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GIAO DUC TRAI NGHIEM 01 SAlil ti NHA TRITttNG PH(i THONG HinfRG Tig''''p Cfin niifi TRORG GIRO RUC TRUV^R THO''''RG O ThS NGUYEN M I N H NGUYST" Trong xu thl hf l nhfp qud''''c l l hifn nay, vdn d l gido dye f[.]
GIAO DUC TRAI NGHIEM 01 SAlil ti NHA TRITttNG PH(i THONG HinfRG Tig'p Cfin niifi TRORG GIRO RUC TRUV^R THO'RG O ThS N G U Y E N M I N H NGUYST" T phd Dl sdn cOng cd nghTa Id tdl sdn d l Iql, vft cOa qud khff cdc nude cd tham gia Cdng u6c di sdn t h l gldl d l cff cho Chuong frinh qudc l l Dl sdn i h l gldl, duqc cfing n h f n vd qudn If bdl UNESCO iheo Cdng ude dl sdn t h l gldl ' Hifn nay, khfii nifm ndy chua ihyc sylhuytfphtj^ Tqi hdl thdo qudc t l nxmg Hn Re-lbeonorliln^ heritage dlln ro tqi ihdnh phd Gothenburg fTtivy D l l n , d / 2 ) , cdc ehuyin gla vd nhd nghUn cffu h> khfip nal frIn t h l gidl dd cd hon 0 bdl thuylt trinh, gdp thim cdch nhln mdi vi «lf thuyll dl sdn" Theo dd, dl sdn khdng cdn duqc cd Id v f l cOa qud khff, vdl nhffng gid frj vd hlnh thfil vTnh vlln Thay vdo dd, dl sdn Id sdn phdm cOa thyc tql, duqc tqo hdl edm nhfn v l efic gifi trj cOa qud khff, nhffng mdi quan ldm din vol trd cOo qud khu frong cdc mdl lo toon v l thyc tqi vd h/cmg lal Tllp cdn theo quan nifm ndy glup ede nhd nghlin cffu, dfic bift Id nhffng ngudi ldm edng tac gido dye cd ih^ Kip cfn phuang phdp GDTT eho ngudi hqc mft cddi Tqi H f l thdo Chucmg trinh GDDS tong nhd rfng md hon trudng tgl Viit Nam diln ro ngdy / / 2 h?I M f l cdch h l l u v l GDTNDS Hd Nqi, thff frudng Nguyin Vinh Hiln dd nhd'n Theo quan nlfm mdi cffa cdc nhd khoa hqc vd mqnh ldm quon frqng vd tfnh ed'p thilt cua vlfe dl sdn: dl sdn d xung quanh dt\ung ta, dO d nol GDDS frong nhd frudng: «GDDS dd vd dang tffng xa xdl h i o Idnh nhd't, nol ndo cd cfng ddng dfin budc td thdnh yiu cdu, nhlim vy vd ddng It/c cu thl nol dd cd dl sdn, HS sdng frong mdl dd'l vdi cdc tn/dng phd thdng, gdp phdn quan frudng dl sdn Dd Id ngdl nhd cua cdc em, thi)a ifdhg gido di/c kl ndng sd'ng cho hge sinh (HS) vd rufng, cdc vft dyng canh tac, nhffng mdn fin, ndng cao ehdt lugng gido dt/c todn dl$n d Vl$t frang phyc fruyin thdng, cdc frl thffc vi 6m thyc, Nam" Theo dfi, nliffng nfim hqe tfii, vdn d l GDDS thdi tilt hay phong h^c t f p qudn, frong trudng hqc duqc Bf chu fruong thyc hifn GDTNDS chfnh Id phuong thffc GDTT tu ihyt thf dllm d mft sd trufing phd thfing tqi 10 tfnh t l djo phuong, gfip phdn glff gin vfi phdl huy frudc phd biln todn qud'c nhffng gid fr| tdt d^p cOa dl sdn thiSn nhlln vci Quan n i f m v l di sdn vfin hfio Trong GDTNDS cd t h l vfin dyng nhllu Theo td chffc UNESCO: Dl sdn (boo gdm di phuang phdp dqy hqe Hch cyc, ngudi hqc duqc sdn vdn hda vd dl sdn thiSn nhlln) Id di ehf hoy hqc t f p d nhllu mdl frudng khdc Irxsng mft dl Kch cuo mqt qudc gia nhu: rffng, day nul, hd, cho d l Dqy vd hqc kiln h ^ , hqc iheo nhdm, lv sa mqc, tda nhd, qudn t h l kiln fruc hay ihdnh *KlioaTniBCli9CCtfsd-TnriiigCaodiiK«rpMiiHaGi»8 rong xu t h l h f l nhfp qud'c l l hifn nay, vdn d l gido dye fruyin thdng (GDTT) eho t h i h f frI lufin duqc eol frqng d frufing phd thdng Phuong thffc tllp cfn GDTT d mfil qudc gla cd nhffng n i l khdc blfl, song dllm chung nhdt Id d i u hufing tdi sy Kip nhfn mft cfich tg nhlln, ehu dfng, tg nguyfn vd sdng hjo d ngudi hqc Gido dt/c tdl nghl$m dl sdn (GDTNOS) duqc eol Id phuong thffc GDTT mong gid frj ihyc Kin cao, dang duqc khuyln khfch phdt trlln Iql nhllu qudc gio cd nln gido dye Kin Kin frIn i h l gldl Vift Nam dd Kip cfn GDTNDS vd budc ddu dqt hifu qufi Trudc dfiy, nfl hfim cua khfil nlfm GDTT thudng mong y nghla gido dye ljch sff, gifio dye chfnh frj D i n nay, quan nlfm nfiy dfi frd nln «chdt h^p", bdl ngodl y nghTo frSn, GDTT cfin cd y nghlo «gldo dye dl sdn" (GODS) Ddy Id quan dllm duqc tdng kit thdng quo nhilu dy dn v l bdo ldn vd phdl huy cdc gid frj di sdn frong vd ngodi nude; hodn todn phu hqp vdi cdch ndi theo thfing If qudc t l hifn Tap chi Glao due s6 (kt i • i i/aoiai hqe Id nhung y i u td quon trqng cOo GDTNDS GDTNDS cOng cd t h l thye hifn d nhllu hlnh thffc td chffc dqy hqc khdc nhau, song hlnh thue td chffc hoqt d f n g ngoql khda hifn Id phO hqp honed 3) Cdn phdn biit giua vifc td chffc hoqt ddng ngoql khfio vdl dqy hoc tqi thyc dja, cdc cdng tac cdng feh xfi hdl 4) Khdng Idm tdng n f / dung hgc tdp don Tdm dilm cOo hoqt d f n g GDTNOS ehfnh Id vifc khuyln khfch cdc hoqt dfng frdI nghlfm cOa HS Thdng qua hoqt dfng gido dye, HS duqc cho d ^ g Widm phd, rfen luyfn nhilu kl nfing sdng, frau ddl frl thue, nhdn cdch 5) Thge hlin vifc ddi mdi phuang phdp, ddl mdl hinh thffc dqy hqc Trdnh Hnh trqng da sfi' cdc frudng chf td chffc cho HS tham quon dl tfch md khdng cho cdc em thom glc hoql dfng frdI nghlfm Quy trinh GDTNDS duqc khdl qudt nhu sou: GV lya ehqn chO d l , ndl dung phO hqp, xfiy dyng k l hoqch, td ehffe, dfin dfit HS khdm phd Ktng budc v l di sdn D l hllu v l gid trj, y nghlo cOo mol dl sdn, HS sl phdl r i n luyfn de quon sdt, ldm quen vdl cdc phuang phdp nghlin cffu, thu thap, thdo lufin vd xff If thfing Kn, h/ frinh bfiy sdn phfi'm nghlin effu cOa minh bfing cdc hinh thffc nhu thuylt frinh, frlln Ifim, Kiu phfi'm d) Khai thdc dl sdn xung quanh trudng hge, gdn nol trudng ddng Dllu nfiy glup cho efic trudng nhfn difn vfi kllm kS dl sfin xung quonh trudng d l lya ehqn nhffng dl sdn phO hop cho gido dye Vf dy, tql Hd Giong, GV ed t h l khai thde GDDS trln Cdng vlin dia ehdt todn cdu Cao nguyin dd DSng Vdn, tai bdo tfing, efic dl Kch, hay khol thde theo chu d l : nhd trinh tudng cOo ngudi Mong, bfi cdng cy tao d f n g cuo ngudi Doo, phyc dfin tqc, vfin hfio chq vfi khd nfing tfch hqp GDDS Vifc nghiin cffu, khdo sfit cdc di son quonh trudng nhfim cung cd quon diem: - Di sdn khong xa Iq, khdng phdl lfi cfil gi cao xo md d xung quonh, gdn gOI vdi chOng to; - Dl sfin phi vqt the duqc tfch luy vfi ndm glff bdi ngudi, h/ nhffng ngudi binh thudng dl'n cdc nghf nhfin, thq thii cfing, nghf sT, ; - Sff dyng bdo tfing, di tich, diem vfin bdo nhu mfit thilt che vfin hoa gdn vdi hqc dudng; HS de Kep cfin vdi nhung frl thue tff thyc Kin djo phuong, duqc hqe klen Iqo vfi cd thfii dd tfch cyc dd'i vdi vifc bdo ve vd phdt huy gifi trj di sfin ngoy frSn dio phuang minh Cfi nhllu phuong thffc tllp cdn GDTNDS, tOy hofin cdnh, dllu kiln, dd'l tuqng ngudi hqc khfie md ed cdch t l l p cfin khfic nhou CJ coc thfinh phfi' ldn, gifio dye d cdc bdo tfing, di tfeh ljch sff vfin hda Id quon trqng d mlln nOl, vOng sfiu, vOng xa, nhffng noi khdng gdn cde di tfch ljch sff, bdo tdng , GV cd t h l khai thdc tri thffc tff nhllu ngudn khfie nhau: tri thffc nghl thufit dfin glon, vfin hdo truyin thd'ng, phong tye tfip qudn, loo ddng son xufi't, dl son thiln nhlln vfi nhffng kil'n thffc ban djo nhu rffng nOl vfi sdng sufi'l NguySn ific ehO ylTu i h l l l k l vd td chffc cde hoqt d f n g ngoql khda GDTNDS 1} Cdn Iga chgn klin thi/c bd mdn cho phO hgp ldm nql dung chfnh vd sff dyng cdc kiln thffc v l di sdn d l djnh hufing cdc hoqt ddng GDDS Cdc mdn hqc d nhd frudng d i u cfi thl thyc hifn duqc Tuy nhlln, nhffng nql dung gido dye djo phuong nhu: Uch sff djo phuang, vfin hqc dja phuong, dja If dja phuong cd i h l thudn lol hon Trong dd, nql dung Ijch sff djo phuong chllm uu the hon cd bdl dfic Irung cOa frf thffc Ijch sff vd nfii dung gido dye b f mdn rdt gdn vdl GDDS: Dd Id Knh qud khff vd GDTT (GDDS) 2} Ndl dung GDDS khdng can H ^ hdnh Irong todn bq chuong frinh cua mdn hqc, quo tdt cd cdc chuong, bdi cy i h l Can ehqn lt;a, xdc djnh mfit nfi dung cy t h l ed sd frufing, uu t h l frong vifc GDDS d l thilt k l hoqt dfng ngoql khda Tap chi Glao due s6 (ki i • n/aoiai din qud tai 7) Td chi/c hogt ddng eho HS lfi mqt qud frinh nhdn thffc vd cOng cd Idin thffc, kT nfing vdi nhllu bude khfie nhou, thoi gian l^fic nhou Djnh hudng thiet k l nql dung GDTNDS thdng qua hoqt ddng ngoql khdo Nhfim phdt huy tinh Kch cyc cOo HS, thyc hifn myc KSu ddl mdi dqy hqe hifn noy, quy trinh cOo mfit module GDTNDS edn duqc biSn soqn theo glol doqn: Gial dogn trudc budi ngogi khda: + GV vd HS chudn bj nhffng dieu klen cho budi ngoql khdo: Tri ihffc, ca sd vdt chd't, tdm t h l , mdl trudng tfi' chffc hoqt ddng ngoql khda; + Thyc hifn gdn kit di sdn vol bdi hqc Irong sdch gido khoo hofie chuang Irinh hqc cOa HS Cde hoqt ddng ey t h l gom: TT HS Tl/ SUU ldm cic tu ll^u, thfing tin liSn quan 66n chu i34 hQC t^p di/d) Bl/ hudng d i n cua GV: hifn vftt, i n h , bdl bdo, cAc dOfin vdn trona sdch,., QV DQC vd nghldn cuu trudc Idi llfu vd di s i n Stiu t&m trdn mQng Ttilfl kd cu Ihd cdc hoft dftng gido dgc ciJa thdy vd trA Iheo chCi dd li/a chQn H I chuyfn cha m^, anh chi vi cdc IhAng tin li«n Quan Hdi ngutiN quen, Idng gling Chu OOno ^ xufit y kifn vdl In/dng nhdm vd vffl GV vd nhOng Ihdc mdc hofc cdc y tirdng ndy sinh Irong oud trinh tIm kif m thOng tin HS ll/ ddnh gid, phdn llch t ^ g t>9p tu llfu chuin bj tham gia cdc hoal dfng bu^i ngoQl khfa mft c&ch tict) cue nhdt Glao bdl t f p cho HS chudn bj (cf Ihd ihflo cdc vdn dd hode cdu hdl) Lifn h f vdl l(hu dl llch, d|a dldm d i i n hoat dfng nooai Khda Chudn b| ddy dO didu Kifn cdn thldt: Thldt b|, co td v f l ehdl cho chuydn dl Xem HS mong mudn gl chuydn dl tdl Nhffng djnh hudng trln GDTNDS cung dong duqc cdc nhd GDDS vd ngodi nude quan tdm vd bude ddu mong Iql hifu qud tql md^ sd trudng phd thdng d Hd N f l vd Dfic Ndng Phuemg Ihffc GDTT mdl ndy s l duqc Bf GD-DT frlln khol nhfin r f n g nhffng nfim hqe tdl, Q Tiki ll(u tham k h i o Nhidu t^c giJi Mft stf chuyfin dd phmmg phfip dfy hflc Itch sff NXB £>(ii hpc qu&c gla Hd Ndi, 2002 Nguygn Vfln Huy Quy trinh gifio dye trfil nghifm dl sAn nh& tnnhig Trung lAm Nghifin cihi & Phdt huy gifi tr| di sin vdn hda (CCH) Ph^m Minh Hfic, G6p p h l n ddl miH tuduy gifio dye NXB C/dod{Jc, H 1991 "Thf h$ vi c&n duqc gido due v l vdn hda di sSn", Bdo Ddn tri online, ngfly 19/S/2011 "Gifio dye di s&n nhfi irudng l?i Vift Nam", Bdo dtfntik Odng Cdng sdn ViftNam ngfiy 7/3/2012 World herriiage in young hands, http:// www.unesco.org Glai dogn td chuc hogt d^ng ngogi khda: HS tg frdi nghifm cOng dl sfin, cfi Hil ghi tqi cdm nhqn rllng cuo mtnh qufi trinh thorn quan vdi h>ng hiln vfit hofie h>ng nhdm hifn vqt mft edeh ngfin gqn vdo sd cdm tudng hofc vd cuo mlnh (kr nfing vilt) Cdc nhdm HS thdo ludn vd ehio sl vdi cdc thdng Kn, kiln thue mdi vd cdm xOc cOo mlnh theo nhung vd'n d l md GV hudng dfin (kTndng thuylt frinh) Cde hoql ddng diln frong gial doqn ndy tsoo gdm: thom quan frdI nghlfm, choi frd choi, thdo lufin nhfim, Gial dogn sau budi ngogi Idida: HS ty trtnh bdy thu hoqch cuo mlnh Cdc hoqt dfng cy thl: •»• HS h/ td chffc frung bdy sdn phdm nhdn ihffc: ede tu lieu, hifn v f l si/u ldm duqc, cdc sdn phd'm ihO cdng, cdc bdl thu hoqch, gdn vdl nfl dung trung bdy vffo duqc xem (kr nfing frung bdy); + GV ehqn nhffng l^dl hay nhd't cho HS frinh bdy frudc ldp {kT nfing thuylt frinh); + Td chffc thdo luqn, chlo sl glffo cdc nhdm ldp v l nhffng thdng tin thu duqc frudc vd frong qud frinh dl thfim dl sdn So sdnh, llSn hf, ddnh gid cdc ngudn thdng Kn khde nhou (kT ndng thdo lufin, tdng hqp, phdn Kch thfing tin; thai ehla sl vdl cdng ddng); + Mol HS h/ vllt thu hoqch, edm nhdn rieng cuo mlnh (kT ndng vilt) SUMMARY Heritage experience educatkxi is considered the traditional mode of education oftd^practicat value Is being encouraged to develop in many countries having advanced educatton In tie v/orid