GIAD DUC TRAI N G H I E M TRONG DAY HOC MON TIJ NHIEN VA XA HOI 01 TI^U HOC O ThS V O TRUNG MINH • David A Kolb Id mdt nhd If ludn gido dye (GD) ddu Hdn nghien euu v l gido dye frdl nghiem (GDTN); phd[.]
G I A D D U C TRAI N G H I E M TRONG DAY HOC MON TIJ NHIEN VA XA HOI 01 TI^U HOC O D ThS V O TRUNG M I N H • avid A Kolb Id mdt nhd If ludn gido dye (GD) ddu Hdn nghien euu v l gido dye frdl nghiem (GDTN); phdt friln md hinh hgc tgp frdl nghiem (experlenHol learning), riiudng duge biet d i n vol cdt ten Chu h-inh hgc tap Kolb, nhdm «quy trinh hdo" vlec hgc vdi cde glal dogn vd tfioo toe duge djnh nghTa ro rdng Thdng qua chu frinh ndy, ed ngudi hgc lan ngudi dtay d i u ed tfil edi tien lidn h^e chd't lugng eung nhu frinh cOo vlec hge Ddy Id mdt frong so cdc md hinh duge sti dyng rgng rdi n h ^ frong vide: tfillt k l chuong frinh hgc, tfillt k l bdi gidng; gidng dgy vd hudng don hgc tdp cho hge sinh (HS) Bdi v l ^ frinh bdy vide vdn dyng md hinh GDTN frong dtay hgc (DH) cho HS t t l u hge nhdm gdp phdn ddl mdl phucmg phdp DH vd ndng coo chd't lugng GD HS G D T N Id qud trinh GD, frong d d ehu trgng khoi tfidc tdi kinh nghidm vd k i l n tfitic cd sSn cua HS, tgo mgi d i l u kidn d l HS phdt huy cdc khd ndng cua bdn tfidn frong hogt ddng hgc tdp Ddc diim cua GDTN: + Gido vidn (GV) td ngudi tfillt k l , td chue, hudng ddn cde hogt dgng d l HS trdi nghidm ty lye chilm h'nh k i l n thuc, ngi dung, dgt dt/gc cdc mye Heu cuo bdl hge; -i- Q u d frinh DH Id qud trinh td chiie ede hogt ddng hgc tdp tich cyc cho HS; HS ludn ed eo hdl de the hien kie'n tfiuc, kt ndng, vdn sd'ng vd khd ndng cOa bdn tfidn hogt ddng hgc tdp; + Q u d frinh frdl nghidm h/ phdt hidn k i l n tfiu'c mdl cuo HS cd rill chd'p nhdn don d i n k i t qud sol Idm Sol Idm frong Hnh hudng cd nhdn phdi phdt k i l n Id b d ich cho hgc tdp vi no glOp HS riid'y rdng, ed mgt b i l n so khde ndo d o lldn quan dong d trgng riidl chuo dugc phdn tich d d y dO; + Vide ddnh gid HS khdng chi nhdm myc dfch,nhdn djnh thye frgng vd d i l u chfnh hogt ddng cua HS m d cdn tgo dieu kien nhgn djnh thyc trgng vd d i l u chfnh hogt dgng DH cuo GV Md hinh Chu ki GDTN cua David Kolb Glal dogn - Kinh nghl$m: HS c6 t h i dd c6 mgt so k i l n thtic, kT ndng v l ehu d l , ngi dung cdn hge Dieu d d se tgo ro cde kinh nghidm nhdt dinh cho HS, vd chOng frd tfidnh «nguydn lldu tidu vdo" quon frgng cOo qud frinh hgc tdp Glal dogn - Quan sdt, phdn hii: HS cd sy phdn tieh, ddnh g i d cdc kinh nghidm dd cd; h/ minh cdm nhgn, suy h/dng, phdn xet v l ede kinh nghidm d d , lien he vdi thye t l Glal dogn - Hinh thdnh khdl nlim: Sou cd dugc sy quan sdt chl Hd't vd suy h/dng sdu sdc, HS Hin hdnh khdl nidm hdo cdc kinh nghidm dd nhgn dugc Glal dogn - Thu nghiem tieh cyc: HS dd cd mgt bdn kd't lugn duge dOc rut hi thyc tien vdi cde ludn cu vd suy tu dugc tidn k i t chdt che Bdn k i t lugn d d cd the col nhu mdt g i d tfiuylt vd phdl dua vdo thyc Hen d l k i l m nghiem V I mgt li thuylt, so d d Kolb se bdt ddu h i gioi dogn d i n glal dogn vd bdt ddu frd Igi d glal dogn tgo thdnh mdt vdng frdn khdp kin Qud trinh hgc Hip dien mdt cdch lldn tyc vd nhjp nhdng frdn CO sd nhung thdnh tyu dd tfiu dugc G D T N frong DH d Heu hge Glal dogn - Kinh nghiem - b d t d d u qud trinh hgc t o p trdi nghidm: HS edn dugc G V gloo nhidm vy cy t h i nhu: t r d choi, sdm v o l , HS H i p nhdn nhiem v y , bdng vdn kinh nghidm d d cd cOng v o l vide huy d d n g t o l d a cdc gidc Q u d trinh GDTNcd tfnh chu kl, duge t h i hien quo mo hinh sou: *S«Giaod|c-Uot9ollaUij ^.-^ Kinh nghidm Thii nghif m tich cgc M \ Quan silt v^ phan h6i Kmh th^nh khia ni$m P^ Tap chi Blao due so 8 (id a ã ô/aoi2i quon d l tid'n h d n h t r d i nghidm g i d l quyd't nhiem vy dugic g l a o Trong Idp hgc, G V luu y mSl HS se cd mgt vd'n kinh nghidm khde lldn quon d i n hogt d d n g , nhidm vy dugc g l o o Vide quon tdm dd'n vd'n kinh nghidm eOo HS, giup G V h d t r g kjp t h d i , ddng thdi gloo nhidm vy v i i a sue, t g o thudn lgi t d chuc cdc h o g t ddng thdnh cdng hon Glal dogn - Quan sdt, phdn hii: giOp HS h i l u cde tde d d n g Hnh hud'ng ey t h i m d HS t l l p nhgn d glal dogn Ddy Id g i a i d o g n HS trinh b d y nhi/ng gt minh thyc hidn dugc tfieo ydu cdu md GV d d gioo d giai d o g n HS thdo ludn, nhdn xdt, thdm chf phdn bidn v l cde k i t qud trinh b d y cua cd nhdn hgdc nhdm; ddnh g i d khdeh q u a n , ed he thd'ng v l kinh nghidm ey t h i d d tfch luy trude d d G V c i n tgo dieu kien d l HS phdt huy cao d g ede kinh nghidm sdn ed vdo thye hidn nhidm vy (riidng qua vl^c tgo n l l m Hn, d d n g vien, k h u y i n khfeh d l HS dugc trtnh bdy h i t suy nghT cuo minh v l vd'n d l dugc glao) Giai dogn • Hinh thdnh khdl nidm: Hinh tfidnh hieu b i l t v l cde nguyen li ehung tucmg ling vdi cde Hnh hud'ng cy t h i , glOp HS lien hd «klnh nghl$m cy t h i " cOa minh vdi If thuylt Sou c6 dug^c quon sdt chi Hd't k i t hop vdi suy tudng sdu sdc, HS Hin hdnh khdl ni^m hdo cde kinh nghidm d d nhgn duge Ddy td bude quan frgng d l cde kinh nghiem dircre ehuyin doi thdnh «tri thtic" vd bdt ddu luu g i u lgi v d ndo Khdng ed budc ndy, cdc kinh nghiem sd khdng tfil dugc ndng cdp vd phdt trien Idn mgt tdm cao mdl huu ieh hon md chl Id ede trdi nghiem vyn vdt nh^t dugc Hdn trinh hgc tgp hoy tfiyc hdnh Glal dogn khdl nidm hda k i t tfiOc bSng vide Idp mdt k l hogch eho cdch hdnh ddng tiep theo tfidl glon tol Thdng rfiudng glal dogn ndy dugc Hep not gioi dogn trudc (quan sdt cd suy tudng) mgt cdch ty nhlen bdng vide trd Idl eho cdc edu hdl quan trgng qud frinh quan sdt vd suy tudng - c d ' t h i col n h u k i t lugn cOo todn b d qud trinh suy tudng T h i l t k l « K I hogch D M ' minh hga Bdl: Mdt so' lodi edy song tren can (Ty nhidn vd Xa h d i 2} • Mye Hdu: Sau bdl hgc, HS: - Bilt ndu tdn vd loi ich cOa mdt sd edy sdng frdn cgn; - Hinh tfidnh kr ndng quan sdt md ha; - Cd tfidl d d yeu quy va bdo vd edy • ehud'n bj: - GV: + Chgn djo d i l m td chtic DH, noi cd nhleu edy sd'ng trdn cgn nhu: sdn t r u d n g , cdng vien, ehudn bj tfidm tronh dnh mgt sd edy sd'ng trdn cgn md noi quan sdt khdng c d ; + Philu hudng ddn quon sdt (cd tfil tfiam khdo ngi dung phid'u dfnh kdm); - HS chudn bj trang phye (mu, gidy ) d l hge tdp ngodi t r d i ; - G V tdp trung Idp, dn djnh Idp vd gldl thldu bdl hge «Mgt sd lodi edy sd'ng trdn c g n " ; phd b i l n ndi quy hgc ngodi thidn nhidn, khu vyc hgc tdp ' Cdc hogt ddng DH dyo tfieo quy frinh GDTN d i l n ro nhu sou: - Hogt dgng - Tral nghlim: + GV chia Idp thdnh nhi/ng nhdm nhd vd gioo nhlem vy cho cdc nhdm: quon sdt khu vyc hge tdp cdc em vd hodn thdnh phid'u hudng ddn quon sdt; -i- HS Hen hdnh thyc hien nhlem vy dugc glao theo nhdm, tdp trung dl quon sdt khu vyc dugc phdn edng Bdng vd'n k i l n thtic cd sdn cuo moi HS, cung vol sy huy d$ng td'l da cdc gidc quon d l gldl quye't nhlem vy dugc g l a o ; + GV cdn chu y boo qudt Idp hge, ho trg cdc nhdm g d p kho khdn - Hogt ddng - Quan sdt - Phdn hit: + Sou h i t thdi glon quan sdt x o n g , GV tdp trung ede nhdm l g i , ydu cdu moi nhdm cti mdt d g i didn len trinh b d y trude Idp; -i- Ldn lugt mdl nhdm et) d g i dl?n trinh b d y ngi dung cuo phid'u, cdc HS khde nhdm cd the bo sung thdm; cdc nhdm khde trao d d l v l ngi dung md nhom b g n trinh b d y ; + G V cd t h i sti d y n g edu hdl g g i y de cdc nhdm trinh b d y hd't n h u n g n g i dung quon sdt dugc; + G V h u d n g d d n cdc nhdm nhdn xdt tung ngi dung trao d d i cuo nhdm b g n Glal dogn - Thu nghlim tich cyc: Cdc gid dinh duge k i l m nghl|m frong cdc linh hudng moi gioi dogn frude, HS dd ed mgt bdn k i t lugn duge due rOt tu tfiyc Hen vdi cdc ludn eu vd suy tu duge lldn k i t chdt che Bdn k i t ludn d d cd tfil col nhu mdt gid tfiuylt vd phdi dua vdo tfiyc Hen d l k i l m nghidm, ddnh g i d - Hogt ddng - Hinh rfidn/i Ididi nlim: + GV ggi y de HS ndu dugc sy da d g n g , phong phu cOo lodi edy sd'ng trdn egn vd loi ich cuo chung; + GV nhdn xdt, k i t ludn: Cd rd't n h i l u lodi edy sdng frdn cgn Chung Id ngudn eung cdp tfitic dn cho eon ngudi v d ddng vgt, ngodi ro ehOng edn ed n h l l u Igi ich khde Tap chi filao due s6 8 (kt a •/aoiai - Hogt ddng - Thu nghidm tieh cgc + G V phdt eho mdl nhdm vdi tronh hodc d n h d a chudn b j , ydu cdu HS nhdm eho biet: tdn vd fch lgi cuo edy hinh; + HS Idm vide theo n h d m ; -t- Sou cdc nhdm quon sdt x o n g , G V thu tranh lgi v d ed nhdn mgt sd HS frinh b d y ten vd lgi fch cuo cdc edy hinh; -i- HS vd GV nhdn xet, ddnh gid hodc trao d d i thdm v l ngi dung trinh bdy Trong DH d H I U hgc, khdng ed mgt phuong phdp hay mdt hinh tfiue DH ndo Id idl uu vd mang lgi h l f u qud cao nhdt Lya chgn phuong phdp vd hinh thtic td chtic DH phO hgp vdi ndl dung bdi hge, hgp vdi ddc d i l m tdm sinh li HS, phu hgp vdi thyc t l DH cOa moi Idp Id nhidm vy quon frgng cOo moi GV Bdl v i l t gdp phdn giup GV cd tfidm mdt lya chgn frong vi^c td chtic DH cho HS nhdm ndng eao chdt lugng GD todn didn H I U hgc hl#n noy Phy lyc: Phliu hudng dan quan sdt idP NH6M;„ mtu HudNC DIU QUAN ski Tin cOy qucin i d l D6ldcAxeaochab6ngrndlKciycO/hoa,ceyc6? Cay ilA cdhoa hoy k M n g f 5, C6y am quon t6l dinjt: c6 xanh ttSi IthAng? T9I soo? Em hay n t u k h I9I Clio < « / ? Gia tri bleu tirong "cay xa nu" (Tiip theo hxmg 54) chlen ddu V d cuge ddng khdl nd ro tfii siic mgnh Idng cdm thu cOo nhdn ddn dugc midu td nhu sy ndi gidn, sy trOng phgt cuo rung xd nu: «Sud> ddm nghe cd rung Xd Man do rung ddng vd lua chdy ld)6p rung " Khdng riil phu nhdn, hinh h/gng «cdy xd nu" Id mgt Hidnh cdng xuat sdc vi phuong dl$n nghi thudt cOo nhd vdn N g u y i n Trung Tlidnh nhdt Id frong riiu phdp nhdn cdch hod, midu td edy xd nu nhu ngudi Thdn edy frd riidnh «t/idn hinh xd mf, nhya xd nu «n/ju nhiing eye mdu ldn", n i n g x d nu «iron /d'm nggc Idn cOa minh che did cho /dng* Nhd vdn dd b i l n ning x d nu riidnh mgt h^ thd'ng hinh dnh, mdt «nhdn vgt" duge midu td song song, ung ehllu vdi h$ riidng hinh tugng nhdn vdt Tdt cd d i u phdl huy siic mgnh cua riiO phdp ngh§ riiudt nhdn cdch hod, nghe tfiudt mong tinh b i l u hrong Xdy d y n g tinh b i l u t u g n g «cdy xd nu", N g u y i n Trung Thdnh dd k i t hgp but phdp hi vd ggi: but phdp td dem d i n hinh dnh cy tfil, sinh ddng v l edy x d nu - mgt lodi edy hg tfidng, mang sue sd'ng b i n bi mdnh lldt, gdn vdi ddl sdng ngudi ddn Tdy Nguyen; but phdp ggi mong lgi chllu sdu y nghTo b i l u hrong cOo xd nu Chfnh d i l u ndy Idm cho b i l u h/gng mong mgt vd d^p hdo hung, Idng mgn vd dien dgt dugc c h i l u sdu h; tudng tdc phdm Q Tdi lifu tham khdo BO GD-DT Tu nhi^n vd Xd hOi NXB Gido due Tdi li^u tham khdo Vif I Nam, H.2011 Nga vdn 12 (nftng cao, t9p 2) NXB Gido dftc, Kolb D Trdi nghidm hpc tdp ldnh nghidm nhiria H.2008 ngudn gffc ciia vi$c hpc vd phdt trien Englewood Nguydn D3ng M^nh "Nguyin Ngpc, ngudi Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1984 ldng mpn" (sach Nhd vdn Vi^t Nam hi^n dai, chdn Geoffrey Petty Day hpc ngdy NXB Stanley dung vd phong cdch) NXB Tri, TP HO Chi Minh, Thornes (Bdn djeh D\j dn Vi^t - BI, 2003) 2000 Nhi Ca "Bin tay Tnu vh cay xk nu" T?p chi Vdn SUMMARY nghi qudn d0i, s6 8/1976 Experiential education Is a process focusing on utilization of maximum existing knowledge and expenence of students, creating ail conditions so that students improve their abilities in learning activity, in teact)ing of Nature and Society sutijects at elementary school, experientkji education create opportunity for students to improve their maximum knowledge on human, thing, natural phenomenon very closed in their life as well as create opportunity In order that students develop their senses In learning SUMMARY 'Rung xa nu' Is a typical work for Nguyen Ngoc's art styie 'Rung xanu'-a short story - embraced the major matters of the nation and Vietnamese people during the period of resistance against the U.S To express the theme of the work, the writer, Nguyen Ngoc successfully described the 'xanu'image This article discusses about the xa nu's symbolic value, suggests an approach and ejqDioits "Rung xanu' story Tap chi filao due so 8 (in a • 6/aoi2> ...quon d l tid''n h d n h t r d i nghidm g i d l quyd''t nhiem vy dugic g l a o Trong Idp hgc, G V luu y mSl HS se cd mgt vd''n kinh nghidm khde lldn quon d i n hogt d d n g , nhidm... fch cuo cdc edy hinh; -i- HS vd GV nhdn xet, ddnh gid hodc trao d d i thdm v l ngi dung trinh bdy Trong DH d H I U hgc, khdng ed mgt phuong phdp hay mdt hinh tfiue DH ndo Id idl uu vd mang lgi h... cuge ddng khdl nd ro tfii siic mgnh Idng cdm thu cOo nhdn ddn dugc midu td nhu sy ndi gidn, sy trOng phgt cuo rung xd nu: «Sud> ddm nghe cd rung Xd Man do rung ddng vd lua chdy ld)6p rung " Khdng