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TO mat CEO E^ Sim mOi 140 mOiZEilt TRONG DAY HOC P H U N H I N H HOG K H O N G GIAN LdP 11 O ThS N G U V f N DIJC T H A N G * 1 TKeo quon dilm Clio If thuylt kiln h?o (LTKT), hong dpy hpc, qud hinh n/[.]
TO mat CEO E^ Sim mOi 140 mOiZEil TRONG DAY HOC PHUN H I N H HOG KHONG GIAN LdP 11 O TKeo quon dilm Clio If thuylt kiln h?o (LTKT), hong dpy hpc, qud hinh n/i^n ihtic ihvc chit Id qud hinh hge sinh (HS) kiin tgo nSn kiin ihuc cho bdn ihdn thdng qua hal hogt ddng ddng hda vd diiu ung Ddng bod Id qud hinh HS vfn dyng nhChig hi thik dfi cd d l xO tf cdc thfing tin nhdm dpt dupe myc tidu nhfn thik Nhu v f y , sy d i n g hda xudt hifn nhu mft co e h l gia Ipl edi dfi bilt hong hf nhd vfi cho phdp ngudi hpc dyo hdn nhChig kiln thuc dfi ed d l gidi quylt flnh hudng n>di Diiu ung Id qud hlnh HS sd dyng nhiJng kiln thik dfi hpe d l gidl quyll flnh hudng mdl nhung khfing thfinh cfing, bufe ede em phdl biln dol, dllu ehlnh, edu hue tpl ede hi thue, thfm chf ed t h i k}pl bd hi thuc cO hofc duo ro ede khdi nifm mdi d l gidi quylt vdn d l Tbeo ede h5e gid J G Brooks vd M G Brooks (1), hong dpy hpe theo LTKT, gido vidn (GV) edn: - KJiuyln khfch HS thyc hifn ede hopt dfng hpe tfp d f e Ifp, d f t ro ede cfiu hdi kit thOe md vd ddnh thdi gion cho HS hd Idl; - Hfi hp HS vupt quo cdc chudng ngpl, ddng thdi hudng dfin cdc em tdm tdt, lldn kit cdc kiln thtk thfing qua qufi trinh phfin tfch, dy dodn, gidl thfch vfi'n d l ; - Khuy6i khfch HS thom gla vdo ede hopt d f n g nhdm, cde eufe d l l thopi, qua dd, nofil HS ed t h i hlnh bdy quon dllm ridng euo minh, ei^ng tranh tufn di din thing nhdt ^ kiln; - Tpo efic chudng ngpl nhfn thik vd cfi sy hS h p HS cdn t h l ^ d l cde em vupt quo chudng ngpl Do dd, hude hudng dfin HS hpc bfil mdi, G V cdn fin t f p , cung e l kiln thik cho ede em; ti> dd, glup cdc em cd t h i kiln hpo kiln thuc mdl Hgc Id m^t / f trinh chi> khdng phdi Id dlim din, mdl y loin, mSl quan nl$m a)a HS Id m f / dlim difng hpmlhdlhSnl^ hinh hgc eua hge (2) GV ddng vol hd Id ngudi cd vdn, hudng dfin, glup cdc em h/ ddnh gid nfing lye hpe t f p cOo minh G V cOng Ifi ngudi ndu ro vdn d l , flnh hudng, sou ThS N G U V f N D I J C T H A N G * dd, hudng dfin HS xdy dyng chlln lupc vd gifil quylt vdn d l d f t ro Theo tdc gid Phpm Due Quong (2), hong dpy hpe todn theo quan d l l m k l ^ tpo, GV Id ngudi td chik, thilt k l cde hopt d f n g hpe t f p eho HS, Id ngudi ddnh gid Hnh hlfu qud, Knh khd thi euo qud hinh dpy hpe Ti> vifc phdn Hch quon d l l m k i ^ hpo, theo ehCing tfil, qud hlnh id oiuc dpy hpc theo quan dllm kiln h;to cfi t h i gdm budc: - Gfiudn bf bdl dgy: G V phfin Keh chuong hlnh, SGK; xde djnh hlnh d f cung nhu nfing k/e hpe t f p cuo HS k5>p, xdc ^ n n dllu klfn dpy hpc, myc tidu day hpe; xfiy dyng efic Hnli hu£^g cd vdn d l , thl^ k l ede hopt dfng, cfiu hdi chu c h ^ cOa bdl d l hudng dfin HS khdm phd kiln thue; - Tichuc dgy hgc hSn Idp: GV duo ro ede Hnh hudng ed vdn d l vd cdc cfiu hdl chdt nhfim dinh hudng tu cho HS, hudng dfin cdc em thdo luf n, d l xudt phdn dodn d i g l d l quylt vdn d l G V ndn ihudng xuydn S)} dyng nhung ^ u hdl kit thuc md (nhu: Igl sao? nhvlbindo?\, ddng thdt khuyin khich HS thdo luf n d l phdt hifn vd gidi quylt vdn d l , kiln hpo kiln thik mfii; - Klim ha, ddnh gid vi hlfu qud td chik dpy hpc; kiln thue HS kiln hpo dupe Dudi dfiy, diung tfil dua hal vf dy minh hop d i o qud hlnh dpy hpc theo quon dllm kiln lpo gdm budc d hdn: Vf dv 7.- Khi dpy hpe dfnh ll hong bdl «Dvdng ihdng vudng gdc vdi m0t phdng' (Hlnh hpc 11 nfing coo) GV cd t h i td chik, hudng dfin HS kiln tpo djnh If ndv nhu sou; j ; d t u d n b ; : - H S f i n tpl bdl: nHai dudng hdng vudng gdc', rdn luyfn cdc kr nfing xdc djnh gdc glOa hal dudng thdng hong khdng gion, & i lal' idln thik v l vecto; - G V chia Idp thdnh nhdm vd gioo eho mfil nhdm Ifim mft dyng ey hyc quon gdm: -i- tdm gfi phdng; + gfi a, b, c ã TnMf faô| Mc pW tttai Cin TlMi 1, TlHMfe Ron Tap chi Blao dye so (k* a • t/aon) dupe khodt Ifi d mft ddu vfi vft vdo ldm gfi d cdc vi hi A, B, C vd ed i h l xooy quanh cdc d l l m ndy; + Khodt hdn tfi'm gfi (P) mft vfil rdnh CD d l ihanh go d ed t h i chpy Hinh dupe hdn rfinh dd; + Dl chuyin hai thonh a, b soo cho hoi ddu cOa thonh a, b chym nhou, d f t vj hf dudng thdng d vufing gdc vdl cd vfi b (HS su dyng thudc d f d l kllm ha) (binh 1); - G V ydu edu HS gdc cuo ihonh d vd thonh c thonh e d cdc vj hf khde Cdc nhdm HS ghi Ipl kll qud d l bdo cdo trudc Idp vdo bull hpc sou 2) TichOe dgy hgc trin Idp: GV ydu cdu nhdm Idn lupt b>do cdo k l l qud eOo nhdm minh hude Idp, cde nhdm khdc tdng nghe N l u kit qud khfing trung nhou, cde nhdm cd t h i hanh luf n, hoo ddl GV cdn khuyin khfch HS dy dodn, khai qudt hda vfi'n d l vfi phdt bilu thfinh djnh If, cd sy ^ n h hudng hopt d f n g hpe t f p cho HS nlu ede em g f p b l tdc G V ed i h l quy lp v l quen, khdl qudt, hihj h/png hdo ede vfi'n d i d l HS bllt ehuyin h> bdl todn thye t l v l bfil todn hinh hpc hofic dua ro ede cfiu hdi cho HS nhu: «Cde em cd kit lufin gl v l gdc euo dudng thing d vd ede Aidng thfing khde ndm mft phdng (P)?'; sou dd, HS froo ddl vd dl d i n thdng nhdt: «Dudng thdng d vudng gdc vdl mpl dudng riling ndm hong m f l phdng (P)' GV ydu edu HS xfiy dyng vd phdt bllu thdnh djnh tf v l dudng thdng vudng gdc vdl m f t phdng Sou HS dfi khdm phd ro hi thue mdi, hlnh thdnh khdl nifm dudng thdng vuong gdc vdi mfit phdng, G V cd ihl ei3ng ed kiln thue eho ede em thfing qua hopt dfng nhfin dpng vd phdt bilu djnh If, chf ro cdc vf dy minh hpo, chdng hon nhu dudng mdp tudng cuo lap hpc vd n i n nhd Id hinh dnh m f t dudng thdng vuong gdc vdi mfit phdng GV ghi Igi Iodn b f qud hlnh dpy hpe vdo k l hopch gldng dgy (cdn chO f cdch id chuc, ede cfiu hdi, dlln blln hopt d f n g hpc tfip cOo HS, ) d l rut kinh nghlfm cho ede budi hpc sou 3) Klem Ha, ddnh gid: G V ddnh old hifu qud cOo qud hinh td chuc dpy hpe, chdng hpn nhu sy chufi'n bj cOa HS trude tral hpe, tfnh tfch eye, eho d f n g ciJo ede em hopt d f n g hpe tgp, hidu qud hopt d f n g nhdm vd hopt d f n g cOa cd nhfin, (GV cho mfii HS Ifi'y m f l hinli Tap chi filao duc so on a • s/aon) dnh tryc quan t h i hifn hinh dnh dudng thdng vufing gdc vdi mfil phdng; hoi HS thom gia vdo Hnh hufi'ng; mft em cho cde vj trf khdc nhou cOa thudc kd vd m f l bfin, HS cdn tpl gdc vfi ydu cdu HS kla d f t dOng v| hf md cdl thudc vufing gdc vdl m f l bfin) Vi dv 2: Khi dpv hpe nfl dung c eho HS kiln hpo kiln thuc mdl nhu sau: / ; Cfiudn bl: - HS fin Ipi khdl nifm hoi dudng thing chdo nhou, khdl nifm khodng cfich h> mft dilm din mft m f l phdng, khodng cdch h> mft dudng thfing hofc m f l phdng tdi mft mft phdng song song vdi nfi vd eho vi dy; HS cOng efin fin tfp Ipi kr nfing Knh khodng cfich h> mft dllm din mft mft phdng - GV ydu cdu HS fhye hifn hai nhlfm vy sou; Nbl0m vv J; + HS SI} dyng hai dfiy thdp bufe efing vfio ede ddy eft soo cho hal ddy a vd b chdo nhou (binh 2); + Gdn hai chpy A hdn Hlnh b, B hdn o Lay mft dfiy coo su c ndi hoi eon chpy A vfi B vdi nhou Do khofing cdch giua hoi chpy A vfi B; + Tfnh gdc ciJo dfiy coo su vdl cde day thdp o vfi b; + Ghi Igl kit qud, quon sdt vj hf eOo hoi eon chpy A vd B; -f Sou ghl loi kit qud, mfii HS phdi duo kit luf n ei3o minh v l vfi'n d l : cd tdn tpl vj hf cOo hoi chpy md khodng cdch h> A din B Ifi nhd nhdl?; Idii nfio gdc cua dfiy AB vd hoi dfiy thdp cijng bfing9Cy>? Nhi$m vv 2: Dyng mft hinh h f p chCr nhft ABCD.A'B'C'D', sou dfi fim nhCrng dudng thfing vufing gdc vdl cd hoi dudng thfing AB vd C C 2) Qud hlnh ti chvc dgy hge hSn Idp gdm cdc budc sau: + GV ydu edu bpn hinh bdy kit qud cuo minh vd duo kit lufn dfil vdi moi nhlfm vy dupe gioo; sou dd, cfi Idp tiln hdnh thdo lufn; + GV ehuyin h) Hnh hufi'ng thye Hen v l flnh huing todn hpc d l HS kiln tpo cdc khdi nifm; dudng vufing gdc ehung, dopn vufing gdc ehung vd khodng cdch gli/a hal dudng thfing ehdo nhou; + GV vfi HS cOng hoo ddi d l dl din thd'ng nhfi't: Cd nhSm^t dudng thdng dvifad^vifa vudng gdc vdl cd hal dudng thdng chda a vd b; # d ^ ddl dogn thdng AB nhd nhit kbi A Id giao dlim cOa d vd b, B Id glao diim eOa d vd a; + HS phdt bllu djnh nghTo v l khodng cdch giOa hai dudng thfing ehdo nhou 3) Klim ha, ddnh gid: GV cd t h i dfinh g i d hifu qud td chuc dpy hpc (sy chudn bj cOo HS hude bdl hpc, tfnh Keh eye eOo HS hong hpe tfp, hifu qud hopt dfng nhdm vfi hopt dfng cOa cd nhfin, ) ihfing quo vifc eho HS thorn gla vdo hd ehol sou: « M f / HS dift hude ki cua mlnb d cdc vf hf khdc so vdi mSp bdn, m f / HS khde xde djnh dogn vudng gdc chung vd khodng cdch giifa bai dudng hdng dd' Trong hal vl dy d hdn, HS dupe chii dfng thorn gio vdo ede hopt dfng hpe l f p , ede em dfi khdm phd, kiln tpo dupe kiln thue mdl; cde flnh hudng dpy hpc diu gfin vdl thye Hin cufc sdng ndn bdl hpe diln rfi't sinh dfng, Ifii cudn, HS Keh eye hpe l f p vfi hi>ng thu vdi nhihig kit qud hpc l f p dfi dpt dupe • Thiet ke tinh huong ggi van de (Tiip heo trang 41) Bpn Binh Idm nhu v f v Ifi dung hay sol, nlu soi em hfiy sua kpl glup opn" Vdl cfiu hdl d f l ro, HS sd Hm dupe gid hj nhd nhdt euo hdm sd ifi - x » - 2, nhung khfing Hm dupe x d l hfim sd dpi gid hj Idn nhdt bfing Vi > ' « = ' ' * ' { l ^ ^ « { ' ! o C ^ ^ S »^" ^ ' ^ ihdo mfin hf PT) GV cd i h l ydu edu HS Hm Ipi gifi trj k ^ nhdl vd gpl •jr cho HS si> dyng bfi't ddng thue Bunhiocopxkl: x + V - j ^ s^(i + i)(:c*+4-j^) = 2V2 Ddu«-'xdyra » i - V ^ » : * = V V f y , f(x) = -2 x = -2 vd max / ( x ) 2V2 i = V Budc 5: Sou kit thOc thdo tufn, GV cdn luu y eho HS: tim gid hj k ^ nhdt vd gid hj nhd nhdt cOa mft bllu thuc, cdn tim gid hj cOo x d l b>dl dfing thuc dd xdy ddu dfing thik Vdi cdch thilt k l TH nhu hdn, HS dupe tham (1) J G Brooks & M G Broolcs In Search of Understanding the Case for Constructivist Classroom Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development Publishers, 1999 (2) Ph^m Dite Quang ' T l chuc cho hpc sinh tmng hQC phi thOng Idln 190 ki^n thuc hpc t^p mOn Tofin" Tpp chi Gido dftc A Xd h^i, (70), Tr 17-18, 2001 TAI ll^u tham khdo Dofin Qu5'nh Hlnh hpc U (nang cao) NXB Gido di/icViftNam,H.10\0 http://www.thirteen.org/edoniine/concept2cia!i'j/ constructivism/index html SUMMARY Apply constructivist view of the teaching ond teaming of mathematics, teacher Is a mentor, a guide arrangements, teacher reminders to help student develop, understand and evaluate studwit learning Teacher often raise the Issues, the sltuatk>ns asks open-ended questtons andenccn^age acttv^ andgukJe tor students so that ttiey acttv^, explore tssuesand develop shate&es, slave problem gla vfio cdc hopt dfng thdo lufin nhdm d l phdt nlfn sol Idm, tim nguvdn nhfin vd siki chOa sal Idm dd hong qud trlnn gidl todn Trdn eo sd dd, HS sd rdn luyfn dupe hr phd phdn, hi logic, hr sdng tpo vd nfing cao kr nfing ldm vifc hpp h^c, phdt h l l n cdc kl nfing glao H ^ , h/ Hn vdo Ddn thdn minh D (1) Nguyfin Bfi Kim Phuimg phdp df y bpc m t a Tofin NXB Dgi h