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TO CHlTC DAY HOC TOAN d TIEU HOC THEO HirVNG KHAI THAC CAC YEU TO THVC T I I N P H A M THI HAI C H A U '''' 1 Giao due Toan hgc theo hudng thuc t i ln (Realistic Mathematics Education) tu lau da dupc nhi[.]
TO CHlTC DAY HOC TOAN d TIEU HOC THEO HirVNG KHAI THAC CAC YEU TO THVC T I I N P H A M THI HAI C H A U ' Giao due Toan hgc theo hudng thuc tiln (Realistic Mathematics Education) tu lau da dupc nhieu nudc co nen giao due tien tien tren the gicfi quan tam.Day la iithuyetdayva hpc toan dupc dua va phat trien a Vien Freudenthal thupc Truang Dai hpc Utrecht (Ha Lan) tu" nhung nam i 970, sau dupc tiep noi va phat trien nhieu nudc khae nhu: Anh.Du-c.Dan Mach,Tay Ban Nha, MT, Nhat Ban, Malaysia, (1; tr -2) Nhung nam gan day, a cac nudc nay, viec dua thuc tiin vao hoat dpng day hpc (DH) tiJcac bac thong den dai hoc da dupc thunghiem va dat nhieu ketqua khaquan.Haiquan diem chinh cua giao due Toan hpc theo hudng thuc tiln, dupc Vien Freudenthal dua la: 1) Toan hgc phai dupc gan ket vdi the glcrt thuc tien; 2} Toan hpc nen dupc xem nhu la hoat dpng thuc tien cua ngudi (2; tr 3) Ljch sii cho thay, Toan hgcco nguon goc tu'tfie gidi tiiuc tien, chinh suphat trien cua thuc tien da thuc day suphattrien cua eae npi dung toan hoc, lam sinh, pliat trien va hoan thien cac li thuyet toan hpc Ngupc lai, toan hpc xam nhap vao thuc tiln va thuc day thuc tiln phat trien.Tuy nhien, cung chfnh su phattrien mgnh meva nhanh chong cua thuc tiln lam cho toan hpc khdng theo kjp, chung da dan bi keo va tach rdi vdi thuc tiln Viet Nam hien nay, qua trinh DH toan phothdng dang thieu vang bong dang cua yeu tothuc tien Giao vien (GV) phan Idn la day theo khuon mau cdsan sach giao khoa, hpc sinh (HS)thuc hien cac hoat dpng hpc tap theo nhftig each thuc may mdc, rap khudn, xa rdi vdi cupc song Chinh vi vay, giao due thong Viet Nam da va dang dao tao nhung the he HS chi biet van dung tri thuc de giai quyetcac VOT demang tinh li'thuyetnhung lai rat lung tung viec xuli cac tinh huong thuc tiln, De dap ung muc tieu, nhiem vu doi mdi can ban, toan dien giao dye phottidng giai doan sau 2015 "ren luyen ki nang van dung kien thdc vio tht/c tiin", "tang cudng cac hoat ddng trai nghiem thuc te'{3), thi viec dua 38 Tap chi Giao due so 360 thuc tien vao quatrinh DH toan cho HS phothdng ndi chung va H S tieu hpe ndi rieng la nhiem vu can thiet va cap bach hien DH toan or tieu hpc XYseo hudng thuc tien Trong qua trinh DH,GV td'chuc dieu kiiien qua trinh tu to chirc, tu dieu khien cua ngudi hoc nham thuc hien nhiJng nhiem vu hpc tap Quatrinh DH gom cd cac khau: Xac dinh va nhan dien van de can giai quyet, hinh y thUc doi vtS nhiem vu hgc tap; to chLTc, dieu khien viee finh hpi tri thdc mdi; tochUc, dieu khien viec cung CO tri thut; tochUc, dieu khien viec ren luyen kTnang, klxao; td'ehu'c,dilu khien vific kiem tra, danh gia ket qua hpe tap va ket quaciia timg budc ndi tren tron,g quatrinh DH D e d a m bao tinh thuc tien DH loan thi tat cacac thanti to ndi tren cua qug trinh DH toan deu phai gan vdi thuc tien, Toan hpc lamdn hpc cdtinh truu tupng cao, HS tieu hpc cdn han che ve suphat trien cua ti/ duy, ngon ngu, tri nhd De qua trinh DH toan dtieu hgc cd hieu qua, dong tiidi dap ung yeu cau ddl mdi giao due giai doan hien nay, G V can phai tiep can va thuc hien tinh than Giao due toan ftpctheo hudn^tiiuc tiln, cu the la: long ghep tritiidc toan vdi tiiuEtienxayraxungquanhHS,tao dieu kien cho cac em hoatdpng tiiic tiep tren cac dodung DH true quan, trai nghiem vdi nhung tinh huong cdthe xay eugc song (nhOngtinh huong cd thela tinh huong thuc, cung cd thela tinh huong md hlnh dupc GV xay dung nen) Viec khai thac cac yeu to thuc tiln can dupc long ghep vao qua ti'inh DH, giup cho viec hoc toan cua HS trdnen nhe nhang, sinh dpng, hap dan va hieu qua hdn; dong tiidigiup cac em bietvan dung tri thdc toan vao giaiquyet mpt so van de, tinh huong don gian sinh cupc song S.Thifctr^ng DH toan d t i ^ u hpc theo hudng khai thac yeii to'thiic t i l n 3.1 Tht/0 trang DH toan atieu hgc theo hudng khai thac yeu io thuc tiin * Khoa Giao di|c -TniSng Sai hgc Vinh (ki2-6/2Q15) Hien nay, qua trinh DH toan a tieu hgc, phuong phap tmc quan duoc xem la phuong phap chu dao Do dae diem nhan thdc cOa HS tieu hoc cd tinh tn/c quan cao nen phucmg phap tmc quan (vdi cac vat that, tranh anh, mo hinh, so do, ) d u p c s u dung de mo ta cac d a ft;ang toan cung nhu de hinh vacung co tri thuc mdi Tuy nhien, hau het viec tiiao tae tren dung tmc quan 6Mc ttiuc hien bdi GV,HS th udng quan sat, itdupc tn/c tiep thao ^ e vdi chung.Vithe,vlec sudung phuong phap tmc quan chua thuc suhieu qua Ben canh do, de cung co &i thuc va ren luyen kT nang, kT xao, GV thudng s u dung he 8i6ng bai tap trongsach giao khoavatailieutham khao Phan k^ cac bai toan ed ldi van a tieu hpc cd npi dung gan vdi thuc tiln, nhien, HS thudng giai chung ttieo cac phuong phap giai, cac thuat toan ed s i n chd it cac em d u « ; tiep xuc va xii li eae tinh huong diin ti-ong cupc song thue Cdn cac bai tap toan khae, hau het dupc HS giaiquyetttieo each sudung cac edng ttiuc da d u o ; ITnh mptcach may mdc, rap khuon.Chinh vivaycactiithuctoanducchinhttianh,ghinhdkh6ng ben vung va HS eung khong bietvan dung nhirng tri thdc loan da duac hpc vao viec giai quyet cac van de xay h^ong eugc song ttiuc tiln Nhuvay, cothe ttiay rang hien GVtieu hpc chua ttiuc sukhai ttiac cac yeu tottiuc tiin vao qua trlnh OH toan eua minh Ton tai vi mpt so li sau: - Npi dung chuang trjnh, sach giao khoa duac xay dung ehua thuc s u g^n lien vdi tiUc tien; - Thdi gian quy djnh cua cac tiet hgc cung anh hudng den kha nang sang tao cua G V; - G V gap nhieu khd khan viec tim kiem va xay dung tinh huongtiiUCtien de g i n vdi tri ttiiit toan hpc can day;-Trinh dp eua nhieu G V tieu hpc hien chua dap dng duac yeu eau DH khaithac cac yeu tothuc tien • Mud'n to chuc tot mdt hoat ddng DH cd yeu to ttiuc tiln, GV phai quan sat cac tinh hudng ttiUc tien da dien nhu ttienao frong cuoe swig xung quanh Viec quan sat va phan tich kT cae tinh huong xay xungquanhgiupGV tim dtrpc van de toan hgc cd lien quan den tiiuc tien xay Nhd dd, cd ttie long ghep tinh huong dd vao ngi dung toan hge va xay dungyeutd'ttiuctilnvao hoatdgng DHeuaminh cho phuhppvaehinh xac - Da dang hda hinh ttiuc DH toan cho HS tieu hpc G V phai biet to' chue cae hoat dpng DH theo hudng khaittiacttiucti^dnhieu hinh ttiuc khac Dethuc h\en dupc djnh hudng ndi fren, budc dau chungjdi de xua't mgt so hinh tiiuc tang cudng tinh ttiuctien frong DH toan dtieu hpc nhusau: 3.2.1 Khaithac cac yeu tothuc tien to chdc DH hinh Mnh kiin thdc mdi.DoivdiHSiiuhQccac kien ttiuc toan hpc phai dupc hinh tiianh b i n g eon dudng nhan tiiuc "tdtn/c quan sinh ddng den tuduy tniu tugnd', vi ttie khai ttiae eae yeu to thue tiln ket hpp vdicac phuong phap DH khac se giup HS dedang tiep nhan kiai ttidc mdi va ghi nhdchung mpt each lau ben Cd tiie tang cudng yeu tottiUctienvao npi dung day kien thuc md^ de HS d i hieu, dong ttidi cac em ttiay dupc tam quanti-gngcua kien ttiiic duac hgc doivdi cupc sd'ng Vidu 1: De hinh ttianh tinh chi'tgiao hoin cua p / ? ^ n/jandldp 4, GVedttieehoHS hoat ddng ttieo nhdm hoac canhan tiong ti'nh huong sau:; G V chuan bi cho HS mpt sd'md hinh cay xanh, chang han 28 cay; - Cho HS ttong cay vao mpt khu vudn hinh chi? nhat cho cac cay dhang ngang hay hang dpe phai gidng ttiang vdi nhau; - Yeu cau H S tinh taig so cay frong vudn ma khdng can bude vao khu vudn Du kien HSseduara 32 Dinh hudng tang cudng ktiai thac cac cac phuong yeu to thtic tiin DH toan atieu hgc: an tra tdi nhu - Siia doi, bo'sung ngi dung chuang trinh, sach giao khoa mon foandtieu hpe hien hanhttieohudng tang eudng gan cac tri tide toan vdi ttiuc tien Dieu gdp phan dap ung muc tieu giup HS biet van dung ki§'n ttiuc toan hpc vao ttii/c tiln va phat frien nang luctiiuchfflih.phuhgpvdixuttieDHtfieo hudng tiep can nang lue tix)ng tucmg lai gan - Thudng xuyen to' chijfc cac hoat dpng giup GV tieu hpc nang cao kha nang khai ttiac cac yeu to ttiuc tiln vao DH toan, nhu: d u gid, ttiao luan, hpi nghj, tap huan, ; sau:-Di dpc ^eochieuda cua khu vuon, 6h\ daac cd cay, di dpc theo chieu rpng vudn,daTidugc^ca4hang,nhuvay so cay la: 7x4 = 28 (cay); - Di dgc ttieo chieu rdng ciia idiu vudn.dan dupc c64 cay.dldgcttieo chieudavuon,dan dugc t ^ ca tiang, nhu vay so cay la: 4x7 = 28 (cay); Hudng dan HS dua k^luan: Socaycdthetinh la Tap chi Gido due so 360 39 (ki2-6/2015) 7x4 hoac 4x7 va 7x4 = 4x7 GV kha quat hdatinh huong fren;"/Vei/i'?eoc/7^ dii khu vmid&n duac a cay va Mo chieu rdng khu vudn dim dugc b cay thi tmg so cay tmng khu vudn labaonhieu?'; * Giup HS neu dupc: So cay cd ttie tinh duac la axbhoacbxa; - HS ket luan axb = bxa -GVgidittiieutinhchatgiaohoancua phep nhan 3.2.2 KhaiMc cac yeu tothuc fien tmng to chih ff7M7/7an/i,/uye/)(^.Cac hoat dpng ttiuc haih, luyen tap chiem mot ttidi luang kha ldn frong chuong trinh DH toan tieu hoc, nd xuat hien frong cac tiet day bai mdi, cae tiet luyen tap, luyen tap chung, dn tap dudi dang cac bai tap Nhiem vu chu yeu cua day ttiuc hanh, luyen tap la eung co cactri ttiue ma HS mdi chiem ITnh dupc Viec dua ttiuc tien vao npi dung toan mama HS can phai ttiuc hanh, luyen tap se giup cae em d i h i n h dung vade dang giai quyet cac nhiem vu dupc giao duac hoat dwig vdi diing true quan eae tinh huo'ng cu ttie gan gui vdi ddi sd'ng cua cac em Vidu2.Sau\(h\h