NGHIEN CAU I MOT SO DE XUAT BiMC DAU VE PHAT TRIEN NANG LUC TIM TOI NGHIEN COU KHOA HOC CHO HOC SINH THONG QUA DAY HOC HOA HOC A TRUfilNG TRUNG HOC PHO THONG TS CAO THj THANG Vl§fl Khoa hoc Gldo due m[.]
NGHIEN CAU I MOT SO DE XUAT BiMC DAU VE PHAT TRIEN NANG LUC TIM TOI NGHIEN COU KHOA HOC CHO HOC SINH THONG QUA DAY HOC HOA HOC A TRUfilNG TRUNG HOC PHO THONG TS CAO THj THANG - Vl§fl Khoa hoc Gldo due m Nam ThS i.Ddtv^ndl Phit trien ndng life tim tdi nghiln cliu khoa hpc (NCKH) vda Id muc tiiu vUa Id phUdng tiln de nang cao chit lupng day hoc cdc mdn khoa hpc tu nhiln ndi chung v i mdn Hda hoc ndi ridng Vin d l dit Id nang luc tim tdi NCKH Id gl? Gdm cic ning lUc thinh phin nio? Bieu hien eu t h l cua ndng life tlm tdi NCKH nhU t h l nio? Bing cich nao di giup hoc sinh (HS) cd dUpc ning lUc tim tdi NCKH thdng qua day hoc Hda hpc d trddng trung hpc phd thdng? Quan nidm ve ndng Idc tlm tdi nghiln cihi khoa hpc cua hoc sinh trung hpc phd thdng 2.1 Nghien ciiti khoa hpc NCKH Id qud trinh nghien eiili nhim khim phi nhdng kiln thdc mdi, hoc thuyet mdi ve nhien va xd hpi NhOng kiln thdc hay hpc thuylt mdi niy tdt hdn, cd the thay t h l din nhdng vin d l cu, khdng edn phii hop [1 ] Vf du: Quan ni§m thue vdt Ii vit t h l khdng cd cim giic ddoc thay t h l bing quan niem thUe vit ed edm nhin Hai thdnh phdn NCKH dd Ii phUdng phdp nghien cdu (qui trinh thi^c hi|n nghiln cdu) v i kit qui nghiln cdu (mdc dd ddng gdp cho khoa hpc, mdc dd O'ng dung giii quylt vin di thdc tiln) Hai thinh phin cung ehinh la hai tllu chf quan nhit d l dinh gii mdt edng trinh NCKH Kit qui NCKH Ii thang quan trpng nhit ddi vdi cac cdng trinh nghidn cdu dUpc thifc hiln bdi cie nhd nghien cdu chuySn nghilp dupe diu tU dSy dii Kit qui NCKH ed dilm chung I i : Cie If thuylt mdi, dinh ludt mdi, quy luat mdi, sin phim mdi so vdi nhin loai, mdi so vdi trudc dd Mdi cOa kit qui NCKH ed nhOmg mdc dd khic nhau: Mdi hoin toin mang tinh chit cda mdt phdt minh khoa hpc cd t h l Id sU cii tiln ban so vdi trudc tiode hoan thien han so vdi cii da biet Ket qui NCKH ed t h l dnh hddng ddi vdi mdt hay nhilu nginh khoa hpc gdp phin cdi tao thien nhien, cii tao xd hdi mang l^i chdt Idpng mdi cho cudc sdng 2.2 Tim tdi nghiin cihi khoa hpc Cin phin biSt mdc dd NCKH cua cic nhi khoa hoe vT dai, cic nhi khoa hpc tri, ede d l t i i cua nghiln cdu sinh, thae sT, sinh viln v i cila HS trung hoc phd thdng Mdt sd ^ Iciln eho ring: Nhilm vu chfnh cda NCKH d bac Dai hpc v i Phd thdng Ii trang bi cho sinh viln, HS cdc kiln thdc, ki ning NCKH chung d l hd trp cho hoat ddng hoe tap v i ehuIn bj eho ede ho^t ddng sau tdt nghiep Do vdy, muc tieu tilp cin NCKH HS, sinh vien, chung ta nen dit trpng tim vio phddng phip nghiln edu hay qui trinh tiln hinh nghien cilu (phit hiln van d l , xiy dung d l cddng, td chdc thife hiln, phUdng phip thifc hiln, tim kilm tdi li&u, thu thip thdng tin, thf nghiem, quan sit, phin tfeh sd lidu, thd nghiem kit qud, vilt bio edo, trinh biy bio cio) m i ehua t h l yiu eSu cao vio kit qui nghien edu/sin phIm cudi ciing nhuddl vdi cdng trinh nghien cdu cda cie chuyin gia, cdc nhd khoa hpc PHAM TH! KIM NGAN - TnrSng THPT Chuveo Laog S Thdng thudng, kit qua NCIQ-I eua HS, sinh viln cung Ii sin pham "mofi" ddi vcfi chinh hp, cd tdc dung nhat ^nh ddi vdi thdc tien khudn khd pham vi hep Theo chiing tdi, dCing khai niem tlm tdi NCKH se phii hpp hdn de chi NCKH cua HS trung hpc phd thdng qua trinh hoc t i p eae mdn Khoa hoe tU nhien d trddng phd thdng 2.3 Ndng lUe tim toi nghien edU khoa hpc cOa HS trung hpc thdng Ning tdc tlm tdi NCKH la nang Idc chuyen biet cOa HS cd the phat triln thdng qua day hpc cie mdn khoa hoe tU nhien (mdn Khoa hpc tich hdp, mdn Vit if, mdn Hda hpc v i mdn Sinh hoe) Ndng life tim tdi NCKH eCta HS thdng the hien d ning thue hl^n ddpe hoat ddng tim tdi nghien edu theo quy trinh NCKH ciia cic nhi khoa hoc: Khd nang lap ke hoach tlm toi nghien cdu v i thdc hiln k l hoach tim tdi nghien cdu theo quy trinh NCKH ndi chung Nang life t h l hien d viec hanh dpng cd hieu qui cao mdt linh vifc hoat ddng nhat dinh Kit qua tim tdi nghien edu ciia HS chu yeu Ii khim phi tim kiln thdc mdi ve khoa hoe td nhien - sin pham mdi ddi vdi hp nhifng chUa phdi la mdi ddi vdi nhan lo?i nhu Ii sin phIm cCia cac nha khoa hoc Quy trinh NCKH ndi chung nhuSddd [2] Theo chdng tdi, ning lUetimtdi NCKH eiia HS gdm hat nang lUc thinh phan I i : Sado 1: Quy trinh NCKH ndi chung stilZ7-THANB4/2016* 13 Q NGHIEN caU_ Ndng life lap ke hoach tim tbi nghiin cihi theo quy dUdc day hoc cho HS Day hpc Hda hpc mang bin c^ trinh NCKH t h l hiln d sin pham can ed Ii ki hoach tlm tdi NCKH: HS tien hanh cic thf nghiem hda hoe de tlm tii nghiin cCfu, gdm du kien/de xuat v l : Chii de tim toi nghiennghiln edu kiln thdc mdi [4] - Mdt s6 phuang phap day hpc tfch cife tao dilu Id^ cdU; cdc cdu hdi nghiin cdU; gid thuyit nghiin ciiu/dU dodn; cho HS hoe t i p hda hoc theo hudng tim tdi NCKH: Phufli^ phuang dn thUc nghiem - tim tdi nghien cdu; cdch thdc thu thdp thdng tin, xi^lithdng tin: Cdng cu thu thdp vdphdn tichphdp Bin tay nan bot vd phUdng phdp Day hoc theo d^JM [5] kit qud; ket ludn: "Cdi mdi" tim dUpc; cdu trOc npi dung bdo cao vd duklin cdch trinh bdy kit qud tim tdi nghien cdu theo - Djnh hudng phdt trien nang lUe tim toi NCKH cho HS trung hoc cCia Bo Giio due va Dio tao d l t h l hiln rd d cuOt ngdn ngdkhoa hoc thi Sing t?o Khoa hpe - Ki thuat cho HS taing hoc da 86 Ndng lUc thUc hiin ke hoach tim tdi nghien cdu the Giao due td chdc tU nim 201212] Do dd viec td chdc eho HS hien ro d kit qud nghiin cUu - sdn pham cudi cung 2.4 Biiu hiin cda ndng iUc dm tdi nghiin ciit/ khoa thuc hi'^n mdt sd de t i i NCKH ciing Ii mdt biln phdp kh^pg t h i thiiu de phit tnln ning luc tim tdi NCKH cho HS hpc cda hpc sinh trung hpcph6^dng 3.2 Mpt sd bien phdp phdt triin ndng lUc tirti tbI Thdng qua hpc tap mdn Khoa hpc tu nhi&n la thiic nghien cihi khoa hpc eho hoc sinh trung hpe ph6 thin h\in cd kit qui theo quy trinh NCKH, cu the Ii: - Xac djnh dupe chu de tim tdi nghien cdu: Cd tinh thong qua day hpe mdn Hda hpc Bi^nplidpi: Vdn dung phuang phdp Ban tay nan b6 thiet thuc thiic tien, thi - Xie dinh dupe cau hdi nghien edu: The hi&n rd djnh theo hudng phdt triin nang iUc tim tdi NCKH eho HS Phuong phdp Bdn tay nan bdt Ii phddng phip d^iy hudng v i ed the tim tdi nghien cdu dddc - De xuat dupe gii thuylt nghiin edu/dd doan: Rd hpc die thti eCia cae mdn khoa hoe tU nhien Day hpc mdn Hda hpc dda tren tlm tdi nghien cdu xua'l ring, ed t h l kiem chdng dupe - Xie djnh dupe phUcmg an thuc nghilm - tlm tdi phit td sU hilu bilt v l cdch thdc hpc tdp eua HS, bin chat cfla nghien cdu thi d l kilm chdng gii thuylt va trd Idi cho NCKH hda hpc v i siixie ^nh cac kiln thdc ciing nhd ki ning ve hda hpe ma HS can ndm vdng Cic pha day hoc theo cau hdi nghiln cdu -Tiln hinh phdong i n thUe nghiem - tim tdi nghiln phuang phdp Bin tay nin bdt ed nhieu dilm tddng ding viS cdu d i d l d l thu thip dUdc tfidng tin, xd If thdng tin mdt qua trinh NCKH cua cic nhd khoa hoc v i tim tdi NCKH cfla HS: Pha 1: Tinh hudng xuit phat va edu hdi neu van de; Pha cich khoa hpc - Kit ludn: "Cai mdi" tlm dupe trin ed sd cdc bing 2: l-Tinh thdnh eau hdi nghiln cdu eho HS; Pha 3: De xuat gii thuyet v i thilt k l phUdng i n thdc nghl#m tlm tdi - nghien chdng khoa hpc -Vilt dupe bao cio v i trinh biy kit qud tim toi nghiln cdu; Pha 4: Tiln hinh thUc nghiem tim tdi - nghldn edu; Ptia 5: Kit tuin v i hdp thUe hda kien thdc edu theo ngdn ngd khoa hpc So sinh pha eCia phUdng phap Bin tay nan bdtviil D l xuit mdt sd biin phap nhdm phdt triln ndng Idc tlm tdi nghiln cdu Mioa hoc cho hoc sinh trung hpc quy trinh tlm tdi NCKH d l xuat eho thay: Van dung phUcJng phip Bin tay nan bdt Id mdt bien phip hiiru hieu d l phdt phd thdng thdng qua day hpc Hoa hoc trien nang lUc tim tdi NCKH cho HS vi giOia chiing ed nhOng 3.1 Cdsd khoa hpc - Vdn dung eae ptiudng phap day hpc tfch cUc Ii mdt diem tddng ddng Cu t h l nhU Bing Nhilu npi dung mdn Hda hpc d trddng trung hpc ph6 hddng d l phit trien nang lue cho HS, sinh vl^n ttidng qua thong cd the ap dung phUdng phip Bin tay nan b$tdk day hoe Hda hpc [3] - Nang liictim tdi NCKH t h l hien d chd HS da thife hidn biet la ndi dung ve tinh chat hoa hpe cua cic loai chSt vh tim toi NCKH nhU t h l nio? Viee phat triln nang life tim tdt chat cy thI.Vi du:Tinh chat hda hpe eCia axit nitric tinh chSt NCKH thdng qua eae hoat dpng ma HS ed ed hpi de tlm hilu hoa hpc ciia amoniae, tfnh chat hda hoe cCia phenol, tinli chat hda hoc eua kim loai kiem v i thdc hifin nhiem vu hoe t^p theo quy trinh NCKH Kit qui tim tdi nghien edu mdt ehCi de hpc tip theo - Hda hpc la mdt eic mdn khoa hoe td nhidn Bdng 1: So sdnh quy trinh t'lm tdi NCKH vdi phuang phdp Bdn tay nan bdt Quytrlnhhoctheo phOtfng phip Bintaji njnbdt Chii de hpc tap Tinh hudng xuat phdt v i eiu hdi neu vin d g Xac djnh edu hditimtdi nghiln cdu va gii thuylt nghien eUuCiu hdi nghign edu va gii thuyet nghifin cjr Lap ke ho^eh tim tdi nghien edu Phuang i n thi/c nghiem - tlm tdi Thue hiln k l Dilu tra, thUc nghiem tlm tdi Tiln hinh thp'c nghiem tim tdi hoach Thuthipthdng tin Thu thap thdng tin Xdlithdng tin Xdlithdng tin Quy trinh tim toi NCKH Lap ke ho^ch Xie ^nh chu de tim tdi nghien cdu Kiem chdng gii thuylt Tdng hdp viet Tong hdp kit qua tim tdi nghien edu bio cio vd trinh biy kit Viet bio cio nghien edu qui Trinh biy kit qui tim tdi nghien ciili H * KHOA HOC B U O D U C Kiem chdng gid thuylt Kit luan vd hdp thdc hda kiln thdc Vilt bdo cio kit qui thUe nghiem tlm tdi Trinh biy kit qud thue nghi#m tim tdi NGHIEN ClIllCQ ahuung phap Bin tay nan Sdng 2: So sdnh quy trlnh tim tdi NCKH vdi quy trinh hpc theo dudn adtid kiln thdc "m^" ddi Quy trlnh chung Quy trinh tim tdi NCKH Quy trinh hoc theo dir dn /diHS Sien phdp 2: Van Lip k l hoach Xac djnh chd d l tlm tdi nghien cdu Xie djnh chu de dd i n - Chu de hoe t i p iung phuong phdp Day Xie djnh eiu hdi tim tdi nghiln Ciu hdi ^ n h hudng/ nghien edu/ cdu Hpc du dn theo hudng ciid v i gii thuylt nghien edu hdi nlu van d l jthdt trien ndng lUc tim M NCKH cho HS ' Lap k l hoach tlm tdi nghien cdu Lip k l hoach thdc hien dd i n Day hoc dii i n Ii Thue hien k l Dieu tra, thdc nghiem tlm tdi Dilu tra, thdc nghiem tlm toi m$t phddng phdp day hoach Thu thip thong tin Thu thip thdng tin hpc tfeh cue eho tat c i cie mdn hoc Tuy nhiln, XCr Ii thdng tin Xdlithdng tin v|n dung Day hpe di^an day hpe cdc mdn Kilm chdng gid thuylt Kit ludn khoa hpe tif nhiln ndi Tdng hpp vilt Tdng hpp kit qui tim tdi nghien ciili Tdng hop kit qui diiin chung va mdn Hda hoc bio cio v i trinh ndi rieng cd nit khdc biy kit qui Vilt bio cio nghien cdu Vilt bdo cao kit qud dii an bilt nlu hddng dSn HS Trinh biy kit qui tim tdi nghien edu Trinh bay kit qud dd an thuc hi^n tim tdi nghien edu mpt ehii d l di/ an Bdng 3: So sdnh quy trlnh tlm tdi NCKH vdi quy trlnh NCKH ndi chung theo quy trinh (Bing 2) Quy trinh chung Quy trinh tlm toi NCKH Quy trlnh NCKH ndi chung Nhd vay, quy trinh hpc theo du an v i quy trinh tim tdi Ldp k l hoach Xie djnh ehii d l tim tdi nghien edu Xac ^ n h d l t i i nghien cdu NCKH eOa HS ed nhdng diem Xac dinh eiu hdi tlm toi nghien cdu Van de can giii quyet - Gid tUdng ddng vd gii thuyet nghien cdu thuylt khoa hpe Cd t h l v$n dung Day Lap ke hoach tim tdi nghiln cdu Lip ke hoach NCKH hoc du i n theo quy trinh tlm tdi NCKH la mpt cich Idm hi&u Thi^c hien k l Dieu tra, thdc nghiem tim tdi Dieu tra, thUe nghiem khoa hoc qui edthephittriln nang Idc hoach Thu thap thdng tin Thu thip thdng tin tim tdi NCKH cda HS Mpt so du dn ed ndi Xdlithdng tin Xdlithdng tin dung thuc tien ed the thUe Kilm chdng gii thuyet Kiem ehuTig gid thuyet khoa hpe hiln mdn Hda hpe d trudng trung hoc phd thdng Tdng hpp viet Tdng hpp kit qud tim toi nghien edu Tdng hop kit qui NCKH nhd: Cong nghiep Silicat vat bdo cao vd trinh Vilt bao edo nghiln ciiu Viet bao edo Khoa hoe li^u Polime, rie thii kim loai b i y k i t q u i Ket qui tim tdi ngliien Trinh biy kit qui tlm tdi nghien edu Trinh bdy/cdng bd kit qud NCKH cdu mdt chu d l hpc t i p theo phddng phdp Day hoe theo Chung tdi dd v i dang td chUe eho HS thdc hien mdt s6 du i n thdng thddng Ii kien thdc mdi ddi vdi HS Ngoai de t i l nghien edu nhd ed dng dung thife tiln nhu Nghiln cung ed t h l ed sdn pham thilt thife va hdu ich tCiy theo quy edu sin xuat nln thorn, nghiln cdu sd dung ba hdi lim hddng, nghien cdu lim thude trd siu td tdi, si, dt md va muc tilu eCia dd in Kit qui nghiln ciiu tlm toi mpt d l t i i nhd thudng tao Biin phdp 3: T6 chUc cho HS tim tdi NCKH Theo chung tdi, viec hudng dan HS tim tdi NCKH sin pham hdu ich cho HS v i cong ddng O l xuat quy trinh trien khai thdc hien biln phdp thdng qua day hpe mdn Hda hpc cung cin thdc hl^n theo phit triln nang lire tim toi nghien cdu khoa hoc cho hpc quy trinh ba budc ed bdn tUdng td NCKH ndi chung: Do dd, thdng qua viee tham gia true tilp nghiln cdu sinh thong qua day hoc mdn Hda hoc Chiing tdi da de xuat quy trinh thife hi&n va eae biln mdt ehii d l cu the theo quy trinh tlm tdi nghien edu se co tic dung tdt ddi vdi phat trien nang lUctimtdi NCKH ciia HS phip cu the nhu sau: Quy trlnh tim tdi nghi£n cihi Bien phip cu the Nghien cdu ca sd Ii luan vd thuc tien eiia van di Phan tich, he thdng hoa cae van de tien quan ed cac tai lieu, phit triln ndng Idc tim tdi NCKH eiia HS sdeh bao vd ngoai nUdc Nghien cdu d l xuit ve phdt trien nang luc tlm tdi Nghien edu khii niem, bieu hien va bien phdp phat trien nang lUe NCKH cho HS thdng qua day hpc cie mdn khoa hpe tim toi NCKH eho HS ;i^ nhien ndi chung v i mdn Hda hpc ndi rieng Xay ddng t i l Wiu eu t h l hda cic bien phip phit Thilt k l giio i n van dung phdong phap Bin tay nan bpt day hpc dudn va td chdc cho HS nghien cdu de tai cd ndi dung thdc tien trien ning Idc Thilt k l cdng eu ddnh gii ning Idc tim toi NCKH cho HS Thdc nghiem d trddng phd thdng, danh gia ket Trien khai day hoc d mdt sd diem trudng trung hoc phd thdng, qud, kiem chdng gii thuyet nghiln edu dinh gii d l xde djnh hieu qui eCia bi^n phip d i d l xuit (Xem tiep trang 61) stilZ7-raAKB4^16* 15 ... hudng phdt trien nang lUe tim toi NCKH cho HS trung hoc cCia Bo Giio due va Dio tao d l t h l hiln rd d cuOt ngdn ngdkhoa hoc thi Sing t?o Khoa hpe - Ki thuat cho HS taing hoc da 86 Ndng lUc thUc... 3.2 Mpt sd bien phdp phdt triin ndng lUc tirti tbI Thdng qua hpc tap mdn Khoa hpc tu nhi&n la thiic nghien cihi khoa hpc eho hoc sinh trung hpe ph6 thin h\in cd kit qui theo quy trinh NCKH, cu... triln nang lire tim toi nghien cdu khoa hoc cho hpc quy trinh ba budc ed bdn tUdng td NCKH ndi chung: Do dd, thdng qua viee tham gia true tilp nghiln cdu sinh thong qua day hoc mdn Hda hoc Chiing