Tgp chi khoa hgc TrUdng Dgi hgc Quy Nhdn So 1, Tap VI ndm 2012 BAI TAP CHINH TA TRONG SACH TIENG VIET TIEU HQC NHIN Tl/ THl/C TE BAI VIET CUA HQC SINH NGUYEN QUY THANH^ 1 Trong chffdng trinh Tie''''ng Vi[.]
Tgp chi khoa hgc TrUdng Dgi hgc Quy Nhdn So 1, Tap VI ndm 2012 BAI TAP CHINH TA TRONG SACH TIENG VIET TIEU HQC NHIN Tl/ THl/C TE BAI VIET CUA HQC SINH NGUYEN QUY THANH^ Trong chffdng trinh Tie'ng Viet tieu bpe phan mdn Chinh ta ed nhiem vu ypng tam la luyen cho hpc sinh kT nang vie't diing chinh ta tie'ng Viet Phan mdn Chinh ta chi cd bai tbffe hanh, khdng ed bai II thuyet Cac kie'n thffc ve chinh ta dffpc hlnh thdng qua thffc hanh Bdi luyen tap chinh ta (CT) dypc chia hai hinh thffc cP ban: CT dogn, bdi va CT am, van Hlnh thffc ehinh td dogn, bdi luyen cho hpc sinh kT nang vie't mot van ban ed sd chff (am tiet) tffdng ffng vdi thdi Iffpng quy djnh (tdc dp viet); gdm cae kieu: nhln-vie't (tap'chep) nghe-viet, nhd-viet (ehinh ta tri nhd) Hlnh tiiffc chinh td dm, vdn luyen cho hpc sinh vie't cac tie'ng ed am, van, dl sai khdng nam vffng quy tac vie't chff qud'c ngff bode anh hffdng ciia phat am dja phffdng Chinh td dm, vdn tiie hien d hai dang bai tap: bai tap CT bat bugc vd bai tap CT lUa ehgn L l Bai tap CT bdt bugc dung chung tren ta't ca eac viing mien ea nffdc, nham luyen cho hpc sinh nhffng van khd (uinh, uich, uyu, oao, oeo, ); nhffng trffdng hpp cd each vie't khac cho cung mpt am (c/k/q, g/gh, ng/ngh, d/gl, la/ya/li/yi, ) hoac la bai tap cd tinh tdng hpp, ren luyen each vie't dung cho hpc sinh nhieu vung mien Cd the thay tan sd xua't hien va sff phan bd' cac bai tap sach Tli'ng Viet qua Bang va Bang Bdng Bat tap CT bat bugc vi dm vd diiu Am/thanh c/k g/gh 1/n ng/ngh r/d, gi s/x tr/ch v/d Ldpi Ldp2 Ldp3 Ldp4 Ldp5 1 1 1 1 1 1 Cpng 11 11 11 NGUYEN QUY THANH" 104 ia/sa 4 ie/s e \e/\a — o/o ua/ud ua/ud ' - - 1 ya/yd ?/~ /?ff«^ /^r// /(//? CT but huge vi' vdn \ ;i n Ldp Ldp ai/aN an/a I anh/aeb ao/au ao/oao au/au ay/ay ae/oae a m/a p an/ang at/ac ac/at an/uan en/oen eo/oeo et/oel et/ech iec/iet ien/ieng/uyen ien/se-n iet/u\et ieu/yeu im/iem inh/uynh it/uyt iu/uyu oai oam oang/oae 1 Ldp Ldp Ldp Cpng 5 -" 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 '~ i 1 1 1 1 1 « - 1 T 1 L BAI TAP CHINH TA TRONG SACH TIENG VIET TIEU HOC oay oat/oac oc/ooc ong/oong uac/uat uc/ut uech ui/u6i ui/uy udi/ydi uot/uoc uyet/uyec ffc/irt yi/ydi ffPc/ffPt ydm/ydp 105 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.2 Bai tap CTlUa chgn la loai bai danh cho nhffng vung phffdng ngff khac Loai bai tap cd sdhieu dat da'u ngoac ddn, vl du: (2), (3) Mdi bai tap thydng gdm hoac bai bai tap nho ed ki hieu a), b), c) danh cho tffng viing phffdng ngff nha't dinh Chang ban: (3) Tun cac tiif: a) Chffa tie'ng bat dau bang s bode x, ed nghTa nhff sau: Ciing nghTa vdi chdm chi - Trai nghTa vdi gdn (Nffdc) chay ra't manh va nhanh b) Chffa tie'ng cd van ddn hoac ddng, cd nghTa nhff sau: Cung nghTa vdi thui Trai nghTa vdi phgt Lam chin bang each dat trffe tie'p len than, Iffa (Tli'ng Viet 3, Tap 1) Cd the tha'y tan so' xua't hien va sff phan bd cac bai tap sach Tli'ng Viet qua Bang va Bang NGUYEN QUY THANH' 106 Bang Bui tgp CT lUg chgn vc dm vu diiu Am/thanh 1/n -n/-ng r/d gi s/\ tr/ch \/d.ci i/ie o/o -y-c ?/~ Ldp Ldp Ldp Ldp Ldp COng 18 16 10 1 \5 18 21 14 16 17 7 1 1 2 I 48 41 45 52 10 59 Ldp 1 COng 26 20 1 /?aôg ã/ fia/ tap CT lUa chgn vc vdn V^n an/ang ao/au at/ac an/ang al/ac ac/at an/ang en/eng et/ec en/enh et/ech iec/iet ien/ieng ien/in iep/ip ieu/iu im/iem in/inh ong/ong 6n/6t 6ng/6c uc/ut un/ut ung/uc u6n/u6ng u6t/u6c Uc/yt ydc/ypt ypn/ypng Ldp Ldp Ldp Ldp 2 2 T 2 T ") -> 1 1 1 1 1 T 1 1 ~i 1 1 ~> 1 1 1 2 1 4 5 1 1 1 1 BAI TAP CHINH TA TRONG SACH TIENG VIET TIEU HOC 107 Vie't diing chinh ta la vie't diing chuan chff vie't ngdn ngff dan tpc Nguyen tae ehinb ta ed ban eiia tie'ng Viet la nguyen tae ngff am hpe-ndi thi vie't vay Tren thffc te, bpc sinh vie't sai ehinh ta hai nguyen nhan ehii yeu Thff nha't, chff Qude ngff khdng cd sff tydng ffng tuyet dd'i 1-1 giffa am va chff Hpc sinh lieu bpe, dac biet la cae ldp dau cap, cbffa hlnh \ ffng chac bieu tffdng am-ebff nen vie't sai Vi du: ke > ce, kip > cip; nghe > nge; gia dinh > da dinh; Thff hai he thdng ngff am tieng Viel tdn tai eac bien the phffdng ngff Khdng ed viing phffdng ngff nao phan anh day dii eae am \i dffdc the hien tren cbff vie't Phat am dia phffdng ehi phd'i rat Idn de'n viec vie't chinh ta eiia bpc sinh VI \ ay day hpc ehinh ta d lieu bpe can gan vdi thye te eac \ ung phydng ngff So \di sach Tli'ng \'lct cii sach mdi da ebii y nhieu den ehinh ta phffdng ngff, phu hpp vdi nguyen tae ehinb ta tie'ng Viet So lieu thd'ng ke cho tha'y bai tap Iffa chpn chie'm ti le eao hdn bai tap bat bude Tuy nhien, tff thffc te' phypng ngff va thyc trang ldi chinh ta d tieu hpc, chiing tdi tha'y can trao ddi vdi cac ddng nghiep mpt so' diem nham nang eao hieu qua luyen tap ehinb ta eho hpc sinh 2.1 Bai tap chinh ta bat bude nhy da neu, dya luyen ehii ye'u cac van khd, trydng hdp cd each viet khac eho ciing mpt am bode la bai tap c6 tinh tdng hdp, ren luyen each viet dung cho bpc sinh nhieu vilng mien Song, nhin vao Bang va Bang ta tha'y ed nhffng am, van ehi danh eho viing phffdng ngff nha't dinh, lap lai d bai tap CT lya chpn (Bang Bang 4) Chang ban, cae cap am, van dypc in dam chi thydng nham lan d phydng ngff tff Thffa Thien-Hue trd vao: dn/dng, dc/dt, ac/at, uoc/uot, uac/uat, Hpc sinh mien Bac bau nhff khdng vie't sai cae cap am, van 2.2 Bai tap CT Iffa chpn dypc dung cho eac vung phypng ngff Mdi bai cd hoac bai tap nho de Iffa chpn luyen cho phii hdp vdi bpc sinh tffng vung Theo cac nha soan sach giao khoa, "cac cap am, van, dffpc luyen vie't gdm ed: Phu am dau (danh eho bpe sinh phypng ngff Bac bp): l/n, tr/ch, s/x, r/d/gl Van (danh cho hpc sinh eac phffdng ngff Nam Trung bp Nam bp): an/ang, an/ dng, dn/dng, en/eng, uon/uong, uan/uang, lin/ling; at/ac, dt/dc, at/ac, uot/uoc, ut/uc, ut/uc, uat/uac, lit/lie; in/inh, et/ich; Im/lim, lu/liu; o/o Thanh (danh eho hpc sinh cac phffdng ngff Bac Trung bd Nam Trung bd va Nam bp): hol/thanh ngd" [10,107-108] Ddi chieu bai tap vdi cac vung phffdng ngff, chung ta tha'y tinh hlnh nhff sau: 2.2.1 Cd nhffng bai tap bao quat dffdc ta't ca cac vung: bai (a) ffng vdi vung nay, bai (b) ffng vdi cac vung cdn lai Loai bai tap cd sd Iffpng khdng nhieu 108 NGUYEN QUY THANHVi du: (3) Dien vao chS trdng: a) tr hay eh! eay e, mai e, ung thanh, ung sffc b) dd hay dd7 rae tbi , trdi mffa, xe lai (Tli'ng Viet 2, Tap 1) Trong bai tap (3), bai faj danh cho hpc sinh tff Thanh Hda trdra, bdi f^j ddnh cho bpe sinh iff Thanh Hda trd vao (Thanh Hda la vung dem giffa phffdng ngff Bdc va phffdng ngff Trung vffa khdng ed eae phu am quat Iffdi r, s, /r nhff phffdng ngff Bdc; vffa pbal am khdng phan biet hdi va ngu nbff phffdng ngff Trung va Nam) 2.2.2 Phan ldn la cae bai tap khdng bao qudt dffdc ta't ea cdc viing Vl du 1: (2) Dien vao chd trdng: ailhayn? b)anhayang? enh d ' hodng - dp bai d.' dng - hdm p s.' lodng (Tli'ng Viet 3, Tap 7) (J vi du 1, bai (a) chi dp dung dd'i vdi mpt so' vung thupc phypng ngff Bac bp co phat am lan ldn l/n; bai (b) cho cdc phffdng ngff tff Thffa Thien-Hue trd vdo (phat am an > ang) Vi du 2: (2) Dien vao cho trong: a) I bay n? ong anh day ffdc in trdi Thanh xay khdi bie'e on phdi bdng vang NGUYEN DU b) en hay eng? [ ] c) i hay ie? [ ] (Tie'ng Viet 2, Tap 1) O VI du 2, bai (a) chi phu hdp vdi mpt sd vilng thupc phffdng ngff Bac bp cd phat am lan ldn l/n; bai (b) cho cac phffdng ngff tff Thffa Thien-Hue trd vao (phat am en > eng); bai (c) cho vung Thanh Hda ( li > I, nhieu am tiet khdng md) va cac dja phffdng NamTrung bp Nam bp (/ > ii, nhieu am tiet khdng md) BAI TAP CHINH TA TRONG SACH TIENG VIET TIEU HOC 109 Cd the ddn nhieu bai tap nhff loai (ii): r/d,gl-len/ln; s/x-dn/dng; tr/ch-at/ac; hol/ngd-ong/ong; l/n-v/d; r/d,gl-dn/dng: l/n-uon/uong; tr/ch-uot/uoe; tr/ch-lin/ling; Nhff vay, dd'i chieu vdi thffc te ngff am dja phffdng, cd nhffng vilng khdng chpn dffpc bai tap lln bai tap phu hpp vdi thffe trang chinh ta phydng ngff Chang han, cac bai tap d vi du va deu khdng thude va'n de chinh ta Iffa chpn ddi vdi hpc sinh tff Nghe An de'n Quang Trj 2.3 Nhff da trinh bay bai tap chinh ta Iffa chpn la danh cho cac viing phypng ngff Sach giao khoa chi cd the dffa nhffng trffdng hpp chinh ta phd bien tren mpt pham vi nha't djnh Thffc te phat am eiia cy dan cac viing kha phffc tap Tren nen ngff am vung phffdng ngff cdn cd cae thd am; sff dan xen, pha trdn cac ngdn ngff, phffdng ngff, yen mpt dia ban Tinh hlnh khien cho bffe tranh ldi chinh ta eiia bpc sinh tieu hpc cung da dang, phffc tap Chang ban, cac tinh Tay Nguyen, dac biet la Dak Lak, cd ra't nhieu ngffdi thupc cac viing mien tff Bdc chi Nam de'n day lam an sinh sdng Tren vung da't cao nguyen cd sff dan xen giffa dan tpc Kinh gdc Bac-Trung-Nam; cac dan tpc It ngffdi nhff E De, H're, M'ndng, Tay, Niing, Thai, Mffdng, Ket qua khao sdt bai chinh ta ciia hpc sinh thupc 50 trffdng tieu hpc d Dak Lak va Dak Ndng phan anh khd rd tinh da dang ve phan cff dan d viing Ldi chinh ta cd trffdng hpp anh hffdng phat am Nam Trung bd Nam bd, Bac Trung bp, Bac bp; ed trffdng hpp phat am tie'ng me de ciia hpc sinh dan tdc thieu sd' Chang ban, ldi ve phy am dau s/x, tr/ch, r/d, l/n; phu am cudi n/ng, t/e; dieu (khdng ghi da'u hoac dung sai anh hydng tie'ng me de cua hpc sinh dan tdc thieu so'), Dieu khien gido vien gap khdng It khd khan viec ren luyen chinh ta cho hpc sinh 2.4 Ve ba phu am quat lydi r, s, tr, sach gido khoa chii ye'u dya vdo loai chinh ta lya chpn cho phypng ngff tff Thanh Hda trd Tuy nhien, tren thffc te, hpc sinh Trung bp vd Nam bp van vie't sai cac phu am ndy d/gl, x, ch Cd nhieu nguyen nhan khien hpc sinh pham ldi nhyng cd le nguyen nhan chinh la hien typng gan dm cua cac cap r/ d,gl; s/x; tr/ch-cung nhy hpc sinh Bac bp van vie't sai hai gan dydng net hoi/ngd Ke't qua khao sat bai chinh ta ciia hpc sinh thudc 136 ldp d 103 trydng tieu hpc tinh Nam Trung bp: Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Dak Lak, Dac Ndng, Ninh Thuan-cho tha'y ldi ve cac cap phu am kha phd bien Ldi ve r/d,gl; s/x; tr/ch dydng nhy khdng chi la rieng cua hpc sinh Bac bd Tff viec phan tich bai tap chinh ta sff ddi chieu vdi thyc te chinh ta ciia hpc sinh, cd the de xua't mot sd y cho viec ren luyen chinh ta d tieu hpc 3.1 Khdng nha't thiet phai thyc hien nhffng bai tap bat budc dd'i vdi vung phffdng ngff hpc sinh It vie't sai; vl du cac cap: dn/dng, dt/dc, dt/dc, et/ich, ut/uc, uot/uoc, uat/ uac, dd'i vdi hpc sinh mien Bac Thay vao dd, cd the luyen cac hien tffpng chinh ta cua dia phffdng, chang ban vung phffdng ngff Bac bp la cap van uau/liu, Uu/lu 110 NGUYEN QUY THANH" 3.2 Can phan loai bpc sinh mdl ldp Iheo diie diem phat am de ed ndi dung, bien phap luye-n tap phii hdp, diie biel la khu vffe "da ngff a m " nhff Tay Nguyen 3.3 Viet sai eae eiip phu am r/d,gl; s/x; s/x la bien tffdng phd bien d cac viing phffdng ngff, khdng ehi rieng bpe sinh tff Ihanh Hda trd VI vay eung can luyen tap nhffng phu am eho hoe sinh Trung bo va Nam bp 3.4 Khi doe eho hoc sinh \ iet, giao vien can phat am chuan (the hien tren cbff vie't), "trdn vanh, rd chff" nhai la nhffng trffdng hdp gan am 2>.S Nen hinb eho bpe sinh ihdi quen dpc sach bao de nh('t mat cbff cua tff (O cac bac bpe tren, hoe sinh dd sai ehinb ta bdn mae du van phat am dia phffdng ehii ye'u la nhd cd \6w iff phong phii va nhd dffdc mat chff eiia tff nhieu hdn) 3.6 Cae Irffdng lieu bpe nen khuyen khich nhffng de tai nghien effa khoa bpc tap the: thd'ng ke phan K)ai ldi ehinb la tffng bai vie't ciia hpc sinh de lpc dffdc nhffng chff can luyen theo phffdng chain "sai gl sffa nay" ed cap dp boa kie'n thffc Lam dffpc nhy vay chac chan ldi chinh ta cua bpe sinh se giam nhieu Dieu phu thupc rat Idn vao tam huyei eiia eac nha giao due, nha't la giao vien dffng Idp TAI LIEU THAM KHAO [1] Bp Giao due va Dao tao, Chucmg trinh gido due phd thdng-Ciip Tieu hgc, Nxb Giao due, (2006) [2] Bp Giao due va Dao tao, Tieng Viet I Nxb Giao due (2002) [3] Bp Giao due va Dao tao, Tieng Viet Nxb Giao due (2003) [4] Bp Giao due va Dao tao, Tieng Viet Nxb Giao due (2004) [5] Bp Giao due va Dao lao, Tie'ng Viet Nxb Giao due, (2005) [6] Bp Giao due va Dao lao, Tieng Viet Nxb Giao due, (2006) [7] Bp Gido due va Dao tao, Hudng dan thuc hicn chudn kien thffc, kT ndng cdc mon hgc d lieu hgc Ldp 1, 2, 3, 4, Nxb Gido due, (2009) [8] Hoang Thi Chau, Plmmg ngff hgc tieng Viet Nxb DHQG Ha Npi, (2004) [9] Nguyen Minh Thuyet (chu bien) Hdi-ddp vi dgy hgc Tieng Viet 2, Nxb Giao due, (2004) [10] Nguyen Minh Thuyet (chii bien), Hdi-ddp ve dgy hgc Tieng Viet 4, Nxb Giao due, (2006) BAI TAP CHINH TA TRONG SACH TIENG VIET TIEU HQC 111 SUMMARY DICTATION EXERCISES IN "TIENG VIET" COURSEBOOK FOR PRIMARY SCHOOLS THROUGH THE STUDY ON PUPILS' PAPER TESTS Nguyen Quy Thanh Dictation exercises in "Tieng Viet" coursebook for primary schools are divided into two types The first is compulsory exercises for the pupils in all parts of our country The second is flexible exercises used in different areas with different dialects In comparison with the printed exercises in the book with the real writing dictation papers of our pupils, we found that most of the second type of exercises haven't reflected the complexity of the dialect dictation That is the reason why we should choose and build suitable types of dictation exercises depending on the reality of each area, at the same time suggesting the right way for pupils' practice "Khoa Giao due Tieu hoc-Mam non Tru'dng Dai hpc Quy Nhdn Ngay nhan bai: 23/02/2011; Ngay nhan dang: 05/9/2011 ... rae tbi , trdi mffa, xe lai (Tli''ng Viet 2, Tap 1) Trong bai tap (3), bai faj danh cho hpc sinh tff Thanh Hda trdra, bdi f^j ddnh cho bpe sinh iff Thanh Hda trd vao (Thanh Hda la vung dem giffa... viing phffdng ngff, khdng ehi rieng bpe sinh tff Ihanh Hda trd VI vay eung can luyen tap nhffng phu am eho hoe sinh Trung bo va Nam bp 3.4 Khi doe eho hoc sinh \ iet, giao vien can phat am chuan... cap am, van, dffpc luyen vie''t gdm ed: Phu am dau (danh eho bpe sinh phypng ngff Bac bp): l/n, tr/ch, s/x, r/d/gl Van (danh cho hpc sinh eac phffdng ngff Nam Trung bp Nam bp): an/ang, an/ dng, dn/dng,