Tlf DUY PHE PHANVATITDUY SANG TAO TRDNGGAM THUVAN CHUDNG o NHA TRUONG PH6 THONG TS, H O A N G TH! M A I " T a duy phe phan (TDPP) va tuduy sang tao (TDST) la hai kT nang tu duy bae cao; la cdng cu, "n[.]
Tlf DUY PHE PHANVATITDUY SANG TAO TRDNGGAM THUVAN CHUDNG o NHA TRUONG PH6 THONG TS, T a phe phan (TDPP) va tuduy sang tao (TDST) la hai kT nang tu bae cao; la cdng cu, "nguon luc manh me" giup ngudi ton tai, tu khang dinh va phat trien Van ehuong va viec dpc van, hoc van cd kha nang dae biet viec phat trien TDPP.TDST eho hpc sinh (HS).Tuy nhien, viec nghien cdu xac dinh dae tn/ng, eau true cua eac kieu tu hoat dpng cam thy van ehuong d nha tn/dng hien chua dupc chu y dung mdc Neu cd nhdng dinh hudng cu the ve mat li thuyet, viec phat trien cac kTnang tuduy eho HSse phu hop vahieu qua hon, Tren eo sd li thuyet ve Tam li hpc nhan thdc va dae tn/ng, ban chat eua van ban (VB) van chuong, bai viet di sau xac dinh dae tamg, eau true eua TDPP va TDST cung nhudiem khae biet eung md'iquan he giuaehungtronghoatddngdpc-cam Ihu van chuong Khai niem, dae trung, cau true cua TDPP va TDST y^Tuy cdn nhieu each hieu khae va hien van chuacdmptdinhnghTathdng nhat, nhung tuu ehung, TDPP duqc nhin nhan vua nhu mgt mo hinh tu duy, vua Id mgttap hgp cac each thuc hanh dgng bao gom: kha nang phat hien van de; kha nang phan tich va td'ng hpp thdng tin de glal quyet van de; kha nang nhin nhan lai van de td mpt gdc nhin mdi, kha nang xem xet van de td nhieu quan diem, phuong dien de nJt nhdng ket luan cd can cu hoae nhdng giai phap tdi uu; kha nang tuhieu ehinh can thiet Theo Facione (1990,2011), cac thao tac nhan thdc chu yeu cua TDPP gom: eitnghTa, phan tieh, danh gia, suy luan, Hgial, tuhieu chinh Qua trinh TDPP trai qua budc: 1) Xac dinh dupe van deva cac uu tien; 2) Dao sau su hieu biet va thu thap cac thong tin phu hop; 3) Liet ke cac lua chpn va cae he qua tuong dng; 4) Danh gia tinh hud'ng va dua quyet djnh ban dau; 5) Xem xet kT ludng ca qua trinh va tuhieu chinh can thiet (1), Cung theo Factone&Facion (1994), mpt ngudi cd TDPP tdt la ngudi ed kha nang phan tich va danh gia duoc cac 46 Tap chi Gido due so 311 H O A N G TH! M A I " quan diem khac nhau; gial thieh dupc cae gia thiet va luan diem de phat hien nhung luan eds§e sao, nd'i bat (2) 2) Mac du cori nhieu each quan niem, nhung tuu ehung, TDST la kha nang dua dugc nhi/ng y tudng va san pham mdi, dgc dao va cd gia trj Khac vdi "tri thdng minh" ehi gidi han d pham vi nhan thuc, TDST lien quan tdi mdt phdc hpp eae trang thai cd tinh dpng co, cac yeu to ca nhan, cac dieu kien hoan canh mdi trudng, cac yeu to blen dd'i va tham chi la eac san pham TDST eung khac vdi "dd'i mdi" bdi neu mue tieu eua sang tao la kham pha va phat minh thi muc tieu cua dd'i mdl la bien dd'i va thi hanh Theo R Fisher, cau tnJe cua TDST (1990) d\jqc dae trung bdi to: 1) Luu loat(kha nan^ phat sinh eac y tudng); 2) Linh hoat(dk dang thay ddi diem nhin, lap tn/dng nhan thue, vien canh); 3) Dgc dao (chua dung mpt caigi dd mdi me, ddc dao); 4) Nghien cthi sau sac (dua tren su hien hdu eua cac y tudng) Theo C Rose va M, J NIeholl (1997), qua trinh cua TDST gom cac budc: 1) Hieu rd van de, thu thgp cang nhieu thong tin ve van de cang tdt; 2} Xem xet van detdmpi gde dp-tuduy bdn chieu; 3jOuara that nhieu y tudng cho eung mpt van de, bdi "each tdt nha't de ed mdt y tudng hay la phai cd that nhieu y tudng"; 5)1a\ ket hop" mot soy tudng mdi vdi nhau; d/Lua chpn y tudng hay nhat, y tudng cho ket qua tdt nhat; 7) Hanh ddng, thuc thi y tudng (3) Sternberg (2012) da quan niem mpt ngudi cd TDST tot la ngudi "cdthdi quen: tim kiem cac each tiep can van de ma nhdng ngudikhac khdng chu y; chap nhan nhung nguy hiwn, nji ro ma ngucri khac khdng dam chap nhan; cd du dung khi, sucan dam de thach thdc sddong va bao ve niem tin, quan diem cua chinh minh; tim each vupt qua nhung thach thdc, can trd tam nhin cua minh nhung ngudi khac thucffig chiu thua hoSe nhuong bd" (4), * Khoa Kboa b ^ U h^i • TrMnsfiai hQC H6B| Bi'c -(kil-6/2013) Moi quan he giua TDPP vaTDST Neu ptian loai tlieo caoli thuc van tianti, tir phan tich, TDPP, TDST la kl nang tu bae cao theo phien ban cac thang b|c tuduy cua B.J Bloom (1956)doL.W Anderson v^D.R.Krathwohlde xuat nSm 1999, Ba kieu tu co moi quan he huu CO, b6 sung, h6 trt? nhau, loai la to cua loai Tuy nhien, giua ehung cijng co nhirng ranh gioi nhat djnh ma viec phan biet la het sire can thiet, dae bi?ttLrg6cd6nhatarc(ng, Tu phan tich la su chia nho doi tucfng cac bp phan de xem xet cau tnic, moi lien he giira eac yh to tong the Tuduy phan tieh la mpt to qua trinh gial quyet van de mpt each sang tao Diem khac biet giiia tutuduyphan tich va TDST la d ch6, tu phSn tich yeu cau phai thuan theo togie va thucmg d i n den mot hoae mpt vai giai fhdfCOthidi/gcthucthitnnDsiyiu cau phai tuong tupng va ket qua thudng d i n den nhieu eau tra Idi hoae y tudng co Ihi N6I each khac, neu tu phan tich tap cac eau tra Idl thi TDST tao cae y tudng Tu phan tich cung la mgt to cua TDPP Theo B.K Beyer (1989), diem khae biet glUa TDPP va TDST la d ehd: "trong TDST co xu hudng pha each thi TDPP o6 xu hudng hoitu; tmng khiTDSTcogingtaoramotcaigidomaithiTDPP ii tim kiem gia tri hoae suhap ii cua mot cai gi iang ton tai; TDST co xu hudng pha bo nhiing nguyen tic da duoc thiia nhan thi TDPP cdxu hudng ap dung nhdng nguyen lac dadudc thda nhan"; neu 'TDPP danh gia cac y tudng thi TDST mdrdng cac ylUdng.neuTDSTtaoracacytudnglhiJDPPIasu kH'm chdng cacy Iddn^' (5) Tuy cd nhiing khac biet nhu vay, nhung thuc le, neu khong tu mpt each ed phe phan thi ciing khong the lu mpt each sang tap Be sang tap itupc mpt y tudng mdi, ngudi ta can phai tep thu cd phe phan nhiing y tudng da cd TDPP hd tro, thue day TDST va ngupc lai TDPP va TDST tdn tai song song "nhu m|t ciJa mpt ddng xu" Ve tam quan trpng cung nhumdi quan hegliia Chung, L D C i a n e (1983) cd mdt each diln dgt ham sue: "Khi lap luan sai lam tddngliidngsecdtj ban Khitnjcgiacsailam,lap luan se Ciiu barf (i) TDPP vaTDST cam thu van chuo'ng 1) Bic Irung ciia van ban van chuang vl$c phat trii'n TDPP, TDSTcho HS.Khacvaiinh mgeti lac, chinh xae eua VB thdng tin, dae tnrng cua VB van chupng la tinh mo hd, ham ngdn, da nghla (ki 1-6/2013)- "Noi dung chude, bdi canh khong gian, thdigian va ngon ngd VB van chuang cung cap cho ngudi doc v6 van nhung viin canh velhegidithuc dekien lao nghla cua chinh ho vacuocsdnff (7) Trong VB van chuang, tutudng cua nha van thudng duoe phat bieu gian tiep qua hinh anh, bieu tupng, vi vay, dpc van, ngudi dpc hpe duoe each dua eac suy luan (inferences) Neu dpc VB thdng tin, ngudi dpc tim kiem nghTa vay nghTa "tren VB"thidVB van ehuong, nguc(dpc"ditim nghTa vay nghia dphia sau VB, vupt ngoai VB ciing nhu hudng den nhirng gia thiet cd the xay tuong lar (7) Theo L Gajdusek (1988), "kyithe dang chuy nhat cua van hoc la ngudi doc co the sang tao nen nghia noi sinh (interna! meaning), nghia gdn vdi mdi quan tam va sutrainghiem rieng cua ngudidod (8) Van ehuong tao vd van co hdi cho ngudi doc phat trien TDPP vaTDST 2) Valtrdeua TDPP va TDSTtrong viecphit trie'n kTnang dgc cho HS Tiep can van ehuong B quan diem ciia TDPP, HS hpe dupc each "khdng ndi nhirng dieu khdng cd ehung eirtLfVB"ciJng nhu biet each si) dung d i n ehung tU VB de hd trp cho quan diem, each cat nghTa cOa minh "roPPfif/irp/yS eddu lu tin debudc vao the gidi cua VB denhin xa han nhdng gi duae ndi Idi td ngu, tu tin han dehoai nghi quan diem, each cdtnghia cua giao vien va eua ca chinh nha vad' (9) TDPP ddng thdi tham sau vao tu tudng HS nguyen tie can ban: khdng ed gi ta hien nhien, mpi nhan dinh deu phal dupc kiem nghiem bang chiing circu the HS,vi vay hpc dupc each danh gia qua trinh tu cua hp, ddng thdi moi tnidng hpc tuongtacse day hp tdn trpng nhiing ykien khae khdng ddng quan diem vdi minh Tiep can van chuong tii lap tnrdng eua TDST, HS hpc dupe each "ddng sang tao" eiing vdi nha van TDST giijp eac em md rdng cac kha nang nghJava y n^/j/a eiia VB.TDSTtham sau vao tutudng HS nguyen tac: khdng cd hinh tupng, tac pham nao chi cd mpt each tiep can, li giai nhat ed gia trj Tiidd, HS hpc dupe each dixa hon nhiing giVBvatac gia mud'n ndi, tiep can cac chan trdi nghTava y nghia eija VB tren co sd su trai nghiem cua ban than 3) Sukhae biet va moi quan he giua TDPP va TDSTtrong earn thu van ehuang-Jmng pham vi tim hieu, nghien ciiu mpt lac gia van hpc, neu tu phan tieh di sau xac djnh va li giai cac yeu tdchi phdi sang tac ciia nha van, cat nghTa va khai quat dae diem sang tac, xac dinh vj tri, ddng gdp eua tac gia tien trinh van hpc; TDPP kiem chiing dp tin Tap chi Gido due so 311 47 cay cua cac each li giai, nhan djnh, danh gia dd dua the, ehue nang eua ehung viee lam noi b|t chu tren cac tieu chi cy the, cac dulieu xac thuc va minh de VB thi TDPP mptmathoainghi, xem xet lai ket qua chdng tu VB, dat nhung gia thiet, each tiep can, li phan tich dd, mat khae tim kiem va "ddi thoaf vdi cae gial khac cd the ed ve tac gia van hpc, nhan dien tinh each cat nghTa khae cd the, nhan eae danh gia ci;c khoa hpe cung nhu phat hien s u cue doan doan, de xuait mpt each tiep can thuyet phue hdn, mdi each danh gia de di den nhung ket luan thuyet thi TDST se "san sinh" nhdng y tudng mdi phuc hon, thi TDST cd the hudng d i n HS dan qua trinh dpc nhu sang tao lai cdt tnjyen, sd phan dung cac eupe phdng van, tranh luan, ddi thoai vdi nhan vat, cat nghTa mot yeu td theo nhieu each khac tac gia ve quan diem nghe thuat, dae die'm sang tae nhau, gial ma nghTa va y nghTa cua VB bang vao vd'n cua nha van thdng qua cac hinh thuc san khau, sdng thuc te, sutrai nghiem va nang lue cam thu eua tnjyen hinh, hpi hpa, ca nhan ngudi dpc Trpng pham vi cam thu mpt VB van chuong, neu Dethay rdhon ranh gidiglda TDPP vaTDST tu phan tich chia tach VB cae yeu td(doan, qua trinh dpc van, cdthexem xet mpt vai tieu ehi vavi cau, cac phuong dien nghe thuat.,.) de nhan dien cau du tdviec dpc VB Chiec thuyen ngoaixacua Nguyen tnJc, ket cau VB, xac djnh gia trj npi dung, nghe thuat Minh Chau n h u s a u (xem bang 1) cua mdiye'u tdva moi quan he giua chdng ehinh Bang KhacbietgiOa TDPP va TDSTig7 Tic gia duimg nhu mtiSn bi^n h^ cho hinh S^g vi cinh vi linh cich, nhin v^t sB sic sio vi ding nhfr hon phu ctia gS hon l i phô phin? ã Tic gia qui di cao sif lua chpn liiu oje cua ngiriii din Dd: cin bS sung nhOng tinh tiit ihi hi^n hiu qui ning ni ctia si; cam di|u d6, Gidi mi cil nghia dinh gii m^l yiu tS, chi tiit theo nhiiu cdch cd thi iddiar Ctking han, HS cd Bii giai mi y nghla chi iiit chiBc xe ting har>g theo nhiiu cdch: Vidu; • Hinh inh chiic xe ling hong duqc nhic din E lin d phin diu, lip lai nhiiu lin - Ld mf t etu tiit binh thudng, khdng cd In ji nghi thuil gl - Sio hi$ii rT^l diiu gi dd 03 din, tin khic darig tiim in diu diy d cic phin sau -> khflng ihS ti ngSu nhifln, ehie ehin 06 hdm y, - Nhiiu chi tiit khic hoa su lin bao eOa gd ch6ng: mil diy ve d ^ di>, - Him y chiin Dmh di qua, i^ung eudc chiin chong ddi nghio Utbnq him nghiin ring quit liK tip vio tim lung rich nrdi cua V9 dang cinh Ul thing bi lin hhdc vin cdn dd ngd dui xu6ng cat: nhung cung nhiiu chi liil tfl dim nii nhgc nhin bi lie cue - Him y vSn di mdi tru^Ang vin di tiao tin di ifeh chiin uanh chua dui^c quan Ito: mil lAc l i qua dau ddn nguyin nJa vSt chin chit bdi hin sau trin eit •> chic ehin nhin vii khdng gian ddn, cit nhin cua lie gii khdng Ihi mil Tu i w Xam xit vfin di, yiu Id chi liit Ml nhiJng gdc dd quan dUm khde3 Md rdng nghia vi y nghla cua VB, di xa hon nhihig gi tie gii vi VB mufin nhau: nghi ngd Iiich thUc cic cdcti li giai, dinh gii dd ed niu lin dui^e cdc gia nOi liin hi vin ban vdi Ihuc tS ddi sing vd nhOng trai nghiim cua ci nhdn ngudi doc «>ilt khde cd tii Ctiina haa HS b i l If giai hbih ddng Un bao cua gi ching Ki nhOng gdc nhin Ching han HS: khde nhau: - Hinh dung, luwig lupng v i vii! tiip ciu chuyin v i bi Phdc • Gi l i mdt lin vfl phu, Kinh hoan, • Kinh dung niu ci vio hoin canh ciia gi chinsfngudS v^/bi Phdc, minh si • Nhung niu Ihi Qi gi lal ding y dinh v(i d Irin bd vi chQn InJt giin lin vd hinh ding theo cich nio ( M Uidng phai li nhi)ng dua tre? -> Gi kh&ng cdn cich lua ch^n ndo khac - Liin hi vdl hiu Qui cua tinh liang bao li/c gia dirdi d nof minh sinh t&ig • Gi cd Ihi hinh ddng iheo cich Idiic, vi nhu sinh il hon, nhin nat vi cfi - Liin hi xem HS ed th4 tim d u ^ ^ gdp phin ngin chin linh trang dd ging vu9 qua - Dinh gii Iheo quwi diim cua minh xam ding thuen^ding ghit nhil tiong • Gi di Va chon mdl cdch tiiu ci/c Hinh ddng vu phu cua gd lit ding \6n ^ thibi truy^? Vi sao'' luy nhlin gS cung Ihil ding ihuar>g, chi t>di vl ngudi ta khd qui, cude song nhpc nhin bip binh qud Klin tri Iheo duii y tudng mi nhOng ngudi khde cd thi lir bd, tin vdo gid IH eua cich ligp cin li giai mi mmh Kia chpn Vi du NhOng y tuong sau Cd Ihi khdng gdp gO ehii y lie gid cOng nhu cich cin trail cam iU4n CUB nhi phi binh, nhung HS khOng ngung lim kiim chiing Ci) di N Vidu • MINI cd chu quan khdng qui chii j din chi liit binh xich chiic xe ting giai quan Aim CUB minh: - Niu wit lai ciu (huyin 10 ngdi trin thuit l i ngudi din bi hing chll, tiuy»n hdng? • Ngudi vp Ihuc cd ding thuong khdng ehi biit cam chju su ' ^ in vd li cuasi siu sic vi IUC ddng htn Ch bit itift vrang nhit Irong Uuytn chinh l i daon md Id su Ihi^c tinh gdchdng? • Nguyin Mrti Chiu ihue su cd binh vi/e, bio ehOa cho hinh ddng vu phu cua cua nguM dtei bi n*ng chdi o Ida in huyin v.v Oi ching khdng' 48 Tap chi Giae due so 311 -(kil- 6/2013) TDPP vaTDST giup HS cam thu van chuong mpt each sau s i c va sang tao; ngupc lai, dpc van tao dieu kienchoTDPP.TDSTcuaHSph^ttrien.DayHSdpc van m§t each co phe phan va sang tao cung la mpt each hien thuc hoa y nghla cua van chuong, nit ngan l(hoang each giua van hpc nha tarcfng vadcn song xa hpi, doi song cua ca nhan HS TDPP va TDST co nhi/ng khac biet nhat dinh nhung luon h6 trp, thuc day lln TDPP ren cho HS thoi quen dua cac nhan djnh, danh gia mot each can trpng, TDST thoi thuc HS kham pha cal m d\ e phat trien TD PP va TDST cam thu van chuong, dieu quan trpng nhat la tao mpt khong khi, moi tardng hpc tap thuan lplla nhan cac y kien, quan diem khac nhau, xem xet cac van de van ban tunhieu goc dp phu hop vdi tam don nhan cua moi nguoi detao dung nen mpt hinh anh, mpt the gidi tac pham cua chinh hp Va nhu vay, muc tieu mon hpc, chuan danh giakienthucva kTnang, vai tro cua ngudiday, Cling phal dupc dd'i mdl mot each dong bp • (2) J C Forrester Thinking creatively; thinking critically Asian Social Science, 2008 (3) C Rose, M J Nicholl Ki nSng hoc t a p sieu toe the ki XXI NXB Tn f/ii^c, H 2008 (4) R, J Sternberg "The assessment of creativity: An Investment-Based Approach" Creativity Research Journal 24/2012 (5) M Baker, R Rudd "Relationships between critical and creative t h i n k i n g " Journal of Southern Agricultural Educaiional Research 2001 (6) L D, Crane Unlocking the brain's two powerful Newsleiier, learning systems Human Inlellegence 1983 (7), (8), Mohammad Khatib - Javad Mohammad Janpour, L i t e r a r y Texts and Critical Thinking Advances in English Linguistics (Vol I), 2012 (9) S Jaffar "Teaching Critical Thinking through L i t e r a t u r e " Journal of Research {Faculty of Languages & Islamic Studies) (Voi 5) 2004 SUMMARY (I)P A Facione Think Critically,Pearson Education: Englewood Cliffs, NJ (ngu6n: ,hlip://ww^'.insighlassessmerH,com/ 2011) The arUcle is aimed at clarifying the characterisUcs and structure ofcritical and creative thinking determining differences as well as relationships between critical and creative thinking in the process of responding to the literary text Hop tac Viet - Lao Md hinh Sao tao giao vien (Tiep theo trang 10) cap (caip so, phdng giao due va hi$u tn/dng cac tn/dng phothong) Tang cudng day tieng Vi§t tai cac trudng phothong hg thd'ng giao due cua Lao Dd'i mdl phuong phap tuyen sinh va DT dubi dai hpe, tieng Viet Tiep tue dau tu hoan thien va nang cao nang luc trudng THPT Hiiu nghj Lao -Viettai thudd Vieng Chan va mdt so tn/dng khac tai Lao • Tdi li^u t h a m k h ^ o 8(1 GD-DT Bdo cdo vi h(/p tdc vdi Lao ndm 2010, 2011 t^i Hpi nghi t6ng k^t dSo tao cho LSo, H 2012 (Tiep theo trang 64) 57; 300, AACTE (American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education) SAGE www.jte-sagepub.com, 2006, Scannell, D, M o d e l s of t e a c h e r e d u c a t i o n American Council on teacher educalion, 2000, Sullivan, R The Competency-Based Approach to Training JHPIEGO Strategy Paper, rector Training Office JHPIEGO Corporation, 1995 Toom, Auli et al, 2008 Exploring the essential characteristics of research-based teacher education from the viewpoint of teacher educators University of Helsinki, Center for research on teaching, Finland SUMMARY TTie essential characteristics of the competencybased preservice teacher education model are the Some general points on the results of the Vietnam structured educational system: outcomes-oriented: - Laos cooperaUon in the field ofeducation to develop human resources for the period 2011 -2020 on the school practice-connected: leamer-ccntred: and unibasis of the a^'eements on educaUonal cooperaUon versity-school partnerships Those characteristics between countries was signed, with the aids of Viet make preservice teacher education and school pracNam government lo Laos in order to foster coopera- tices operate In a spiral of cycles, promoting their mutual improvemen ts Uon on human resources development for Laos SUMMARY Tap chi Giao due so 311 (ki - 6/2013) - 49 ... cau tnic, moi lien he giira eac yh to tong the Tuduy phan tieh la mpt to qua trinh gial quyet van de mpt each sang tao Diem khac biet giiia tutuduyphan tich va TDST la d ch6, tu phSn tich yeu... thuc van tianti, tir phan tich, TDPP, TDST la kl nang tu bae cao theo phien ban cac thang b|c tuduy cua B.J Bloom (1956)doL.W Anderson v^D.R.Krathwohlde xuat nSm 1999, Ba kieu tu co moi quan he... tich cung la mgt to cua TDPP Theo B.K Beyer (1989), diem khae biet glUa TDPP va TDST la d ehd: "trong TDST co xu hudng pha each thi TDPP o6 xu hudng hoitu; tmng khiTDSTcogingtaoramotcaigidomaithiTDPP