KHO KHAN TRONG QUA TRINH LlJA CHON NGHE CUA HOC SINH TRUNG HOC PHO THONG NGUYEN THI NGOC BE* 1 Dat van de Cd the ndi, chgn nghe la chgn cudc ddi, chgn sd phan Cdng viec nay ddi hdi mdi ngudi phai cd n[.]
KHO KHAN TRONG QUA TRINH LlJA CHON NGHE CUA HOC SINH TRUNG HOC PHO THONG NGUYEN THI NGOC BE* Dat van de Cd the ndi, chgn nghe la chgn cudc ddi, chgn sd phan Cdng viec ddi hdi mdi ngudi phai cd nhfing hieu biet nhat dinh ve nghe, ddng thdi can cii vao himg thii, nang lye cua ban than va nhu cau cua thi trudng lao ddng de tien hanh lya chgn Viec lua chgn nghe phu hop khdng chi la quyet dinh quan trgng vdi ca nhan ma cdn cd y nghTa ddi vdi toan xa hgi Khi cd dugc nghe phii hgp, ngudi se say me, tim tdi, hgc hdi, hang say sang tao, phat huy eao kha nang, sirc luc va tim kiem cai mdi cdng viec, ddng thdi tao dieu kien cho qua trinh boat ddng nghe nghiep cua xa hdi Ddi vdi hgc sinh trung hgc phd thdng (THPT), viec chgn nghe cd y nghTa bet siic quan trgng va cd anh hudng ldn den tuong lai ciia cae em sau Trong qua trinh chpn nghe, cac em thudng gap khd ,khan, ban than khdng dii kha nang giai quyet nhu edn mo hd ve cae nganh nghe, lua chgn mang tinh nudc ddi, cam tinh, chii quan, mau thuan, bat ddng giiia cha me va cai Nhiing eau hdi hgc dai hgc hay hgc nghe, vi lai chgn nghe nay, nghe kia, viec lua chgn nhu vay lieu cd phu hgp khdng thudng xuyen lam cac em ban tam Thuc te cho thay, hgc sinh THPT thieu ca tri thiic va kinh nghiem ddi dien vdi nhirng thach thirc -vugt khdi pham vi hieu biet ciia cac em Trong hoan canh nhu vay, neu nhfrng khd khan cua hgc sinh THPT khdng duge giai quyet hoae giai quyet khdng triet de, tham ehi cd the sai lam giai quyet se tac ddng tieu cue den tuong lai cua cac em cting nhu su phat trien xa hdi De giiip hgc sinh lya chgn nghe phii hgp thi cac thay ed'giao, cha me, cac chuyen gia tam ly can hieu biet ve nhung khd khan qua trinh lua chgn nghe ciia hgc sinh Phirong phap nghien ciru De tim hieu khd khan qua trinh lua chgn nghe ciia hgc sinh, chimg tdi da sir dung phuang phap nghien ciiu chu dao la dieu tra bang bang hdi, bang hdi dugc xay dung tren co sd tham khao cac tai lieu cd lien quan [1], [4], [6] Cau hdi phan miic khd khan dugc thiet ke theo thang likert, bao gdm miic do: khd khan nhieu - khd khan -vira phai - khd khan it - khdng khd khan Doi tugng nghien ciiu la 295 hgc sinh khdi 10, khdi 11 va khdi 12 ciia Trudng THPT Nguyen Hue va Trudng THPT Nguyen Trudng To - Thanh phd Hue - Tinh Thira Thien Hui Sd dT chiing tdi lua chgn hgc sinh trudng THPT d tinh Thira Thien Hue lam khach till nghien ciin la bdd vi cac trudng THPT fren dia ban tinh Thua Thien Hue deu chua cd trung tam tham vin hgc dudng Ket qua nghien cuu se la mdt nhfmg ea sd quan trgng de xay dyng md hinh tham van phii hgp frong eac trudng hgc d Thira Thien Hue * ThS.; Dai hoc su pham- DH Hue Nghien ciiu Con ngudl so (52) 2011 OQ Nguyin Thj Nggc Be Ket qua nghien cihi 3.1 Thai diem chon nghi cua hqc sinh Hoat ddng hudng nghiep cd the dien sudt cudc ddi moi ngudi Mac du den hgc ky cua ldp 12, hgc sinh THPT mdi phai dua quyit dinh cudi cfmg ve nganh hgc, cap hgc, nghe sau tdt nghiep THPT, nhung viec chgn nghl thudng xay sdm hon nhieu Thdi diem chgn nghe eua hgc sinh da dugc chiing tdi tim hieu va ket qua dugc trinh bay Bang Bang Thoi diem chon nghe cua hoc sinh Thoi diem chon nghe Nguyen Trirdng To SL (%) Chung Nguyen Hue SL (%) SL (%) Tfr trudc vao THPT 53 37,0 37 24,3 90 30,5 Tuldp 10 33 23,1 34 22,4 67 "22,7 Tfr ldp 11 30 21,0 32 62 21,0 Khi hgc ldp 12 27 18,9 49 21,1 32,2 76 25,8 Ket qua dieu tra cho thay, mdt ti le kha ldn hgc sinh cd du dinh chgn nghe tfr trudc vao THPT Ket qua phan anh thyc te rang tfr hgc THCS, nhieu hgc sinh da tham gia chgn trudng THPT de thi vao, chgn ban (tu nhien - xa hdi ) de hgc, chgn khdi de thi vao dai hgc, cao dang Viee chgn nghe sdm dem lai nhieu lgi the cho cac em, giiip cac em vach ke hoach cho tuong lai va chuan bi tdt tam the de hgc THPT Dd chinh la ly vi giao due hudng nghiep can dugc thuc hien sdm, cd the la tfr cudi THCS Hgc sinh can dugc dinh hudng hgc d cac trudng, cac ban phfi hgp vdi nguyen vgng va kha nang cua minh Mudn ban mdt It, cd 22,7% hgc sinh cd du dinh chgn nghe tir ldp 10 Viee chgn nghe tii ldp 10 ciing giiip cac em lap kl hoach hgc tap tfr dau cap hgc, nham dat muc tieu va udc mo cua minh Tuy nhien, vin cdn cd hon 25%) hgc sinh chi chgn nghe dang hgc 12 Han che cua viec chgn nghl mudn la cac em it cd co hdi thay ddi quyet dinh neu thay khdng phu hgp, khdng cdn nhilu thdi gian de tap trung vao nhting mdn hge thudc khdi thi ma cac em lua chgn, it cd thdi gian de tim hieu them thdng tin ve nghe de khang dinh lua chgn dd la diing din, phii hgp Nhin chung, hgc sinh cd du dinh chgn nghe tuong ddi sdm Day la dilu kien thuan lgi cho cac em lap ke hoach hgc tap de cd the dat ket qua hgc tap tdt, thuan lgi cho viee lua chgn nghe nghiep Do thdi diem chgn nghe cua hgc sinh d cae ngi dung eua boat ddng hudng nghiep khdng phai la trgng tam cua bai viet, ly giai cho nhting kit qua tren khdng duge dl cap den Mdi quan tam chu yeu d day la nhan dien khd khan qua trinh lua chgn nghl cua cac em 3.2 Kho khdn qud trinh lua chon nghe cua hqc sinh 3.2.1 Khd khan thudng gap qua trinh lua chgn nghl cua hgc sinh 40 NghlSn ciiu Con ngudl sdi (52) 2011 Kho khdn irons dud trinh Bang Kho khan thircmg gap qua trinh lira chon nghe ciia hoc sinh Nguyen Tnrcmg To Kho khan thirdng gap TB SL % Thieu hieu biet ve yeu cau 69,2 99 va dac diem cua nghe Khd khan frong tu danh gia nang luc, tinh each, biing 116 81,1 thli va sd thich nghe nghiep cua ban than Mau thuan gifra sd thich 79 55,2 va yeu cau cua nghe Mau thuan giiia sd thich va 90 62,9 nbu cau ve nghe eua xa hdi Chiu su ap dat cua cha me 43 30,1 Dao ddng theo y kien cua 57 39,9 ban be Thieu ngudn giiip 67,1 96 frong •viec lua chgn nghe Chiu sy chi phdi cua thi 59,4 85 hieu ve nghe ciia xa hdi Nguyen Hue SL % TB Chung % TB 197 66,8 SL 98 64,5 11 78,3 235 90 59,2 79,7 169 57,3 78 51,3 168 56,9 41 27,0 84 28,5 61 40,1 118 40,0 91 59,9 187 63,4 80 52,6 165 55,9 Ket qua dieu tra miic ban khoan ve nghe nghiep cua hgc sinh cho thay dai da sd hgc sinh (chiem 95,3%) ed khd khan qua trinh lua chgn nghe Trong do, thudng gap nhat la khd khan tu danh gia nang luc, tinh each, hiing thii va sd thich nghe nghiep cua ban than (chiem 42,4%)) Khd khan ed the xuat phat tir nhieu nguyen nhan, cd miic ban ehe kha nang tu danh gia ciia cac em Vdi chuang trinh hge nhan manh khdi lugng tri thiie, mang nang tinh "hgc thuat ban lam", each day hgc "truyen thdng", it quan tam den ren luyen ky nang sdng, nang khieu , eae em khd cd dieu kien tu kham pha, tu trai nghiem de ren luyen va nang cao kha nang tu danh gia Tiep den la khd khan "thieu hieu biet ve yeu cau va dac diem ciia nghe", vdd su xac nhan cua 23,7% hgc sinh Khd khan xep thii la "thieu ngudn giiip viec lua chgn nghe", cae em khdng biet ca nhan, td chirc hay ngudn hd trg nao cd the giiip cac em thao gd nhfrng khd khan qua trinh lua chgn nghe "Chiu su ap dat cua cha me" la khd khan cd sd lugng hgc sinh lua chgn thap nhat D I hieu rd ban ve khd khan cua hgc sinh, chiing tdi da tien hanh nghien ciiu miic khd khan ciia eac em d cac ndi dung, ket qua dugc the hien d phan 3.2.2 3.2.2 Miic khd khan qua trinh lya chgn nghe cua hge sinh Thang diim " - - - " dugc sir dung tuong iing vdi cae miic "kho khdn nhiiu - kho khdn vita phdi - kho khdn it - khong kho khdn " d van de khd khan ehii yeu qua trinh lua chgn nghe va ket qua thu dugc nhu d Bang NghlSn ciiu Con ngudl sdi (52) 2011 41 Nguvin Thi Nggc Be_ Bang Mirc kho khan qua trinh lira chon nghe cua hoc sinh Gioi tinh Kho khan ^ Thieu hieu biet ve yeu cau va dac diem cua nghe Khd khan tu danh gia nang luc, trnh each, hiing thii va sd thich nghe nghiep ciia ban than Mau thuan gitia sd thich va yeu cau ciia nghe Mau thuan gitia sd thich va nhu cau ve nghe ciia xa hdi Chiu ap lue tfr cha me Dao ddng theo y kien cua ban be Thieu ngudn giiip frong viec lua chgn nghe Chiu su chi phdi cua tbi hieu nghe ciia xa hdi Chil thich: X ; Diem trung binh *** : Kiem dinh t cd y ngbiTa mirc 0,001 * * : Kiem dinh t cd y nghTa miic 0,01 * : Kiem dinh t cd y nghTa miic 0,05 NTT : Nguyen Trudng To NH : Nguyin Hue Nam ^NH Chung X Std Trirotig X ^Nfr ^r^ 2,4 2,4 2,4 2,4 2,4 0,97 2,6 3,0*** 3,0 2,8 2,9 1,03 1,9 2,3** 2,2 2,2 2,2 0,95 2,1 2,4* 2,4 2,2 2,3 1,04 1,8 1,6 1,8 2,0** 1,9 1,9 1,7 1,8 1,8 1,07 1,8 0,97 2,1 2,5** 2,5* 2,2 2,3 1,01 2,1 2,3 2,3 2,2 2,3 0,99 Ket qua nghien ciiu d Bang cho thiy hgc smh gap khd khan frong lua chgn nghl nghiep d miie khac nhau, dd "khd khan tu danh gia nang luc, tinh each, hirng tiiii va sd thieh nghe nghiep cua ban than" cd miic khd khan cao nhit Nhilu nha tam ly hgc cho rang kha nang tu danh gia cua hgc sinh THPT thudng da phat triln d miic kha cao Cac em cd kha nang tu danh gia chinh xac dac diim thl chit ben ngoai cfing nhu dac diem tam ly ben trong; tu danh gia ban than mdt tdng thl hoan chinh, thdng nhat eiia cac dac diem do; sir dung nhuin nhuyin, phli hgp nhilu co sd dl danh gia, nhu chuan muc eiia xa hdi, su danh gia cua ngudi Idn, doi chiiu vdi ban be, miic ky vgng cua ban than [3] Tuy nhien, thuc tl, kha nhilu hgc sinh THPT til danh gia khdng chinh xac nang luc ciia ban than, eac em thudng cd xu hudng cudng dieu tu danh gia ma chu yiu la tu danh gia qua cao dac diim tam ly cua minh tii quyit dinh chgn bac dai hgc, thay cho bac cao ding, trung eip, day nghl - nhting bac hge phil hgp hon vdi miic phat trien nang luc cua cac em Tuong tu, nhilu em khdng biet rd diem manh va diem yiu vl mat tinh each cua ban than, khdng bilt minh thich nghe gi,^ cd thii vdi loai cdng viec nao Tinh trang nhilu hgc sinh ldp 12 dang ky nhieu hd so thi dai hgc d nhfrng ITnh -vuc boat ddng hoan toan khac phin nao phan anh nhting ban khoan cua cae em lua chgn nghl Trong do, hgc sinh it dugc 42 NghiSn ciiU Con ngudl sdi (52) 2011 Kho khdn qud trinh ren luyen vl ky nang tu danh gia Ngoai ra, cdng tac hudng nghiep d trudng chi chii trgng din vin dl trudng thi, khdi thi hay diem san ma it quan tam den tham van de xac dinJi hiing thii ca nhan, sy phfi hgp ve nang luc cua mdi ca nhan hgc sinh vdd nhimg nganh nghe khac Vi vay, cac em khd xac dinh dugc diem manh, diem yeu cting nhu hiing thii ciia ban than de cd co sd lua chgn nghe cho phu hgp Khd khan cfing cd miic cao la "thieu hieu biet ve yeu eau va dac diem ciia nghe" Ngay nay, vdi su phat trien cua cac phuong tien thdng tin dai chiing, saeh vd, tai lieu gidi thieu ve cac nganh nghe xa hdi rat phong phii Dieu nay, mdt mat, tao dieu kien de cac em cd the de dang tiep can thdng tin da dang, phong phii ve nghe nghiep, mat khac, de lam cac em rdi tri, mau thuan bdi thdng tin trai chieu Tinh tu phat frong tim kiem thdng tin cfing thudng dan den cac thdng tin ma cae em ed dugc khdng chuan xac, cd tinh phien dien va tinh cam quan Them vao do, viec trien khai ndi dung "giiip hgc sinh tim hieu the gidi nghe nghiep" cdn thieu hieu qua, chua cd kha nang nang cao su hieu biet ve yeu cau va dae diem cua nghe cho hgc sinh Trong hoan canh dd, eac em rat can cd su dinh hudng, chi dan ciia cae nha chuyen mdn va nhting ngudi cd kinh nghiem de lya chgn tai lieu hiiu ich, sang lgc thdng tin Su hd trg cang dac biet quan trgng thuc te, hgc sinh cd rat it thdi gian danh cho viec tim hieu nghe, ben canh lich hgc day dac d trudng, ldp hge them va d nha "Mau thuan gitia sd thich va nhu cau ve nghe cua xa hgi", "Thieu ngudn giiip dd viec lua chgn nghe nghiep" va "Chiu su chi phdi cua thi hieu nghe ciia xa hgi" cd muc khd khan -vfra phai Cd the thay mau thuan giiia sd thieh va nhu cau ve nghe ciia xa hdi la khd khan cd tinh phirc tap va viec giai quyet nd thudng khdng de dang Neu hpc sinh uu tien chgn nghe theo sd thieh, cac em phai ddi dien vdd miie nii ro eao viec kilm viec lam sau Ngugc lai, neu hpc sinh chgn nghe cd kha nang dap iing nhu cau nghe eua xa hdi cd the sau cac em lai hdi tiec va cd the phai chuyen nghe Tuong tu, thi hieu nghe eiia xa hdi cd tae ddng rat ldn den quyet dinh chgn nghe ciia cdng ddng, dac biet la gidi tre Theo nghTa chung, thi hieu nghe cua xa hdi phan anh quan diem ciia da sd ngudi ve nhirng nghe dugc ua chudng hon tai thai diem nhat dinh Trong nin kinh tl thi trudng nay, nghe dugc ua chudng thudng la nhiing nghe ed miic thu nhap cao vdi dieu kien lam viec tdt Hgc sinh THPT thudng cd xu hudng chay theo thi hieu va vi vay cting chiu anh hudng thi hieu nghe cua xa hdi manh me hon Nhilu em chgn nhfmg nghe dang dugc xem la mdt, "hot" d thdi diem hien tai ma khdng xem xet lieu thi hieu, trao luu dd cd dap img nhu cau viec lam eua xa hdi va phii hgp vdi ban than khdng Co hdi xin viec sau trudng va co hdi phat trien ciia nghe cfing chua dugc hgc sinh tinh den Su thieu chin chan, chua cd su trai nghiem dan den viec chua phan biet dugc dieu diing va sai thi hieu va trao luu ciia xa hgi ve nghe Chinh vi vay, viee hudng dan hgc sinh phan tich, danh gia tinh hgp ly cua thi hieu nghe ciia xa hditiurphuang dien xu hudng phat trien cua xa hgi, khoa hgc ky thuat, nhu cau viec lam cua dit nudc, dia phuang la viec lam can thiet Cac em cfing gap khd khan vi thieu ngudn giiip dd viec lua chgn nghe nghiep Khi lua chgn nghe, cac em khdng biet ca nhan bay td chirc nao ed the giiip eac em giai quyet hieu qua nhting khd khan Bd me thudng la ngudi cac em cd the hdi y kien nhieu nhat nhung ed nhieu bd me khdng cd kinh nghiem, hoac thiiu quan tam den viee dinh hudng nghe nghiep cho minh Nghien ciiu Con ngudl sd (52) 2011 43 Nguyin Thi Ngoc Be Cdng tac hudng nghiep d trudng THPT dugc thuc hien nhung cdn mang tinh hinh thirc nen kem hieu qua Giao vien ciing cho rang hieu qua cua su ho frg tir phia giao \ien la khdng cao Mdt giao vien a Trudng THPT Nguyen Hue cho ring: "Xhd rruong dd co Mnh thirc giiip da cdc em gidi quyit kho khdn thong qua hlnh thirc hogt dong hu&ng nghiep nhimg it co hieu qua vl gido vien ciing chua biit ro ve cdc nghe nghiep khdc ciia xd hqi" Mdt giao vien khae cho rang: 'Lt hieu qud vi hqc sinh thudng it himg thii cdc gio hqc hic&ng nghiep vd thu&ng lua chon nghe nghiep theo chii quan" Ndi dung cdng tae hudng nghiep can phai ket ndi hpc sinh \di cac ngudn hd frg de giiip cac em thu thap thdng tin, hieu rd van de, giai quyet dugc eac khd khan "Dao dpng theo y kien cua ban be" va •"chiu ap dat cua cha me" la hai van de cd mirc dp khd khan thap nhat Cd the ly giai ket qua theo nhieu hudng khac Mpt phan, d liia tudi nay, nhieu hpc sinh da biet lang nghe cd chpn lpc y kien ciia ban be, nhay cam vdi nhan xet, danh gia cua ngudi khac, coi frpng ldi khuyen cua ngudi ldn tudi NTid do, cac em it cd kho khan dao dpng theo y kien cua ban be Ben canh do, cd the nhieu phu huynh da thyc hien viec dinh hudng nghe nghiep mdt each hieu qua \'a tdn frpng quyen lua chpn nghe cua minh Dieu khien cac em khdng cam thay su ap dat tir cha me Tuy nhien, ciing khdng loai trir kha nang la cha me thieu quan tam den viec hudng nghiep cho con, de my mudn chpn gi thi ehpn Mac dii miic dp kho khan chung ciia toan mau chiu ap dat ciia cha me la khdng cao, xet rieng cac trudng hgp cho thay van can cd su quan tam dac biet bdi co nhimg hpc sinh cha me ap dat qua miic khien cac em lo lang, khimg hoang ve tinh than, mau thuan L.T.T.T, hgc sinh ldp 11, Trudng THPT Nguyen Trudng To chia se: "Hien tgi em dang khong biet phai ldm nhu the ndo Bdn thdn em rdt muon theo nghe trang tri noi thdt nhimg me em thi muon em theo khoa vdn nghe suphgm " 3.2.3 Yeu td •'Gidi", •"Trudng", "Hpc luc" va "Dieu kien kinh te gia dinh" dii vdi khd khan frong qua trinh lua chpn nghe cua hpc sinh THPT Xet theo gidi tinh: Cac em nii cd khd khan d mirc cao hon so vdi cac em nam d "tu danh gia nang luc, tinh each, hiing thu va sd thich nghe nghiep ciia ban than" (t^;93i= 3,48; p < 0,001), "mau thuan giira sd thich va yeu cau ciia nghl" (t(293) = 3,20; p < 0,01), "mau thuan giira sd thich va nhu cau ve nghe cua xa hdi" (t(293) = 2,03; p < 0,05), "dao dpng theo y kien ciia ban be" (t(293) = 2,93; p < 0,01) va "thiiu ngudn giiip da frong viec lua chpn nghe nghiep" (t(293)= 2,66; p < 0,01) Hpc sinh nii thudng nhay cam, hudng ndi, de xiic ddng, thieu tu tin va lo au nhieu hon NTdeu cdng trinh nghien cim (Peach 1991; Naughton, 1991) cho rang nir de bi stress nhieu hon nam la do'dac diim rieng cua timg gidi Mat khac, hpc sinh via thudng cd quan he ban be gin giii, gin bd hdn: chia se frao ddi, tam su vdi ban be nhieu hon va do, chiu su anh hudng tae dgng tir ban be nhieu hon so vdi hpc sinh nam, nhiing y kien cua ban be lam cho cac em tran trd va suy nghT Lien quan den viec lya chpn nganh nghl, ban be thudng moi ngudi cd y kiln rieng, nhieu liic frai ngugc Chinh vi \-ay, xoi hpc sinh nii, ban be la cho dua ldn vl tmh cam, nhung cung la nguyen nhan khien cac em ban khoan, thiiu nhit quan dua quyet dinh chpn nganh nghe Nguge Iai, hpc sinh nam tiiudng kin dao hon, it chia se thd Id vdi ban ban; quyet doan, dde lap hon frong \'iec qm'et dinh, \ i \'ay, it thay dii lya chpn ciia minh tac ddng cua ban be NTiimg dac diem xh "Gidi" nhu the cd thl da 44 Nghien Ciiu Con ngudt so (52) 2011 Kho khdn gud trinh anh hudng din miic dp khd khan lya chgn nghe nghiep cua cac em d nhiing ndi dung tren Xet theo hgc lue: Khd khan viec tu danh gia nang Iuc, tinh each, hiing thii va sd thich nghl nghiep ciia ban than ty le nghich vdi hgc luc cua cac em Ket qua phan tich sd lieu cho thay cd mdi tuong quan nghich giiia hgc luc va khd khSn frong tu danh gia nang lyc, tinh each, hiing thii va sd thich nghe nghiep cua ban than (r = -1,60; p < 0,01) Dac bi§t cae em hgc_sinh gidi, xuat sac it khd_khan hon hgc sinh kha, trung binh va yeu kem (:? Y-K = 3,03"; XTB^= 2,97; XK= 2,84;^ XG-XS = 2,24); (F(329i)= 2,89; p < 0,05) Vdi nang luc hgc tap ban che, nhdm hgc sinh yeu - kem va trung binh thudng gap khd khan frong viec hieu rd yeu cau va dac diem nghe nghiep, tu danh gia chinh xac nang luc, tinh each cua ban than, cae em thudng cd xu hudng danh gia thap nang luc cua minh va thieu tu tin ve ban than Cfing nang lyc ban che, hgc sinh yeu - kem va tnmg binh khd tu giai quyet dugc van de khd khan sinh qua trinh lua chgn nghe Vi vay, su hd frg tfr nha tham van la can thiet de giiip eac em danh gia chinh xac hqm nang luc, tinh each, hiing thli nghe nghiep, tfr dd cd dinh hudng nghe nghiep phii hgp Xet theo dieu kien kinh te gia dinh: Qua phan tich sd lieu cho thay, mac dii khd khan chiu su ap lue tfr cha me cd mire thap nhat nhung xet theo dieu kien kinh te gia dinh lai cd su khac bift dang ke,_frong nhung em cdjioan canh_^rat day dii" gap khd khan nhilu nhit (^Rkk= 1,0; XKk = l,8; XB,= \,7; XDd=l,9; X R ^ = 2,6), (F(3,29i) = 3,60; p < 0,01) Dieu cd the dugc ly giai theo nhieu hudng khac Cd the vdi dieu kien kinh te gia dinh kha gia, hgc sinh dugc su dau tu nhieu cho viec hgc tap nen su ky vgng cua cha me ddi vdi cac em la rat ldn Mat khac, cd the cha me cae em cd dia vi xa hgi nen dinh hudng cho tbi vao nhfrng trudng dugc eoi la danh gia ma nhieu khdng tinh den kha nang cua con, dieu dd tao nen ap luc nang ne cho cac em Ddi vdi nhting em cd hoan canh khd khan, cha me hgc sinh qua ban rdn vdi viec lam an, khdng cd thdi gian giup do, dinh hudng cho cac em viec lua chgn nghe Mgt hge sinh nam tam su ''Cha me em chdng bao gio quan tdm den em Hq di ldm tie t& m& sdng vd tr& ve nhd vdo ban dim that tre, luc em da di ngii Em co rdt nhieu vdn de muon noi vd mong nhgn noi cha me mot vdi l&i khuyen, nhung du&ng nhu ho khong bao gi& co thai gian ddnh cho em " De giiip hgc sinh giai quyet khd khan va xay dung mdi quan he phu hgp vdi cha me nham thuc day su cdng cua viec lua chgn nghe nghiep can phai tinh din dilu kien kinh te gia dinh cua cac em Xet theo trudng: Ket qua kiem dinh t - test hai gia tri trung binh nghien ciiu chi su khac biet cd y nghTa thdng ke d ndi dung "Thieu ngudn giiip viec lya chgn nghl nghiep" (t(293)= 1,97; p < 0,05), hge sinh Trudng THPT Nguyen Trudng To cd miic khd khan cao hon Dieu cd the lien quan den su khac biet ve hgc lyc gifra hgc sinh hai trudng: hgc sinh Trudng THPT Nguyen Trudng To hgc luc chu yiu la trung binh va dudi trung binh (chiem 82,5%), thap ban hin so vdd hgc sinh Trudng THPT Nguyen Hue, nod chu yeu la hgc sinh kha, gidi va xuit sic (chilm 72,4%) (kilm dinh Chi binh phuong cho thiy x^3) = 91,7; p < 0,001) Vdi hgc luc ban ehl, hgc sinh Trudng THPT Nguyen Trudng To cd khd khan nhilu hon, kha nang tu giai quyit van de ban che ban so vdi hgc sinh Trifdng THPT Nguyen Hu? Trong do, phin ldn giao vien khdng phai la can bd co hfiu ma dugc mdi tu cac trudng khac NghlSn ciiu Con ngudl so (52) 2011 ^c Nguvin Thi Nggc Be_ den day nen it cd thdi gian giup dd hgc smb Mat khac, cac em thudng e ngai, it manh dan, che dau tam trang ciia minh, ft tim each giai tda cam xiic ben ngoai va chia se vdi ngudi khac Em T.P.N, hpc sinh nam Trudng THPT Nguyin Trudng To da tam su; ''Trong l&p em, nhieu bgn rdt nhiit nhdt vd thieu tu tin, gi& hqc khong phdt bieu xdy dung bdi, gap kho khdn, thdc mdc thi khong ddm hoi thdy co " Vdd hgc luc tdt hon, hpc sinh Trudng THPT Nguyen Hue cd nhieu thuan lgi frong viec tim kiem va tiep nhan cac ngudn hd trg hudng nghiep Ket qua tren cting cd the xuat phat tir boat ddng hudng nghiep cua hai trudng Trudng THPT Nguyen Trudng To cd the chua quan tam nhieu den viec thuc hien ndi dung ket ndi hgc sinh vdi cac ngudn hd frg boat ddng hudng nghiep, khien eac em khdng biet can phai tun den ai, nod nao de cd the nhan dugc su giiip dd Ben canh do, cac co sd tham van hudng nghiep cdn rat it O Hue, hien tit ca cac trudng phd thdng chua cd trung tam tham van hgc dudng, ngoai xa hgi chi cd nhat mdt trung tam tham van tam ly d trudng Dai hge Su pham - Dai hgc Hue, va cfing khdng cd nhieu chuyen gia tham van hudng nghiep dugc dao tao bai ban Vi du, frong dgt tham van hudng nghiep chuan bi cho ky thi Dai hgc, Cao dang nam 2010, tinh Thira Thien Hue ehi cd hai can bd den timg dia phuong de tham van hudng nghiep cho hpc sinh Chinh vi vay, can thiet phai td chire tham van hudng nghiep d cac trudng THPT, can cd su dau tu thda dang cho nhfing trudng cd chat lugng kem hon, hpc sinh gap nhieu khd khan hon frong viec lua chpn nganh nghe NTiu xay, ket qua thu dugc da cho thay nhung khd khan lien quan din boat ddng hudng nghiep cua hgc sinh THPT Nguyen Trudng To va Nguyen Hue Nhung kit qua gdp phan khang dinh su can thiet phai td chiic boat ddng tham vin hudng nghiep d cac trudng THPT \'a la co sd thyc tien de de xuat bien phap thich hgp' nham giiip hpc sinh giai quyet cae khd khan, hd trg cac em thuc hien tdt viec lua chgn nghl Ket luan Hgc smh THPT gap nhieu khd khan qua trinh lua chgn nghl, "tu danh gia nang luc, tinh each, hiing thii va sd thich nghl nghiep cua ban than" la vin dl khd khan eao nhat Ngugc lai, cac em gap it "khd khan chiu su ap dat cua cha me" va "dao ddng theo y kien ciia ban be" nhat Yeu tl "Gidi", "Trudng", "Hpc luc" va "Dilu kien kinh te gia dinh" cd mdi quan he vdi khd khan qua trinh lua chgn nghl nghiep cua hgc sinh De giai quyet nhiing khd khan nay, ben canh su giiip cua bd me, thay cd giao, anh chi, ban be , cac em can cd su hd trg ciia cac nha ehuyen mdn XQ tham van hudng nghiep Tir ket qua nghien eiiu thue frang, chiing tdi dl xuit mgt sd bien phap nhim giiip cac em hpc sinh THPT giai quyet cae khd khan nhu sau: - Can td chiic boat dpng tham van hudng nghiep trudng THPT va cl ging dam bao tinh chm'en nghiep cua boat ddng frong dilu kien vl dpi ngii, co sd vat chit, quy trinh thuc hien Ve dgi ngii, boat ddng can dugc thuc hien bdi eac nha ehuyen mdn, nhirng ngudi ed tri thiic va ky nang tham vin tam ly, cd hieu biet sau rgng vl cac nganh nghe khac nhau, ve nhu eau xa hdi ddi vdd mdi nganh nghe Co sd vat ehit cin dap ling \-eu cau ciia boat ddng tham van tam ly ndi chung nhu dam bao su rieng tu, khdng gan giii Hoat ddng tham van hudng nghiep can tuan thu quy trinh tham vin tam ly, dam bao cac nguyen tac boat ddng tham van tam ly Trong dieu kien chua 4g Nghien ciiu Con ngudt sdi (52) 2011 Kho khdn qud trinh thl xay dung trung tam tham vin hudng nghiep d tit ca cac trudng THPT, can chi dan dl cac em cd thl tilp can tham vin hudng nghiep d nhting co sd cung cap dich vu thuan tien nhat - Ndi dung tham vin hudng nghiep can phu hgp vdi nhting khd khan cua hgc sinh, tap trung vao viec hudng dan, hd frg de hgc sinh cd the tu danh gia chinh xac nang lyc, tinh each, hiing thii nghe nghiep cua ban than, hudng dan cac em tim hieu ve yeu cau va dac diem ciia nghe Tir do, xac dinh mirc phu hgp ciia dac diem tam ly ciia ban than hgc sinh va yeu cau ciia nghe - Phdi hgp vdi gia dinh qua trinh tham van hudng nghiep de giiip cac em vugt qua nhirng khd khan viec chgn nghe - Tham van hudng nghiep cho hgc sinh can dugc bat dau thuc hien tii bac tnmg hgc CO sd de giiip cac em chgn ban, khdi hgc phfi hgp vdd kha nang, hiing thii nham phat buy nang khieu va sd trudng cua ban than hgc sinh [3, fr 113] - Can phdi hgp tham van hudng nghiep vdi cae ndi dung khac cua hoat ddng hudng nghiep ndi chung, cd the ke den boat ddng tham quan, giao luu vdi cac co sd san xuat, doanh nghiep, td chiic ; thi tim hieu ve cac nganh nghe xa hdi, gidi thieu ve nhu cau lao ddng cua xa hdi Tai lieu tham khao Nguyen Thi Ngpc Be, Tran Thi Tii Anh, Nhu cdu tham vdn hu&ng nghiep ciia hoc sinh trung hoc thong thdnh Hue, Tap chi Khoa hpc va Giao due, Trudng Dai hpc Su pham Dai hpc Hui (sl 2), 2010, fr 94 Nguyen Thj Ngpc Be, Nhu cdu tham vdn huimg nghiep ciia hoc sinh Truang THPT Nguyen Hue vd Truang THPT Nguyen Truang To - TP Hue - Thira Thien Hue, Luan van thac sT Tam ly hpc, Dai hpc Su pham - Dai hpc Hue, 2010 Le Van Hong, Le Ngpc Lan, Nguyen Van Thang, Tdm ly hoc lira tuoi vd tdm ly hoc su phgm, Nxb Giao due Ha Npi, 1995 Le Thi Thanh Huong, Tham vdn hirdng nghiep cho hoc sinh THPT thuc trgng a Viet Nam vd kinh nghiem qudc ti, dl tai nghien ciiu khoa hpc cap Bp, Vien Tam ly hpc, 2008 Kathryn Geldard & Da-vid Geldard, Tham vdn thieu nien, Nguyen Xuan NghTa, Le Lpc (dich va hieu chinh), Dai hpc Md - Ban cong TP Ho Chi Minh, 2002 Pham Van Son (Chu bien), Tdi lieu tap hudn doi mai phuang phdp gido due huang nghiep, Trung tam ho trp dao tao va cung iing nhan lire - Dir an phat trien giao due THPT, Bp Giao due va Dao tao Ha Npi, 2009 Goh M & Lee J-K, Career Counselling Centers in Higher Education: A study of Cross Cultural Applications from the United States to Korea, Asian Pacific Education Review, V4, Nl, 2003, 84-96 Narayana S, Counselling Psychology, McGra-w - Hill Publishing Company, 1981 Snyder, J.F, Hill, CE & Derksen, R.P, Why Some Students Do Not Use University Counselling Facilities, Joumal of Counselling Psychology, Vol 19, No, 1972 NghlSn ciiu Con ngudl sd (52) 2011 ^rj ... biet ve hgc lyc gifra hgc sinh hai trudng: hgc sinh Trudng THPT Nguyen Trudng To hgc luc chu yiu la trung binh va dudi trung binh (chiem 82,5%), thap ban hin so vdd hgc sinh Trudng THPT Nguyen... trang nhilu hgc sinh ldp 12 dang ky nhieu hd so thi dai hgc d nhfrng ITnh -vuc boat ddng hoan toan khac phin nao phan anh nhting ban khoan cua cae em lua chgn nghl Trong do, hgc sinh it dugc 42... khai ndi dung "giiip hgc sinh tim hieu the gidi nghe nghiep" cdn thieu hieu qua, chua cd kha nang nang cao su hieu biet ve yeu cau va dae diem cua nghe cho hgc sinh Trong hoan canh dd, eac em