REN Ki NANG TlT DUY CHO HOC SINH THONG OOA BUI MP MGHIlNII IHl l l f iHI iM SIKH HOG O TS PHAN OCrC DUV Wrhoa hpc Sinh hpc (SH) thude linh vyc khoo 1 ^ hpe thye nghiem Cdc khdi niem, qud frinh J mkrd[.]
REN Ki NANG TlT DUY CHO HOC SINH THONG OOA BUI MP MGHIlNIIIHlllfiHIiM SIKH HOG O Wrhoa hpc Sinh hpc (SH) thude linh vyc khoo ^ hpe thye nghiem Cdc khdi niem, qud frinh J.mkrd quy lugt SH phdn kin dupe phdt hien thdng qua fhyc nghigm Vi vdy, gidng dgy cdc kiln thue dd eho hpe sinh (HS), gido vign edn thilt phdi eho HS ldp Ipi eon dudng md cdc nhd khoa hpe dd phdf hien ro nd ijdng thye nghigm Mudn Idm dupe nhu vdy, edn rgn luygn eho HS cdc kT ndng (KN) h/ duy, dac bigt Id h/ thye nghigm Mpt frong nhifrig phuong hudng d l rgn luyen ede KN hr eho HS Id viec su dyng bdi top thye hdnh thi nghiem (BTTHTN) frong dgy hpe Viec gidl ede BTTHTN, mpt mdt cdc em dupe frang bj, khde sdu fri thire, mdt khde edn rgn luyen dupe cho ede em cdc KN Kr fhyc nghigm frong qud frinh hpc tap Trgn eo sd dd, cdc em biet vdn dyng kiln thiie SH vdo ddi sd'ng sdn xud't, ddp l/ng ygu cdu gido dye long hpp, hudng nghiep BTTHTN id bdi tdp (BT) ddi hdi HS phdi v$n dyng mdt edeh tdng hpp ede kiln thirc ii thuyet vd fhyc nghigm, ede KN hopt ddng fri dc vd chdn toy d l h/ minh gidi quylt vd'n d l , d l phuong dn, Iyo chpn phuong Hen, tiln hdnh thi nghigm nhdm nit kit ludn khoo hpc BTTHTN ed nhilu hinh thiie khde nhou: 1) Su dyng ede dyng cy thi nghigm, hda ehd't edn fhilt d l Idm thi nghiem; 2) BT chi dupe gidi bdng li thuylt (mong tinh chd't fhyc nghiem Krdng Krpng); 3) BT lidng hinh vg (dung hinh ve de md hi cdch kip ddt thi nghiem, hodc tir hinh ve eho frude phdn tich ede khd ndng phii hpp ) Trong day hpc SH, ngn uu tign sii dyng hinh thiic 1, vi day Id BT mong finh ehd't thye hdnh O hinh thi/c vd 3, dudi sy hudng ddn ciio GV, HS thorn gia thilt k l , md td, d l xudf phuong dn thi nghigm frgn gid'y vd biit (bdng Idi hodc bdng hinh vg) ho$c xem xet tinh hop li ciio cdch thilt k l Tap ehi Glao due so (ki a • g/aoia) TS PHAN OCrC D U V cung nhu cdc diln bien vd kit qud thi nghiem Kr dd rut ro kef ludn Lopi BT ndy dupe sii dyng frong frudng hpp thieu thilt bi thi nghigm, thdi Hit xd'u khdng tiln hdnh thi nghiem dugc, hodc su dyng frong khdu kiem fra ddnh gid Viec vdn dyng dpng BT ndy Kry HS khong ed dilu kien hpc tdp vd rgn luyen cdc thao tdc thi nghigm, nhung uu diem ehinh ciio hinh thiic ndy Id ddi hdi HS phdi Kr tich eye mdi cd the hilu dupe thi nghiem, frd Idi dupe ede cdu hdi, BT fim ro dupe kit ludn edn thilt Vi vdy, hinh thirc thi nghigm hr khdng ehi van dyng frong dpy vd hpe SH d ede nude dang phdt frien, kinh t l khd khdn md ed d cdc nude phdt frien Rgn luygn KN h/ bdng BTTHTN Ngodi cdc KN fu nhu phdn h'eh - tdng hpp, so sdnh, khdi qudt hdo, suy ludn, BTTHTN edn rgn luyen cho HS cdc KN fu thye nghigm dd id: phdn h'eh thi nghiem, so sdnh kit qud thi nghiem, phdn dodn kit qud thi nghigm vd thilt k l thi nghiem Trong phpm vi hai viet, chung tdi xin gidi thieu mdt so BTTHTN rgn luyen cho HS ede KN ndi frgn 1) BT ren luyen KN phdn tich thi nghlim Yeu cdu: Ddi vdi BT ndy, HS phdi phdn h'eh dupe myc dich ciia cdc thi nghigm, cdc dilu kien filn hdnh thi nghigm, klf qud thi nghigm, frgn co sd dd gidi thieh dupe kef qud ciio cdc thi nghiem da Hen hdnh Tii dd riit dupe kiln fhiie eo bdn edn khdm phd VI dy: De eiing kiln thiic ve froo ddi nude d thye vol (SH 11) GV cho BT sou: Cd hai thi nghiem nhu sou: Thi nghiem 1: Cd hoi chdu coy, chdu ed ddy dii re than Id; chdu ed ngdt bd Id Dung hii poiietilen bjf kin den tdn gdc edy, d l vdo chd sdng frong gid vd quon sdf kit qud thdy chdu * TnMi{ Bai koc si pliaô ã Bai kfc Nic • thdnh Kii nildng md di; Thi nghiem 2: Cho hai edy ddu xanh cdn nguyen r l than id edm vdo hoi binh tam gide ed chiio lupng nude bdng nhau, cho mpt if ddu dn vdo hinh tam gide Binh d l nguyen, binh cdt bd Id Ddt hai binh vdo chd sdng gid Dung cdn d l cdn hoi binh torn gide dd, nhdn thd'y binh lupng nude bi hoo hyf cdn Igch ve phia binh Hdy eho biet hai thi nghigm fren nhdm myc dich gi? Vi thi nghiem phdi sii dyng edy tuoi, mdt edy ed nguygn re than Id, mdt edy ngdt hd Id? Vi soo phdi eho ddu dn vdo binh tam gldc d thi nghigm 2? Thi nghiem ndo phdn dnh kit qud chinh xdc hon? Vi soo? 2) BTrin luyin KN so sdnh kitqud ihlnghlim Yiu cdu: Phdn tich dupe ede thi nghigm Hen hdnh, so sdnh sy gidng nhou vd khde nhou v l k i t qud giira ede thi nghiem hodc gli/a thi nghigm vd dd'l ehung, gidi thieh dupe vi cd sy gidng vd khde nhou dd Rut ro klf Iupn v l kiln thiic VI dy: D l gidng dpy hodc eung cd phdn Hd hdp d thye vdt (SH 16), GV eho BT sou: Ldy hai cdc nude vdi frong gidng nhou, ddt len hoi tdm kinh udt rdi dimg hoi chudng thuy Hnh A vd B iip vdo, frong chudng A ed ddt mpt chdu edy Cho ed hai chudng thi nghiem vdo chd fd'l Sau d gid quan sdt kit qud hai chudng thi nghiem Hoy eho bilt kef qud thi nghiem cuo hoi chudng cd gidng nhou khdng? Ngudi to diing thi nghiem chudng B khdng ed edy de Idm gi? Mpt Isgn eho rdng ed the fhoy cdc nude vdi frong d chudng B bdng mot edy tuong h/ chudng A Theo em ed the thoy t h i nhu vdy dupe khdng? Vi soo? 3) BT rin luyin KN phdn dodn kit qud ihi nghlim Yiu cdu: HS phdi phdn tich cdc d i l u kien thi nghigm, cdc hien Krpng (neu ed) d l duo ro ede phdn dodn ve kit qud thi nghiem Dua ro dupe li vi ed sy phdn dodn dd.Ldm thi nghiem d l kiem chiing ede phdn dodn Vi dy: Di eung ed hodc kiem fra kien thire ciio bdi Hd hop tibdo (SH 10), GV cho BT sau: Mpl nhd khoa hpe da chudn bj vpf ligu vd dyng cy sou: hi dm, dng nghiem, ip oxit pyruvic, I Ip glucose, ip chiia djch nghiin t l bdo, ip chi/o dich nghiin t l bdo dd tdeh cdc bdo quon, Ip chira H f h l vd mpt mdy phdf hien COj Ong da flln hdnh cdc thi nghiem sou: - Ong nghlim 1: Glucose + djch nghiin ti bdo; - Ong nghlim 2: Glucose + djch tibdo khdng cd cdc fcdo quan; - Ong nghiem 3: Glucose + ti thi; - Ong nghlim 4: Axlt pyruvic + djch nghiin ti bdo; Ong nghlim 5: Axit pyruvic + djch ti bdo khdng cd cdc bdo quan; - Ong nghlim d: Axlt pyruvic + ti thi Ddnh ddu ede dng nghigm fren vd eho vdo hi dm li d nhiet dp 37°C Trong qud frinh u, dng to nhpn thd'y frong d dng nghiem ed CO, boy ro Em hdy dy dodn xem dd Id nhung dng ngni$m ndo? Vi sao? 4) BT rin luyin KN thiit ki thi nghl$m Yiu cdu: HS frinh bdy dupe myc dich thi nghigm, dyng cy vd vpf lieu tiln hdnh thi nghiem, md td dupe cdch Hen hdnh thi nghiem hodc edeh thirc bd tri thi nghiem, Hg'n hdnh thi nghigm vd gidi thieh dupe kef qud thi nghiem Dd'l vdl dpng BT ndy, HS ed the duo nhllu phuong dn thi nghiem khde nhung nlu dung d i u ed thi ehdp nhpn, day Id mdt frong sd cdc BT phdf huy dupe Hnh sdng tpo ciia HS mot edeh ed hlgu qud VI dy: Di ciing ed kiln thiic v l qud trinh Quang hgp (SH 11), GV cho HS gidl bdi tdp: Trong gid fhyc hdnh bdi quang hpp, thi nghiem sy too thdnh Hnh ladt, ed mdt ban dd mong den Idp Id tia to dd Id rou d i n dd d l idm thi nghigm Cdc bpn HS khde cho rdng: «Ld dd f h l ndy khdng ed dl§p lyc ngn nd tdng hpp Hnh bdt rdt if Id ndy khdng the dem thu Hnh bdt dupe" Theo em y kiln dd ed dung khdng? Hay thilt k l ihi nghiem d l chiing minh y kiln ciio em Su dyng BTThfTN frong dgy hpc SH 1) Quy trinh chung Budc 1: GV gidl fhlfu BT: GV cdn ngu rd cdc gid fhllt vd ygu cdu ciia BT thye nghiem Dd'l vdi ede BT ed dyng cy thi nghiem kgm theo cdn gidl thieu kT Krng dyng cy vd thilt bi cho HS biet £)d'l vdl BT ed hinh dnh so dd minh hog ed the sir dyng dudi dgng phllu hpc Tap ehi Glao due so (kt a • 9/aoia) tdp hodc phuong Hen day hpc hign dpi nhu mdy tinh, mdy chieu de HS theo ddi dupe todn bd gid thilt vd yeu cdu ciio BT; Budc 2: HS Kr lye Idm vigc Tuy theo BT don gidn hay phiic tgp, hjy theo fhdl glon fief hpc vd quy md Idp hpc md GV ed t h i td chiie HS Idm vige ddc ldp fCrng cd nhdn hoy nhdm; Khi to chiic HS Idm vigc theo nhdm edn ehu y: - Ngu rd nhiem vy, thdi glon vd cdch thi/e Idm v i ^ cuo nhdm; - Nhiem vy ciio HS Idm vigc theo nhdm; Trong fhdl gian HS Idm viec theo nhdm (d Idp), GV di d i n fCmg nhdm d l tfieo ddi, thigp, dilu chinh, giup dd cdn thilt; Budc 3: Td chirc thdo ludn todn Idp: Cd Idp top trung lgi de gidi quylt BT dd ngu Cdc cd nhdn hodc dgi di^n ciia moi nhdm dua ro nhirng kit qud, y kiln, gidi phdp, cdc ldp ludn ciio nhdm minh vd ede ldp ludn d l chdng Ipl ede y kiln frdi ngupc GV ed f h l ngu ro cdc cdu hdi hudng ddn hodc cung cd'p thgm thdng Hn hd frp d l HS thdo ludn thdnh cdng; Budc 4: Dudi sy hudng ddn ciio GV, cd idp thdo iupn hudng v l mdt hodc vdi gidi phdp dupe col Id hpp ii nhd't GV kit ludn ehinh xdc hod kiln thiic HS ty ciing cd, rut ro kiln tfiirc vd fy hodn thifn KN edn rgn luygn 2) VI dy su dyng BTTHTN di rin luyin cho HS KN phdn tich thi nghl$m BT dung de day bdi: Trao dd'l khodng a thye vdt (SH 11) Budc /; Gidi thigu BT Chudn bl: Coy non (ngd, ddu ), cdc, chdu thiiy Hnh dyng nude cd't, dung djch xonh mgtylen, dung djch CoCij 0,3 M, gid'y thdm Lay edy ddu xanh (edy ngd ) nhd edn nguygn bd r l , rua sach bd r l vd thdm khd ijdng gid'y thdm Nhung bd re ciio edy dd vdo cdc chiio dung dich xonh mgtylen dd pha loang Sou 4-5 phut, Id'y cay ra, rOo spch tip r l frong 2-3 phut rdi nhung r l vdo cdc ehua dung djch CoClj 0,3 M Quan sdt dung djch CaCij, dung djch fii khdng mdu ddn ddn ehuyin thdnh ed mdu xonh Hdy gidi thieh hai soo dung djch fir khdng mdu ddn cidn ehuyin song ed mdu xanh Thi nghigm frgn nhdm myc dich gi? Budc 2: HS h/ lye Idm viec theo nhdm nhd ngudi Budc 3: To chiic thdo iudn ed Idp Tren co sd phdn tich cdc dyng cy thi nghiem vd d i l u kien thi nghiem HS ed the gidi thieh dupe kit qud thi nghigm vd fim dupe myc dich thi nghiem HS phdi dua cdc edn cii, quan dilm d l gidi thieh Tap ehi Glao due so (ki a - »/aoia) kit qud thi nghiem vd xdc djnh dupe myc dich thi nghigm GV cd f h l gpi y them eho HS mpt so eau hdi sou: 1) Vlic di nguyen bg re edy vd cdc dung djch cd Ilin quan gi vdi nhau; 2) Dung dich xanh melylen cd dnh hudng gi din te bdo re edy hay khdng; 3) Cd phdi xanh melylen tdc dyng vdl CaCl^ de tgo mdu xanh hay khdng Budc 4: GV kef Iupn Xanh mgtylen Id ehdt ddc ddi vdi edy trdng Khi nhung re edy vdo dung djch xonh metylen, t l bdo re Id te bdo sdng ngn khdng hdp thy ede phdn tii xanh metylen Vi vpy, nd chi hut bdm d be mdt thdnh t l b>do re Khi nio spch vdn khdng rua hit ede phdn hi ndy, eho ngn nhung vdo dung djch CoClj, cdc ion Ca^*vd Cl' se froo ddi vdl cdc phdn tu xonh melylen hiil ijdm vdo t l bdo r l , ede phdn tii xanh mgtylen dupe gidi phdng se khieh tdn ro ngodi Idm eho dung djch Kr khdng mdu ehuyin thdnh mdu xanh HS nghign ciru phdn gidi quylt BT thi nghiem Clio GV, dd'l chieu vdi cdch phdn tich klf qud thi nghigm ciio bdn than Phdn tich dilm dpt, dilm ehua dgt eua minh vd hodn thign KN ** * BTTHTN khdng nhung ed gid trj rgn luyen eho HS cdc KN fhyc hdnh thi nghigm md edn ed tdc dyng frong viee rgn luygn cdc KN Kr nhu: phdn tich thi nghiem, so sdnh kitqud thi nghiem, phdn dodn kef qud thi nghiem vd ldp dat thi nghiem Day Id nhirng KN rdt edn fhllt frong hpe tdp, ddc bigt Id bdi dudng HS gidl mdn SH phd thdng • Tai li^u tham khdo i Nguyin Dire Thdm - NguySn Ngpc Hung T(J chiirc hoat d(lng nhdn thiic cQa hpc sinh day hpc v^t li NXB Dpi hpc qude gia, H 2001 Trinh Nguyfin Giao, "Sii dung phucmg phap thi nghifm djy v4 hpc mOn Sinh hpc o truc>ng ph6 thOng" T9P chi Gido viin vd Nhd trui/ng, s0'18, tr.iO-11 Trdn Ddng K^ - NguySn Nhu IChanh Sinh li hpc tdp I I - Phdn thire hdnh NXB Gido dye, H 2000 SUMMARY Exercise testing has an Important role in fostering thinking skills for students Posts auther Introduce some form of exercise training positive thinking skills to ctiemical awareness activities for students in the teaching process ^ ... mot edeh ed hlgu qud VI dy: Di ciing ed kiln thiic v l qud trinh Quang hgp (SH 11), GV cho HS gidl bdi tdp: Trong gid fhyc hdnh bdi quang hpp, thi nghiem sy too thdnh Hnh ladt, ed mdt ban dd mong... hoi chudng thuy Hnh A vd B iip vdo, frong chudng A ed ddt mpt chdu edy Cho ed hai chudng thi nghiem vdo chd fd''l Sau d gid quan sdt kit qud hai chudng thi nghiem Hoy eho bilt kef qud thi nghiem... tibdo khdng cd cdc fcdo quan; - Ong nghiem 3: Glucose + ti thi; - Ong nghlim 4: Axlt pyruvic + djch nghiin ti bdo; Ong nghlim 5: Axit pyruvic + djch ti bdo khdng cd cdc bdo quan; - Ong nghlim d: