THitT Kt BAI DAY HOC TICH HOT TROIUGDAOTAOIMGHI O TtiS, C A O DANH CHINH" 1 Quan diem v l day hpc (DH) lich hqp Trong DH, d l hinh thdnh cho ngudi hpc mpt ndng lye, cdn phdi dpy cho hp b i l t cdch k[.]
THitT Kt BAI DAY HOC TICH HOT TROIUGDAOTAOIMGHI O TtiS, C A O D A N H C H I N H " thdch HS; nSu ISn mpt sy kiSn bd't thudng liSn Q u a n diem v l d a y hpc (DH) lich h q p Trong DH, d l hinh thdnh cho ngudi hpc mpt quon d i n ehu d l bdi dpy; Duo ro mpt vdi so ndng lye, cdn phdi dpy cho hp b i l t cdch k i t hpp thdng kS; nSu mdt tinh hudng n g h l nghi§p; Cho vd huy ddng hpp li cdc ngudn n$i lye (kiln thuc, xem mdt sdn phdm hodn ehinh ; - Too suhap kT ndng vd thdi dp cua ed nhdn) vd ngopi lye dan: thdng thi/dng cdc HS se tim thd'y mdt chu d l (dilu ki^n vd bd'l cdnh) d l thyc hl^n cdng vl^c thij vj n l u nd liSn quon d i n kinh nghiem cupe Su phqm tich hqp dqy cho ngudi hqc b i l t cdch sdng eua hp hodc liSn quon d i n cdng viec md ho su dyng k i l n thi/c vd kT ndng eua minh d l gidi dang djnh Idm; - Phdt triin moi quan he: moi q u y l t nhi/ng tinh hudng ey the qua d d hinh thdnh quan he Id tqo ro mdt mdi trudng eua Idp hoc, d d ed su tdn trqng Ian cua GV vd HS Mot vd phdt t r i l n ndng lye Vdi edeh tiep cdn DH truyen thdng, ngudi ta Idp hqc cd mdi quan he tdt, phu hpp vdi HS, ho se phdn biet ndi dung DH Idm hai khdi Id k i l n thuc cdm thd'y thodi mdi Mdi quon he td't se khuyen vd kT ndng Ddy dupe coi Id hoi thdnh phdn chinh khich viec HT D l xdy dyng mdi quan he, ngudi too nen ndng lye eua mdt ngudi lao ddng, ben GV cd the: ddi x u vdi mpi ngudi binh ddng; phan cpnh thdnh phdn thi/ ba Id thai dp thudng duqe ung Iqi mot edeh tfch ct/c, cd su thua nhqn thdnh Idng vdo hoi thdnh phdn ddu Don vj eua k i l n tich cua HS; tqo sy tin nhldm chu khdng phdi quyIn thuc Id khdi niem vd don vj eua kT ndng Id thoo lye; - Kich thich ddng co HT: GV kich thfch st/ tdc He thdng khdi niem cdn thilt cho mdt n g h l thu d ngudi hcic d l hq huy ddng toan bo the h i i n h-ong cdc mdn hpc If thuyet He thong ndi lye eua minh vdo qud trinh HT bdng cdc each: cdc kr ndng loo ddng kT thudt t h i hien cdc md td xem npl dung ndy cd the giijp gidi qu/el mdn hpc thuc hdnh Hoi khdi ndy thudng dupe cdc vd'n d l cua thuc tien md HS gap phdi hoy dqy vd hpc tdch bi$t cd ve dja d i l m vd khdng; ndi rd vol HS ve tdm quan trpng eua npi dung ddi vdi viec thuc thi cdng viec; si/ dyng cdc trinh h/ DH tich hpp Id hinh tht>c to chuc DH d d bdi d d v u i , d d c h i / d l thuc ddy cdc k i ndng nghe, ndi dung hpc tap (HT) [kien thuc, kT ndng vd thai nhd, hieu, M d ddu bdi day cd y nghTa quan trpng doi dp} vd cdc hopt ddng dpy - hpc dupe tich hap vdi d l thuc hien cdc nhl6m vy, cdng viec vol tien trinh DH Mye dfch eua m d ddu bdi dqy eua n g h l qua d d hinh thdnh vd phdt trien ndng Id tap trung dupe sy chu y vd khal dqy dupe sy luc cho ngudi hqc N h u vdy, tich hop DH Id thu euo HS, tqo mdi lien k i t giua nhimg tfch hpp euo npi dung vd tich hpp euo hopt ddng k i l n thi/e, kT ndng d d cd vol kien thuc vd la nang dqy - hpc, Su tich hpp ndy dien ro tren nen tdng mdi, chf nhi/ng d l l m quon trqng vd md td kel mot cdng viec (task) chuyen mdn vd gdn vdi cdc qud cua bdi hqc 2.2 Gioi thi&u chu di: - Neu tdn chu de bai tinh hudng n g h l nghiep md de gidi quyet chijng thi mot k i l n thuc, kT ndng don l l hoy mot lopi hoc: ten bdi hqc Id mdt cdng viec md ngudi n ^ hdnh n g h l phdl thyc hien thye hen din?c hoqt dpng rieng re khdng the thyc hien dupe xdc djnh qud trinh phan Hch n g h l vd duQC Thiet ke b d i DH tich h p p 1) Dan nhdp: - Thu hut su ehu y: Cd n h l l u kT dtra vdo chi/ong trinh ddo tqo Cd n h i l u cdc loioG thuqt hi/u hieu d l thu hut sy chu y cua hqc sinh d l GV gidi thieu ten vdi HS nhu tuyen bo vdo bdi hoc, gido vien (GV) cd the bdt ddu bdi bdng Idi, chieu slide ho^e su dyng sdn phdm cOa dqy bdng viec: dua mpt edu hdi cd tinh thu * TnMBgfiaiIIQC sir pham kl tiiuit Vinh Tap chi Blao due so (ki a - ia/aoii) bdi hqe ; - Tuyin bd mye tieu HT cho HS: GV phdi tuyen bo mye tieu HT mot edeh ro rdng, ngdn gqn ddm bdo td't ed cdc HS phdi hieu ve muc tieu HT cua hp Mye \\%\i HT phdl nen k i l n thi/e, kT ndng, thdi dp md ngudi hoc edn dqt duqe sou bdi hc)e, ede sdn phdm edn ed vd nhimg heu chudn cua cdc sdn phdm GV nen ddnh thdi gian trao ddi vdi HS ve mye tieu HT vd ede yeu edu ddi vdi HS de dqt mye tieu; - Cung cap cho HS mot edi nhin tong quan ve bdi hqc Trong budc ndy GV thyc hien nhOng cdng viec sou: nSu cdng viec md HS phdi thyc hien frong bdi hpc; trinh ty cdc budc thyc hien cdng viec d d ; dyng nSn mdt hinh dnh ve k i t qud cudi eilng hoy nhung sdn phdm too ro sou bdi hpc De thuc hien tdt budc ndy GV sudyng khung djnh hudng nhu md hinh mdu, ddn y, bdn d d , so dd d l Idp cd'u true ro rang cho bdi hoc Lien k i t nhung d i l u dd hpc, day Id mdt nguyen tde cua viec HT N l u mot kT ndng hdnh ddng mdi dupe ndi vdi mot edi gi dd dd b i l t trudc d d , nd se h-d nen de hieu hon vd ed If de thd'y nd Id quon trpng; - Dua nhung diem then chd't cua bdi hqc: Mdi bdi cdn dupe cd'u true thdnh e d e d l mye v l y tudng vd ehu de Mdt cdch de Idm viec ndy Id dua cdc edu hdi hay nhung vd'n d l md bud'l hqc se trd Idi hay gidi quyet Nhi/ng edu hdi hoy vdn d l ndy Id td't nhien ed lien quon tdi cdc mye tieu HT; - Gidi thieu dyng cy, thiit bi vd tdi lieu HT: dya vdo mye tieu bdi hqe vd cdc hoqt dqng md HS phdi thye hien d i d q t muc tieu bdi hpc, G V g i d i thieu cho HS dyng cy, t h i l t bj dupe su dung vd khdng dupe su dyng bdi hoc, bp heu chudn vd cdng cy D G , ngudn tdi lieu tham khdo 3} Hudng dan HS gidi quyet van de: - To chuc vd hudng dan HS nghien cuu kien thuc lien quan din viec thuc hien cdng viec De HS thyc hien cdng viec theo heu chudn, GV phdi hudng ddn hp nghien cuu cdc k i l n thuc lien quan d i n viec cdng vlee boo gdm: tieu chudn thuc hien cdng vide, tfnh todn vd phdn tich cdc thdng tin ddu vdo nhu dyng cy, thiet b j , nguyen lieu; quy trinh vd kT thudt thye hien; cdc yeu edu ve ddm bdo on todn vd su dyng cdc heu chudn ddnh gid (E)G); - Hudng dan HS trinh tu cdc budc rfiuc hien cdng vi$c: GV md t d , gidng gidi trinh t u , edeh thuc thyc hien cdc budc cdng viec bdng bdn ve, md hinh, vdt that hoqe thoo tde de thuc hien cdc budc d o Ddc btet, luu y HS mdt sd dqng sal hdng ca bdn thudng gdp, nguyen nhdn, Tap chi Giao due so (ki a - la/aon) cdch phdng nguo vd khde phye cd sai hong, GV hudng ddn HS su dyng p h i l u hudng ddn thuc hiSn cdng viec Philu ndy Id bdn liet ke cdc budc theo mdt trinh tu chdt che cCing vdi yeu edu kT thudt, edeh thuc thuc hien ti/ng budc, phuong ti§n su d y n g , cdc budc nguy h l l m hoqe ed lien quan d i n sy an todn qud trinh thye hien HS nghien cuu p h i l u hudng dan, ede yeu edu kT thudt d ti>ng budc; - To chuc hoqt ddng t/iue hdnh cho HS: GV hudng ddn HS thuc hdnh theo p h i l u vd vdo tinh hudng ey the GV to chuc cho HS thyc hdnh ddc Idp hoqe theo nhdm Muc dp quan sdt vd chi ddn cua GV se gidm ddn quo ti/ng gioi doqn Den cudi giai doqn thye hdnh dpc Idp, HS dd ed t h i thyc hien dupe theodiingcdctieuchudn vIkT thudt vd thdi gian GV ehu y kiem tra DG HS tu-ng khdu ciia qud trinh luyen tdp; - Kit thuc vdn de: Tdng k i t bdi Id mdt khdu rdt quan trpng cua hopt dpng gidng dqy eua GV NhOng y chu chdt, nhi/ng li&n he cot y l u , nhi/ng sy kien co bdn, nhi/ng nguyen tde vd quon d i l m n i n tdng, nhi/ng khdi niem hope gid tri cd tfnh cdng cy cdn duoc nhdc d i n dudi nhi/ng hinh thuc cd dpng, riJt gqn, dpc biet Id nhi/ng so d d , md hinh, cdng thirc, quy trinh cdng nghe hoqe ede tdi lieu true quan Noi dung cot Idi euo bdi cdn duqe phdt bieu Ipi nhung lien he vd ed'u true he thdng, cd quan he logic vdt khdi niem tdng t h i 4) DG kit qud HT cua HS: - Hudng dan ty DG vd DG kit qud HT cua HS: DG \ie\ qua ngudi hpc phdi dua vdo ede heu chudn ndng luc thyc hien Cdc heu chudn ndy boo gdm sy thyc hien (quy trinh thye hien), ndng xud't lao ddng, ehd't lupng sdn phdm, nguyen vdt lieu vd thiet bj su dyng, viec ddm bdo on todn qud h^inh thye hien cdng viec vd su phol hqp vdi ngudi khde qud trinh thuc hien Cdc heu chudn vd dieu kien DG phdi dupe cdng khai cho HS trudc bdi hqc;-T/i6ng bdo Icet/uqnDG den HS: Viec thdng bdo k i t ludn DG d i n HS cung cd'p cho HS nhijng thdng hn phdn hdi d l giup hp h/ d i l u chinh sy thyc hien, ddng thdi giup hp cd khd ndng xdc nhqn quy trinh hoy sdn phdm nhu the ndo Id ehd'p nhdn dupe Ndi cdch khde, HS cd the tham gia vdo qud trinh DG - ty DC k i t qud HT cua minh 5) Huang dan ty hoc: • Giao nhiem vy ty hoc: Cdc nhiem vy h/ hpc dupe GV cy the hda bdngedebdi tdp vd boo gdm: ede nhiem vy thye hdnh, cdc tieu chudn v l k i t qud thyc hien, yeu ^ ^ edu v l thdi gian, each thuc h i n hdnh, tdi lieu tham khdo vd dyng cy t h i l t bj duqe s u d y n g Bdi t d p t y hpc cd the dupe GV giao trye t i l p hodc bl&n sopn tren tdi ligu phdt toy d l phdt cho HS qud trinh giao bdi tdp; - Hudng dSn cdch thyc hien bdi tap: GV nSn hudng ddn ey t h i edeh thyc hienbdi tqp keed G V d d thilt k l phdn hudng ddn p h i l u giao bdi tdp Ddc biet Id biSn soon ede h@u chf D G , xdc djnh thdi gian ndp bdo cdo k i t qud h/ hpc, ty nghien cuu cua HS vd thdng bdo cho HS gloo nhidm vy ty hpc, t\f nghiSn ci/u Cung cd'p tdi llSu vd gidi thifiu dja chi tim tdi lieu md HS cdn dqc, nghi§n ci/u, Hudng ddn cdch thuc fim k i l m , xu li thdng tin ty hpc, tu nghlSn ci/u, Chi rd cdch tim k i l m theo cd'u true k i l n thuc cua bdi hpc, cy t h i d i n tung chuong, mye, trang ciia cdc hpc \\%u thdng quo cdc p h i l u HT phdt cho HS g i d Idn Idp cua bdi hpc dd G Tai lieu tham kh Jo Nguyen Due Tri Ti/p c^n ddo tqo nghi dim trSn nang luc thuc liiin vd vi^c xdy difng tiiu ctiudn ngiti (BSo cfio irfng kiSt d6 lEii c^p BO 93-38-24), Vi$n nghien ctru Dili hpc vfi Giiio due chuyfin nghi$p, H 1996 Nguyfin Quang Vi$t Ki^m tra ddnfi gid dqy h