2014 i Ch&nh lech (lan) 6,0 7,9 5,8 NGUY£N DCfC CHIEN - BUI VAN HA - CHI^U CANH XA HQl TRONG 1,9% Khoang cich chenh lech la lln Dilu ding quan tam la cac nam tilp theo 2008 v i 2010, khoang cich chenh lech giira hai khu vyc khdng giam ma cd chilu hudng gia tang Nam 2010 ed din 12,6% dan sd lir 15 ludi trd len d khu vuc thi ed bing cao ding ua dai hgc trd len, ty le d ndng thdn chi dat 1,6%, mipc dd chenh lech giCra khu vuc th| v i khu vuc nong thdn l i 7,9 lan Nhu vay su chenh lech giira thinh thi v i nong thdn v l ty le din sd ttr 15 tuoi trd len co trinh dg cao dang, dgi hgc trd len la rat Idn Co the d khu vuc nfing thfin, nhdm dan sd it cg hdl tilp can cic dich vy giio dye cd chat luang cao cpng vdi it cd moi trudng v i khdng hgc tip, nen dudng chmh phyc trinh hgc vin cao hon trd nen khd khan ui gian nan so vdi nhdm din eu song a thi nhu: ngheo ddi, phai di lim sdm; eg so vat chit nha trudng thilu thin v i chat luang day hgc thip Mac dii cac d p chinh quyln da ed nhilu cd ging d l ho trg cic nhdm dan tdc thieu so, nhu viec miln hgc phi, viec lap cac trudng ndi trii nhung sd tre em di hgc cua nhdm xa hpi van d mirc thip ua tinh trang mii chCi' uan cdn d mire cao Hgn ni>a mfii quan tam gin gitr phuang thirc san xuit v i van hda truyin thdng da khiln eae nhdm din tdc thieu sd tri thii ne tranh viec dl hgc (Nolwen Henaff ua Jean Yves Martin 2001) Ngan hang Phat triln Chiu A (2002) thi cho ring: ti le nhap hoc thip hon d nhdm dan toe Ihieu so l i cac ehi phi eg hdi va chi phi tiln mat eao han v i thilu nhgn 2.4 Bit binh dang giij-a din tdc Kinh v i cac nhdm dan tdc it ngu-d-i tilp can giao due dai hpc Nhieu nghien cuu cho thiy tre em cac nhdm dan tpc it ngudi it di hgc han so vdi thilu men ngudi Kmh la nhtrng rao can gSo cap •TrungcSp aoaang aDalli9cr4ISn Ngudn Teng cyc Thong ke nam 2011: 55 T»P CHl KHOA HQC XA HQl s6 giz, 2017 thO-c phil hgp v l giio dye Bang 3: T^ 1$ dan sitir 15tu6itrd l&n a?rttrtnhdO Vi^c ngud'i din tpc thieu so cao ding, dgi hgc trd 16n theo gic^i tinh (%) sing t i p trung a cic viing Gia'i tinh Chfinh l§ch miln nCii v i Ding biing sdng (lan) Nam (%) NQ'{%) Cliu Long lam cho hp ggp Nam 2006 5,2 3,9 1,33 phai nhfrng khd khan die Ndm 2008 5,9 4,6 1.28 thCi rieng a nhCrng vCing Nam 2010 6,0 4,6 1,30 (Nhom hinh dpng chong ddi Nam 2012 0,4 0,2 2,0 ngheo, 2002) Cie nghiSn cCru NguIn: Tong Cgc thing kg 2014 94 v l giio due, dd ed Ngin hing T h l gldi {2003: 27) diu danh Ly giai thuc t l tgi dudng hgc g i i cac din tdc thilu s6 (trir ngudi v i n cua nO trd nen gian nan han so Hoa) c6 trinh dp hpe van thap hon vdi nam, Hoang Gia Trang (2001) v i dan tdc Kinh So sanh vdi tii'ng nhdm Le Thl (2007) oho rang dinh kiln gidl tpc nguai eg t h l , so lieu tai Bilu dfi l i mpt nhu'ng rio can ldn nhit cQng cho thiy dan sd ti> 15 tuli trd lim hgn chl ca hgi phat trien cua eac len cd trinh dp dai hpc trd lgn g nhdm tre em g i i d ndng thfin trudc diy ui toe ngiKTi Kinh van chilm ty Ip cao biy gid Trong cie gia dinh khd khan nhit (4.9%) v i thip nhat la nhdm tgc cic em gai la doi tugng diu tien m i ngudi H'Mong (0,2%) Nhu vgy, tinh gia dinh quylt djnh cho nghi hpc cho trang bat binh dSng xa hgi giio dil hpe lyc cua cic em gai kha hon due o cac nhdm tpc ngudi Idn, em trai {Hoing Gia Trang 2001: 31dgc biet la giij-a tdc ngudi Kinh vdi 34) Cic chl phi eg hpi cua viec mit cic nhdm dan tgc it ngudi khic Cic lao ddng tre em lim vi$c gia dinh chinh sich thdi gian tdi can tiep cQng ngin edn eie hp gia dinh ngheo tyc no luc hgn viec thile diy eg dau tu vio giio due, die biet cho hpi hpc tip d l cic nhdm din tdc it gai, la nhO'ng ngudi ma cic ehi phi ca ngudi cd t h l tilp cin giio dgc b§c hpi niy Idn hgn (Ngan hang Phat trien Chiu A 2002) Mdt nguyen nhin khac cao 2.5 Bit binh ding gi6i giao l i cd su khac biet gidi diu tu cua gia dinh cho hpc hanh cua cii due dai hpc Kit qua khao sit mirc song din cu Kit qua Khio sit muv song din cw Vipt Nam nam 2012 oho thiy, ehi phi Viet Nam nim 2012 cho thiy, cang giio due, dio tao eho m$t ngudi di l&n cap hgc cao, bit binh ding gidi hpc 12 thing a nam gidi cao giio dye eing t h l hipn rd ret hgn 1,12 lan so vdi chi phi d nir Bang cho thiy, ty I? nam gidi cd gidi (long cyc Thing ke 2014: 128) trinh cao dang, dai hpc trd len cao Vdi cie gia dinh khd khan thi chi phi han dang k l so vdi nCr gidi qua cic giio due l i ginh ning Viec di hge len dgt dilu tra NGUYEN PU'C CHIEN - BUI VAN HA - CHl£U CANH XA HQl TRONG eac cip hgc cao hon cua tre em gai eac gia dinh ngheo uln bi coi la "xa xi" hay "khdng can thiet" (Le Thiiy Hing 2006 33) Su ky uong cua cha me doi vdi trai va gii cung la mfil nhu'ng ylu td tic ddng din uiec diu tu giao due ua dmh hudng nghi nghiep eho cii Nghien ciru cua Hoang Gia Trang (2001), Le Thiiy Hang (2006) chi ring, nhin thire v i mong dgi ciia cha me ddi vdi viec hgc tap eCia cai la mdt nhirng ylu td tic ddng puan trgng din du dinh diu tu giao dye cho cii Cd thl ndi, bfii canh hien nay, cic em gai la ngudi chju nhilu thiet thdi va khd thoit khdi vdng luan quan "ngheo-hgc uln thip-ngheo" Oilu ed the inh hudng sau xa din chit luang ngudn lao ddng d ndng thdn vi trinh cua ngudi phu nCr anh hudng rit Idn trinh hgc uin, sire khde cua tre em sau (Ngan hang Thl gidi 2001) Chii lich Hdi Lien hiep Phu nCr Viet Nam da nhin manh Ihye t l niy bii phit bilu tai eudc gip mat than mat udi Cdng dong tai tra qudc te d Ha Ngi ngiy 18/11/2003' "Da phan tre em bd hoe sdm la em git vi phai lao dpng giup gia dinh mdt s6 viing cao ty le em gai i3ln trudng ehi khoang 15%" (dan theo Pham Huang Tri 2007) Nhu vay, dilu kien kmh l l gia dinh khd khan cdng vdi djnh kiln gidl d i lam eho dudng din trudng ciia eic em gai va ca hdi chinh phuc Irinh dp hoc uin cao han bi han ehe nhilu BAN LUAN Cic din ehirng va phan tieh tren phan inh bat binh dang xa hdi giio due dai hge d nudc ta van dang tilp diln, die biet d trinh dd hoc van cang cao thi su bit binh dang niy cang Idn Bit binh ding dang diln mdt each manh me giira cac nhdm cd lgi thl va nhdm ylu thl x i hdi Sau 30 nam ddi mdi, sy md rdng va nang cap he thdng eg sd ling giao dye va dao tao, ciing vdl hoin thien the ehe chinh sich lien quan den giao due, da gdp phin khdng nhd tao co hgi tilp can trudng ldp bac cao cho cic nhdm x i hdi, gdp phan nang cao chit lugng ngudn nhan lye tren pham vi ca nudc Song, cic nghien ciru thdi gian qua cung cho Ihiy nhilu bat cap mang tinh truyin thdng phat triln giao due dai hpe van chua dugc khle phye Nhtrng khd khan, bit cap dan din cac nhdm x i hfii ylu the han uin dang gap nhilu bat lai tilp cin cic hinh thirc giao dye dai hpc, dan din he qua la ca hgi va khoang each tilp can giao due giCra cic nhdm giiu ui ngheo, thinh thi ui ndng thon, nhdm dan tde {da so v i thilu sfi) v i giira nam v i nir vln chua duac giai quylt, tham chi cd mat cdn tang l§n Thyc te ddi hdi he thdng chinh tri nudc ta phai xem xet viec thuc hien ddng bd cac chinh sich lien quan din phat trien kinh t l , xa hdi, giio d u e , V i ddl hdl cac bd nganh cd lien quan va cic dia phuang cin ed sing kiln mang tinh dot pha d l phat trien giio due Irong tinh hinh mdi hien Q TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQl s CHO THiCH https //wvkw.vnu edu.vn http //vnww.gso gov.vn/default aspx'7tabid=722 T A I L i e u TRiCH DAN B^o cao ehung cua cac nha tSi trg tai Hgi nghj t u v l n c^c nha lai fro cho Vi#t Nam 2009 Bao eao phat tnen Viet Nam 2010: Cac the che h.en dgi" H i N$r NgSn hSng The gidl Bg Ke hogch v i D i u tu 2010 Chiin /irac phit triSn nguon nhdn im: Vidt Nam Chinh phu 2005 Nght Quy4t So 05/2005/Nq.Cp 18/4/2005 vS d^y m^nh xd hoi hoa c^c hoat dong giAo due y te vdn hda vd thd due thS thao Congress, http//thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Giao-dLtc/Nghi-quyet-05-2005-NQ-CP-day-manh-xahoi-hoa-cac-hoal-dong-giao-duc-y-le-van-ho3-va-the-duc-lhe-thao-53043aspx Session Oang B i Lam 2008 " P h i t tnen ngudn nhan lyc ddi voi s y nghi#p cong nghiep h6ahipn dgi hoa d Vigt Nam", Ky y l u Hgi thao Viet Nam hoc iSn Dai hpc Qu6c gia H i Noi va Vi$n Khoa hgc xa hpi Viet Nam tfi chirc Do Thien Kinh 2005 " B i t binh d i n g giao due d Vigt Nam" Tap chiXd hgi hgc, sd H o i n g Gia Trang 2001 "Thuc trang tiep cgn giao due cua tre em gai nong Ihon' Tap chi Khoa hgc Phij nO', s6 https//viww.vnu.edu.vn/ttsk/?C2601/N16919/Webometncs:-dai-hoc-Quoc-gia-Hs-Noiduoc-bau-chon-la-dai-hoc-hang-dau-Viet-Nam.htm, ng^y 2/4/2015 L g N g g c H u n g 2006 X a / j p f / j p c g i ^ o dye, HSNOi Nxb Dgi hoc Quoc gia Le ThUy H i n g 2006 "Sy khac biet gioi Irong d y dinh d i u l u ciia b6 me cho vigc hgc cua cai (Nghi§n ciru trudng hgp xa Lgc Hoa, Nam Dmh)", Tap chi Xa hgi hoc so 10 Le v a n 2014 "Oai hoc ngoai cong lap 'Go' khd, kho go'" Truy cgp ti> http://kinhtevadubao vn/chi-tiet/2-586-dai-hoc-ngoai-cong-lap~go-kho-kho-go.html (truy c^p 14/3/2014) 11 Luu Bich Nggc, 1 " K h i c biet gidi dan so, giao dye, viec l i m d Viet Nam qua 20 nam d l i mai nhin ttr k i t qua c i c long dieu Ira dan so", Ky y l u Hp/ (hao quoc ti Phu niy W#( Natn ttung boi cdnh bidn dSi xd hgi nhanh TPHCM, 6/2011 12 N g i n hang P h i t t r i l n Chau A 13 Ngan hSng The giai 2001 Dwa vin di gi&i vao phat ttien Ha Nor Nxb Van hoaThong tin 14 N g i n hang T h l gidi, 2003 B^o cao phat triln Vigt Nam nSm 2004 Ngheo Ha Npi 15 N g i n hang T h l giiji 2006 Bdo cao phit triin the gidi 2007- Phdt triin va the hd l