VE MOI QUAN HE GlffA GIAO DUG DAO DUiC VA THU''''C T I I N cuoc SONG O TtiS T R A N OiNH CHl^N Dgo due ed ngudn gdc Kr eude sdng, xud''''t I hien do nhu cdu cuo eude sd''''ng, vi eude sd''''ng md tdn tgi Giua dgo[.]
VE MOI QUAN HE GlffA GIAO DUG DAO DUiC VA THU'C T I I N cuoc SONG O D go due ed ngudn gdc Kr eude sdng, xud't I hien nhu cdu cuo eude sd'ng, vi eude sd'ng md tdn tgi Giua dgo due vd cuoc sd'ng tudn tdn tgi mdi quan h i quo Igi mdt t h i l t khdng t h i tdch rdl Id dieu kien tdn tgi vd phdt friln eOa Hon nua, «hgc khdng phdi Id chudn bj de sd'ng, dung hon Id ngudi ta hge frong sdng vd song frong dong hge Hgc tdp vd ddi sdng khdng nhCrng song hdnh vdi md cdn giao thoa vdo nhau, froo ddi thdng Hn cho nhau, ngudi ta hge bdng cdch sdng vd sdng ladng edeh hge sudt ed eude ddi " (1) Do d d , gido dye dgo due (GDDD) mudn cd h l i u qud edn phdi dugc ddt frong hien thuc eude sd'ng; viee nghien cuu Idm sdng td m^i quan h i gii/a h i i n thye eude sd'ng vd GDE)D ludn cd >• nghTa quan frgng v l mdt If lugn dd'i vdi GDDD nhd trudng hien N g u d n gd'c cue G D D D GDDD Id qud frinh nhd gido dye (GD) gdy dnh hudng ve dgo due vd giup ddi tugng GD hge tgp, xdy dyng edc hdnh vi dgo due mot cdch ty chO, ty gide Hoi mdt ndy dnh hudng tuong ho vdi giup ngudi dugc GD hinh thdnh edc phdm ehdt dgo due vd nhi/ng hdnh vl doo due luong ung Cuoc sdng cua ngudi khdng the i h i l u dgo due, md dgo due khdng phdi ty nhiin sinh ra, nd edn thdng quo GDE)D md hinh tfidnh, eung ed the ndi bdn thdn cuoc sdng cdn cd GDDD Hon nua, GDE© vi cuoc sdng md dugc Hen hdnh, nhu vdy dgo dOc thodt li khdi cudc sdng eua ngudi se mdt y nghia vd GDDD se bj di Igc hudng Bdi vi: 1) Cudc s^ng Id xud't phdt dlim cua GDE>D GDDD xud't hien nhu cdu cua cudc sd'ng, vi cudc sd'ng md tdn tgi vd phdt friln, vdy nd edn phdi frd ldi duge hai vd'n d l eo ban: 1) Cdn hinh thdnh d ngudi dugc GD nhijng phdm ehdt vd ndng lye dgo due gi?; 2) GDDD phdi Hi'n hdnh nhu f h l ndo mdi cd t h i giup hg hinh thdnh nhung phdm ehdt vd ndng luc dgo due dd? D l gidi quylt ^ TtiS T R A N OiNH C H l ^ N - dugc hai vdn de ndy, cdn phdi Idy cudc sdng Idm ngudn gde mdi cd t h i giup GDDD cd dugc cdu trd tdi thda ddng vd edn cu vijng chdc Bdi vl vd'n d l thu nhd't chu yeu gidi quylt nhu cdu cua cudc sdng h i i n thue, cdn vd'n de thu hai cung khdng t h i ndm ngodi nhi/ng bdi hgc Kf «thye tiln cudc sd'ng" 2) Cudc sd'ng chinh Id ndi dung cua GDDD Cudc sd'ng Id ngudn tdi lieu sd'ng, Id mdi trudng Id t>di hge dgo due rdng Idn nhd't, thilt thyc nhdt, xa rdl cudc sdng ehinh Id dj hda qud frinh GDDD Tu qud frinh ndy sinh GDDD cd t h i thdy, GDDD vd'n Id mgt bd phdn cua eude sd'ng, GDDD vd bdn thdn cudc sd'ng ed sy k i t hop ehdt che, thdm chi Id mgt the thd'ng nhdt Khi xd hdi bdt ddu cd phdn cdng too ddng, GDDD trd thdnh mdt dgng too ddng chuyen mdn tuong ddi doe Idp Dde biet Id sou hinh thdnh chi' nhd trudng, GDDD I r d thdnh cdng v i i e dde ihu eua nhd frudng, ddng thdi nd cung bdt ddu ddn tdch rdl h i i n thyc cudc sd'ng 3) Cu^c sdng Id myc tidu cud'l cOng cOa GDDD Nhd GD Hln hdnh GDDD vdi nhung myc tieu da dgng Tren binh dien x d hgl Id ki vgng ngudi duoc G D thyc h i i n td't nhi/ng quy phgm dgo due xd hdi ddng thdi giup moi cd nhdn frong xd hdi tudn thu cde chudn mye dgo di>c chung Tren binh d l i n ed nhdn Id mong mudn moi cd nhdn cd t h i hodn t h i i n vd ndng eoo i d ehdt dgo due, tu d d giup hg phdt trien todn dien, hdi hda frong eude song Cho du d tren binh dien ndo thi mye Hiu cudi cung eua GDDD van Id nhdm phyc vy hien thyc cudc sdng GDDD khdng t h ^ tdch rdi thyc t i l n eude sd'ng N h u fren d d ndi, sy xudt hien cuo c h i nhd frirdng d d Idm cho GDE® ddn ddn thodt li cuoc * Tra6ng Bfi bfc Hpig Vwig, Pbi Tkp Tap chi Giao due so 281 iirti-3/»o») sd'ng Mdc du vdy, vai frd eua hien thyc cudc sd'ng dd'i vdi GDDD frin thyc t l d d duge nhdn thuc tu rd't sdm NhiJng edu thdnh ngD, h^c ngiJ nhu: «Trdm nghe khdng bdng mdtthd'y", «Di mgt ngdy ddng, hge mdt sdng khdn" hay Hch «Mgnh mau tam i h l i n " (edu c h u y i n ve me cuo Mgnh Tu ba Idn c h u y i n nhd Hm moi trudng phu hgp d l dgy con) ludn td nhijng vf dy sinh ddng khdng djnh thyc Hen eude song vda Id ngi dung, phuong phdp, mdi trudng, ddng thdi eung Id mdt l^d phdn cd'u thdnh quan frgng cuo GDE)D Cdc nhd tu tudng ve trii't hgc vd GD hgc tu ed dgi n h u Aristotle den hien d g l nhu V.I.Linin, J.Dev/ey d i u d d de edp den vd'n de ndy vd cd chung quan diem cho rdng GDE>D xa rdl cudc song ehinh Id nguy eo cua nhd trudng vd x d hdi h i i n d g l , GDDD edn phdi hdi quy eude sdng V.I.Linin d d ti/ng nhd'n mgnh rdng, GDE>D eho eon ngudi khdng phdi chi don gidn Id « N d i cho hg nghe nhung bdl dien vdn em dju hoy nhiJng phep tdc dgo due" Bdi v i , neu hgc nhieu vd dge nhieu nhung khdng cd khd ndng k i t hgp nhijng klen thuc d d hge vdo hogt ddng vd nhung hdnh dgng eua minh thi eung ehi Id «Nhi/ng t i n mgt sdch hoy nhiJng ke khode Idc" md thdi Cho n i n : «Chung ta khdng Hn vdo viec r^n luyen, G D vd hge tdp n l u nhCrng v i i e d d chf ddng khung cdc nhd trudng vd bj tdch rdi eude sdng sdl n d l " (2) Idii bdn v l md'i quan h | true t i l p giua GD vd eude sd'ng, nhd Irle't hgc, G D hge MT J.Dev^'ey de xud't «GD tuc Id eude sd'ng", «GD tuc Id sinh t r u d n g " , «GD tuc Id cdi tgo kinh nghiem", «GD Id qud frinh cudc sd'ng chi> khdng phdi td chudn bj eho cudc song h/ong lal" vd «Tdi eho rdng nhd trudng edn thiet phdi Idm phoi bdy eude sd'ng thye, h/e Id dd'i vdi hgc sinh md ndl chfnh Id eude sd'ng chdn thue vd sinh ddng gid'ng n h u eude sd'ng md ede em dd frdi quo frong gio dinh, khu p h d , fren sdn vdn d g n g " (3), GDDD khdng gdn vdi h i i n thyc cudc sd'ng ve co bdn Id khdng ed h l i u qud vd nhu vdy eung chdng khdc g i «Dung fren b d hoo chdn mua lay de d g y t r i tgp boi dudi nude" (3) Nhd GD hgc Trung Qud'c ducmg d g i Ddo Hdnh Tri eung eho rdng «Cude sd'ng vdn cd y nghlo G D " , «Cude sd'ng ehinh Id G D " , «Cd mgt cudc sd'ng td't se Hep nhdn G D td't, cd mdt cudc sd'ng khdng Idnh mgnh se Hep thu G D sal Idm" (4) Tap chi filao due so (ki i ã a/aoia) Thyc tiĐn cudc sd'ng chinh Id t l i u ehud'n cua mgl hdnh vi d g o due, chf thue Hen d g o due mdi cd t h i dudng thdnh cdc phd'm chd't d g o due, nhu Aristotle d d khdng djnh: «Chung ta Idm v l i c chinh trye mdi trd thdnh eon ngudi ehinh tryc, t i l n hdnh t i l t che mdi trd thdnh ngudi Het che, cd bieu h i i n dung cdm mdi trd thdnh eon ngudi d u n g c d m " (5) Cdn hge g i d M l R.Coles cho r d n g : «Hdnh vi d g o due cuo tre Id su phdn dnh nhUng kinh n g h i i m dgo due ed l i i n quan md nd g d p phdi hdng ngdy eude sd'ng gia dinh vd nhd t r u d n g " (d) T r i em tudn tie'p thu mdt cdch ty gide hode l u phdt nhi/ng tu tudng d g o due hien thyc cuoc sd'ng hode gtoo luu xd h d i , hinh thdnh tinh t h i i n , dc vd quan niem d g o due cuo cd nhdn, hinh thdnh Hnh cdm y i u , ghet vd nhung thdi quen, hdnh v l N h u vdy, hien thuc d d i song x d hdi thyc sy cd nhiJng tdc d y n g Jo Idn dd'i vdi GDDD nhd t r u d n g N g u y i n nhdn GDDD nhd Irudng x a rdi ihyc l i l n cudc song Dudi gdc If tudn, hien tugng GDDD xa rdl hien thuc cudc sd'ng dd d i l n mdt qud trinh Idu ddi v d b i l u h i i n t r i n nhi/ng mgt CO L>dn sou: 1) GDDD bl chuySn mdn hda Do su phdt trii'n cuo phdn cdng too dgng xd hdi, G D d d ddn bi tdch rdi khdi qud trinh too d d n g sdn xud't, ddng thdi GDDD cung bj tdch khdi ddi sdng hdng ngdy de b l l n thdnh mdt d g n g hogt d d n g ehuyen mdn hda dugc t i l n hdnh b d l n h i j n g ngudi Idm cdng tde c h u y i n mdn vdi p h u o n g p h d p lao d g n g c h u y i n mdn theo chuong trinh, k l hogch, thdi gion vd dja d i l m xdc d j n h GDDD dugc xem Id nhiem vy chuyen blel eua nhd trudng, cdn nhiJng thdnh vien khdc cua x d hdi thi vd can 2} GDE)D bi nhd trudng hda Sy ehuyen mdn hda ve GDDD tdt yeu dan den nhd trudng hda GDDD, bdl tir Idu ngudi to d I u ed xu hudng cho rdng khdng cd t)d't cu co quan chuyin mdn ndo khde td't hon ed ihe so sdnh vdi nhd trudng frong v l i c thyc hien nhiem vy GDDD, chuyen mdn hda GDDD nhd frudng duoc xem nhu Id mgt phuong dn tdi uu cd tfnh h/ n h i i n , td't y i u Trong nhgn ihuc cua xd hdi, G D y thuc dgo due vd GD hdnh vi dgo due dugc dung hgp Igi thdnh mdt the vd dugc duo vdo phgm vi GD nhd frudng Mye dich sdm nhd't eua lodi ngudi dua GDDD vdo GD nhd trudng chfnh Id mong mudn tdng cudng GDDD, nhung qua thyc Hen mdy ngdn ndm d d cho thdy, Idm nhu vdy chi Idm nhugc hda GDDD, ddng thdi duo GDDD ngdy cdng rdi xo thyc Hen cudc sd'ng 3} GDDD b} hd thdng hda D l thuc thi GDDD duge dua vdo phgm vi GD nhd frudng thi cdn phdi khdc phyc nhiJng hgn e h i Ixin ddu sy nhdt the hdo cdc mdt riing le, vyn vdt, khdng h i thd'ng vd'n cd cuo thuc Hen cudc sd'ng Ndi dung GDDD cdn eu vdo phuong thuc GD nhd trudng md Hln hdnh dieu chinh vd eho phu hgp, d i l u ndy dd Idm eho ngi dung GDDD vd isdn thdn edc hogt ddng GDE)D khdng ngung bj h i thdng hdo Nhd trudng hdo vd h i thdng hda GDDD bleu h i i n rd't rd d xu hudng theo dudi mgt sy thdng nhdt, dong bg ve myc Heu GDE)D dd'i vdi nhieu hgc sinh d eung mgt hjoi, Widng quan tdm den sy khde biet cd nhdn thuc Hen cudc sd'ng da dgng dem Igi vd y i u cdu sy thfch ung eua moi cd nhdn hgc sinh 4} GD{)D bf chuong trinh hda Cd the ndi rdng, GD nhd trudng dugc Hi'n hdnh ehu y l u nhd vdo vlic ehuong trinh hda ngi dung dgy hgc Sou dugc dua vdo phgm vi GD nhd trudng, GDDD eung nhu cde mdn khoa hgc Ididc dugc Hln hdnh chuong trinh hda, d i l u n d y d d Idm eho GDDD ed phuong phdp, phuong Hen truyen dgt cy the Xud't phdt d i l m cuo v i i e ehuong trinh hda GDE>D nguyin Id giup hgc sinh frong mdt khodng thdi gion ngdn cd the gidn H i p ndm chdc cdc ndi dung GE)DD phong phu eua thyc lien cudc sd'ng Nhung frin ihyc le d d dan d i n viec d p dyng cde phuong phdp cua G D trt tue tdm eho GDDD bj trf dye hda sinh de Hi'n hdnh GDDD, hgc sinh it ed co hgl t h i n g h i i m , phdn tieh, lyo ehgn dgo due frong eude sdng thyc GDDD xa rdi cudc sd'ng tuc Id d d xem nhe mdi quan he giiJa GDDD nhd trudng vd eugc sd'ng h i i n thyc, xem nhe tinh hodn chinh, Hnh phong phu vd tfnh hien thyc vdn cd eua bdn thdn cudc sd'ng J.Dewey tung nhd'n mgnh: «T6i cho rdng G D hien cd n h i l u mfit thdt bgi, bdi vi dd coi nhe n g u y i n tde co bdn Id xem nhd trudng vdi tu edeh Id mgt logi hinh ddi sd'ngxd h g l , k i t q u d Id chung dd khdng t h i trd thdnh mgt b d phdn kinh nghiem sd'ng cuo trS, bdi vdy cung khdng phdt huy dugc tdc dyng GD vd'n cd eua n d " (3) Do GDDD khdng nhung khong the g i u p phdt huy tdc dyng cOa cuoc sdng dd'i vdi sy trudng thdnh, hodn thiin cua ed nhdn md cdn bj roi vdo vj tri dd'i Idp vdi hien thue eugc sdng Vi vdy, bd'l ednh thuc tiSn cOa GDDD nhd trudng nude ta hl^n nay, viec eugc sd'ng hda GDDD, dua GDDD trd Igi vdi eude sdng Id mgt ddi hdi td't y l u khdeh quan vd edp thiet • (1) Tsunesaburo Malciguchi Gido diic vi cu^c s6ng sdng tao NXB Tri TP H6 Chi Minh, 2009, tr, 26, (2) V.I Lenin Todn tap t?p 41 NXB TUn bp Moslcva, 1977, tr 372 (3) John Dewey Nhd trudng vd xd h^i - Nhd trudng cua ngdy mai NXB Gido due nhQn ddn Trung Qudc 1994, tr (4) Du TiJ Hi^p Ddo Hdnh Tri NXB Gido due Hd Bdc Trung Qu6c, 1999 (5) Aristotle Ludn \i hpc Nicomachean NXB Khoa hQcxa hdi Trung Qu6c 1990, tr 26 27 5} GDDD b! tri dye hda GDDD bj tri dye (6) Robert Coles The moral Intelligence of hda b i l u h i i n ehu yeu d : 1} A p dyng edc phuong Children: How to raise a moral Child Publisher phdp eua GD trf tue, chu trgng truyen thy fri thuc Plume, January 1, 1998 d g o due {kinh n g h i i m dgo due gidn Hep}; 2) Chu trgng dgy cdc quy phgm dgo due nhung Igi coi nhe v i i e ehi d a n , phdn tfeh sy t h i h i i n cuo nd, khdng giup cho hge sinh dugc tu t h i nghiem, phdn biet vd lya chgn; 3) Chu trgng v i i e cho hge sinh ghi c h i p , hgc thudc Idng tri thuc dgo due frong khdng glan Idp hgc vd'n cd tinh huu h g n , md b d qua viec Igi dyng kinh n g h i i m sdng phong phu cuo moi cd nhdn hge ^ SUMMARY Morality originated from life wich appeared due to the demand of life and existed for life Between morality and life always exist the reciprocal relation which can not break down and Is the existing condition and development of each other That means the moral educatiol in school that must associate with ttie praticallife The specialization, systematlation that make the moral education In school have longer cyid longer distance with the practical life and not effiaency Tap chi filao due so