NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG CAC PHUONG PHAP DAY HOC MON TO NHIEN VA XA HOI THEO HVOHG GIAO D V C T R A I NGHIEN 1 Mon TIT nhien Xa hfi va giao due trai nghifm O tieu hpc, so vdi cdc mdn hpc khdc mon T\r nli[.]
NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG CAC PHUONG PHAP DAY HOC MON TO NHIEN VA XA HOI THEO HVOHG GIAO D V C T R A I NGHIEN VuTMNgocUygn Trudng Cao ddng Hdi Ducmg Mon TIT nhien - Xa hfi va giao due trai nghifm O tieu hpc, so vdi cdc mdn hpc khdc mon T\r nliien vd xa hfi (TN-XH) la mdn hpc ma hpc sinh cd nhieu vdn kien thuc, kinh nghifm nhat Vi doi tupng hpc tfp cua mon hpc TN - XH chinh la nhung sy vft, hifn tupng va cac mdi quan hf gida chdng mdi trudng ty nhien vd xa hfi Id nhihig sy vft, hifn tupng cy the [3] Ddi tupng hpc tfp mdn hpc ndy rlt gan gui vdi HS, cdc em da dupc nghe, dupc nhin, thfm chi dupc tilp xde trye tiep bdng cac gidc quan cua minh trudc din trudng Theo Carl Roger "Chi cd cdch hpc dya tren ty kham phd bdn thdn ho^c ty linh hpi thi mdi giup ngudi thay doi cdn ban hanh vi cda minh Bdn chat cda nd chinh Id trdi nghifm" [5] Vi vfy, giao vien (GV) cdn phai khai thae nhdng kien thde sin cd cua HS, tdng cudng giao dyc trai nghifm vifc dgy hpc mfln hpc Giao dyc trai ngliifm la qua dinh hpc tgp qua kinh nghifm dya tren cac hogt dfng cd hudng dan, de cao kinh nghifm chu quan cda ngudi hpc Theo David A Kolb, Gido dyc trai nghiem la chu ky tudn hoan hinh xodn oc gdm giai dogn: Kinh nghifm cy thS; quan sat, phan hoi; hinh khdi nifm; thd nghifm chd dfng [2] Giai d o ^ xuat phdt td kinh nghifm, vdn kien thde sin cd cua HS, GV to chdc cac hoat dpng khai thae von kientiidc,kinh nghifm dd Giai d o ^ - GV tfl chdc cho HS thdng bdo, tranh lufn phdn hdi vdi ve tinh huflng hay van de can giai quylt Giai d o ^ - GV tfl chdc cac hoat dpng dl giup HS phdt hifn, phan tich, so sdnh, tim nguySn nhan, bdn chdt cda vln dl, khdi quat hda de hinh thdnh kiln thde mdi, kinh nghifm mdi Giai dogn - GV tfl chdc cac hogt dpng nhdm myc dich cho HS van dyng, thde nghifm kien thde kinh nghifm vda hinh thdnh d giai doan giai quyet tinh huflng thyc tl, cy the gan vdi cufc sflng xung quanh Kiln thde vda liiih hpi dupc lai trd nhung kinh nghifm sin cd Cdc phirong phap day hpc (PPDH) mdn T N - X H theo hirdng giao d^c trai nghifm Trong dgy hpc mfln TN Nh^n bil ngiy 20/7/2013 - Ngiy duyft ding 27/7/2013 00 • TillP CHl THI^BIGlAO DMC-sd - / - XH theo hudng giao dyc trdi nghifm cd the sd dung ket hop mft s6 phuang ph^ sau: Phuong phdp thdo luan, Phuong phdp quan sat, Phuong phap ddng vai, Phuong phap hdi dap, Phuong phap trd choi + Phtrong phdp Thao la^n: Thdo luan la PPDH GV td chdc cufc d6i tiiogi, trao dfli f kiln gida G V vd HS, gida HS va HS vl mft van de hpc tfp, mpt van de cda cufc song dl rdt kit lufn khoa hpc Thao lufn cd thi tien hdnh theo hinh thde cd ldp hofc nhdm [3] Thdo lufn cd till dupc tiln hanh theo cdc budc: Dya vdo von kinh nghifm vd kien thde sdn cd cda HS, GV lya chpn chu dl thdo lufn GV tl chdc cho HS thdo lufn, tiiong bdo kit qud tiiao lufn nhdm khai thde vln kiln tiidc kinh nghifm, la ca sd HS ty tim toi phdn tich ddnh gia, tim kilm tilde mdi GV tong kit, bl sung trfn ca sd y kiln cda HS vd nhln mgnh nhung vln dk trpng tdm Vi vfy PPDH ndy cd the sd dyng nhieu d cdc giai dogn va cua chu trbih gido dyc trai nghifm NGHIEN cuu SUNG OUNG +Phutmg phdp quan sdt: Quan sdt Id PPDH GV t6 chdc cho HS sd dyng cdc gidc quan khae dl tri gidc cdc sy vft, hifn tupi^ mpt each cd myc dich, cd kl ho^ch, cd trpng tdm qua dd rdt dupc nhdng kit lugn khoa hpc [3] Quan sdt cd the dupc tien hanh theo nhdm hogc cd nhan D6i tupng quan sat cd the Id tranh dnh, ban dfl, md hhih, vft thft, HS sd dyng cdc gidc quan va von song, kinh nghifm cda minh de phdt hifn kiln thde mdi GV hudng HS quan sdt cdc dli tupngtiieotrinh ty td ting thi din cdc bp phfn, td ngodi vdo trong, dfc bift la hudng din HS so sdnh, lien hf vdi cdc sy vft, hifn tupng khdc md HS dd tdng bilt, tdng trai qua dh so sdnh, phdn tich, khdi qudt thdnh nfi dimg cln hpc Do dd, quan sdt cd thi sd dyng d giai dogn diu cua chu trhih gido dyc trdi nghifm hogt dpng [1]: Hogt dpng HS quan sat vatiidolugn de nam dupc mpt sd vifc nen ldm vd khflng nen lam dl gid gm vf sinh Sau hoat ^ngndy GVti^hanhto chuc cho HS ddng vai nhu sau: - GV chia ldp thdnh bdn nhdm vd chuin b} philu, mfli phieu ghi mpt trgng thdi tam ly: Tdc gign; vui ve; lo ldng; sp hai va phat cho moi nhdm mft philu, yeu cdu cdc em tgp dien dgt vd mdt cda ngudi cd trangtiiditdm ly nhu dupc ghi philu - Nhdm trudng dilu khiln cdc bgn thyc hifntiieoySu clu cuaGV - Cdc nhdm cd dgi difn len trinh dien Cdc nhdm khdc quan sdt vd dodn xem bgn dd dang d trgng thdi tdm 1^ ndo vd thdo lufn "nlu mft ngudi lufln d trgng thdi tam ly nhu vfy thi cd ipi hay hgi vdi CO quan thin kinh? Sau ket thde trinh diln vd thdo lufn, GV yeu clu HS rdtrabdi hpc gi qua hpc dfng Nhu vfy dl thyc hifn dupc hogt dpng ddng vai ndy, HS phdi vgn dyng kit lugn cda bdi hpc vda hinh thdnh d hogt dfng trudc ve cdc trgng thai tdm ly Hogt dpng ddng vai ndy chinh la giai dogn cda chutiinhGDTN + Phuang phdp ddng vai: Day la PPDH GV tl chdc cho HS tham gia gidi quyet mft tinh huong hpc tfp gfin liln vdi thyc tl cufc sing bdng cdch dien xult mft cdch nglu hdng cd thi khong cln kjch bdn hofc luyfn tgp trudc [4] V\ vgy, PPDH ndy phd hpp vdi giai dogn cua chu + Phuang phdp trd chffi: trbh gido dyc trdi nghifm Trd choi tiiudng dupc tiln Vidg: Bdi 15 "V$ sinh thdn hdnh theo cdc budc: GV gidi kinh" (TN-XH, ldp3) thifu trd choi, phi bien luat Detiiychifn myc tieu bai choi; HS tham gia choi vd nhan xet vl nhdng cdi hpc dupc qua dgy, GV to chdc cho HS cdc trd choi Khi tham gia trd chai, HS phat hiQT von s l i ^ kinh nghifm kien thde dd dupc hpc Trd choi dupc to chdc nhieu d phln cudi bdi hpc nhdm cdng CO, vgn dung kiln tiiuc, khai nifm, bai hpc vda Imh hpi [5] Do dd, hoat dfng ndy dupc sd dyng nhieu vifc thyc hifn giai dogn cda chu trinh giao dyc trai nghifm + Phuangphdp hoiddp: Phuong phdp hdi ddp Id PPDH GV tl chdc cufc doi thogi giua GV vd HS, gida HS vdi dya tren nhdng cdu hdi nhdm din ddt HS di din nhdng ket lufn khoa hpc, hofc vfn dyng vln hilu bilt cua minh ^ tim hilu nhdng van dl hpc tfp, cufc sing TN - XH xung quanh [3] Do vfy, hogt dpng ndy sd dyng nhilu tit cd giai dogn cda ehu trinh gido dyc trdi nghifm Vi dg: Bdi 5: "Ve sinh thdn thi" (TN~XH,ldpl) De dgt dupc myc tieu bdi hpc, GV to chdc cdc hogt dpng sau (2): Hogt dpng - Suy nghi cd nhan vd ldm vifc theo cfp: Cd nhan HS suy nghi vd trd ldi cau hdi: Hdy nhd lgi minh ^ ldm gi hdng ngdy dl gid sach than till, quin do, Sau dd ndi vdi bgn ben cgnh Mft so HS ddng trudc ldp ndi ve vifc lam cda minh dl vf smhtiiantill.CdcHS khdc b6 sung, Hogt dpng - Ldm vifc vdi sdch gido khoa: GV hudng TAP Od THI^ BfGlAO DMC-sd 96-8/2013 • 39 NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG din HS quan sat cac hinh SGK trang 12 vd trang 13 tra ldi cac cdu hdi sau: - Hdy chi va ndi ve vifc lam cda cdc bgn tdng hinh - Neu ro vifc ldm ndo ddng, vifc Iam ndo sai Tai sao? HS (tdng cfp) Idm vifc vdi SGK, tea ldi cdu hdi tren Cdc cfp khdc phdn hdi hogc bd sung f kien Hogt dfng - Kit lufn: HS ldm vifc ca nhan, GV yeu clu HS trd ldi cac cdu hdi sau dl dan ddt HS quan sdt, phan tich,timkit luan bdi hpc: Em hdy quan sdt cdc bdc tranh tren vd sip xIp cdc vifc n€n ldm theo thd ty trudc sau dl vf sinh thdn thi hdng Hay gidi thich cdch sdp xep cua minh? HS trd ldi, cdc bgn khae nhfn x^, bl sung y kiln Hogt dfng 4: Thdo lufn ca ldp GV dua cac bdc tranh suu tam ve nhdng vifc nen lam, trmh ty cac vifc nen lam mft va nhdng vifc khflng nen ldm de vf smh than th€ vf sinh thdn the yen cau HS trd ldi cdc cau hdi: Trong cdc bdc tranh tren hay chi nhung vifc nao nen lam vd khdng nen lam de vf sinh thdn the? Chi bdc tranh sdp theo tiid ty dung cdc vifc nen lam ngdy de vf sinh than thi? Trong vifc thilt ke bai dgy tren cho ta thay: GV da sd dyng phuong phap hdi dap ket hpp vdi mpt so PP khdc cdc hogt dfng sau: Hogt dpng 1: Dung phuang phap hdi ddp ket hpp thdo luan dl khai thae kinh nghifm cu the cua ca nhdn tdng HS ve vifc vf sinh than the hdng ngdy Hogt ddng ndy chdng ta vifc sd dyng phuang phdp hdi dap dl thyc lufn giai dogn cua chu trinh GDTN Hoat dfng 2, 3: GV sd dyng phuong phap hdi ddp dl HS dua kit luan bdi hpc ve vifc vf sinh than the thdng qua vifc trd ldi cac cau hdi vd i^gn xet, phdn hfli, bfl sung y kiln cua cdc bgn khdc Vifc dd chinh la vifc thyc hifn giai dogn 2,3 cua chu trinh GDTN Hogt dpng 4: GV sd dyng phuong phdp hdi ddp dl HS vfn dyng kit lufn cda bai hpc vao tinh hulng thyc tl Dd chinh la vifc thyc hifn giai dogn cua chu trinh GDTN Tac d^ng cua cdc phinmg phdp d^y hpc mon T N - X H theo hudng gido dyc trai nghifm \^f c sd dyng cdc PPDH mfln TN-XH theo hudng gido dyc trai nghifm nhu da trinh bdy d tren cd the mang lai nhdng kit qua sau: - Ddm bdo sy Hnh ddng giiia HS vdi nhau, gida HS vdi GV Vi mdi trudng dl HS trai nghifm, kham phd kien thde mdi dya tren ca sd GV tung van de, dieu kifn de khdm phd nfi dung bdi hpc la nhu nhau, ' TAP CHt THifr B| GlAO DMC- s6 96 - 8/2013 HS cd CO hfi chilm lihh kien tilde nhu GV din ddt de khai t h ^ kinh nghifm cua HS cdng £ din kit lufn bai hpc - Dk giai quyet dupc yeu clu bai hpc T\riihien-^hfi cua GV, HS phai sd dyng kiln tilde, kinh nghifm cda minh, trao dSi, tham khdo vdi bgn dl ty kit lugn, ttd ldi yfu clu cua GV Vi vgy, HS phdt triln mli quan hf hpc tgp nhanh chdng - Gidi tbdi sde y hpc tgp, HS lufln d trgng thdi vfn dpng, thai gian ddm bdo ngudi hpc Imh hpi kiln thde dupc rut ngdn, chd dfng vdi bai hpc hon Vi khdc vdi phuong phdp truyin thong, gido dyc trdi nghifm GV chi Id ngudi thilt kl cdc hogt dfng trd choi, thdo lufn, hdi dap cdc em HS trye tilp tham gia vdo cdc ho^t dd dl tim hilu, chilm lihh dupc doi tupng hpc tfp - Hpc tgp dya tren khd nang cda nguoi hpc Vi dl tl chdc cho HS trai nghifm dudi hinh thde cd nhdn hofc nhdm hay dd dudi hogt dfng nao di chang nda, trudc hit GV xdy dyng nhdng hogt dfng dl HS trai nghifm dya vdo vln kiln thde, kinh nghifm sdn cd cua tdng Ida tuli, tung ldp, tdng cd nhan HS dl xay dyng nhdng hoat dpng trdi nghifm phu hpp, vda sde vdi cdc em - Do cac tinh huoi^ de HS trdi nghifm deu Id nhihig tinh huong cd vln dl D I gidi (Xem tigp trang 56) ... trinh GDTN Tac d^ng cua cdc phinmg phdp d^y hpc mon T N - X H theo hudng gido dyc trai nghifm \^f c sd dyng cdc PPDH mfln TN-XH theo hudng gido dyc trai nghifm nhu da trinh bdy d tren cd the... trd chffi: trbh gido dyc trdi nghifm Trd choi tiiudng dupc tiln Vidg: Bdi 15 "V$ sinh thdn hdnh theo cdc budc: GV gidi kinh" (TN-XH, ldp3) thifu trd choi, phi bien luat Detiiychifn myc tieu bai... dupc myc tieu bdi hpc, GV to chdc cdc hogt dpng sau (2): Hogt dpng - Suy nghi cd nhan vd ldm vifc theo cfp: Cd nhan HS suy nghi vd trd ldi cau hdi: Hdy nhd lgi minh ^ ldm gi hdng ngdy dl gid sach