Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
CO si i Ll lUAN Vf REN Kl NANG Til DUY TRONG OAY HOC SINH HOC ThS PHAM THU DUNG* 1 Khai quat vetu duy (TD) 1) Khai niim TD la suphan anh gian tie''''p trong y thirc eac thude tinh, cae md''''i lien he va qu[.]
CO sii Ll lUAN Vf REN Kl NANG Til DUY TRONG OAY HOC SINH HOC ThS PHAM THU DUNG* Khai quat vetu (TD) 1) Khai niim TD la suphan anh gian tie'p y thirc eac thude tinh, cae md'i lien he va quan he ban chat eiia eac su vat hien tupng thude the gidi xung quanh Trong eae qua trinh tam li, TD la qua trinh phifc tap han ea, nhd dd y thuc eiia ngudi khdng chi phan anh hinh thue ma ca ban chat cae khach the, cae md'i lien he ben va cac quy luat cua suphat trien NhdTD, ehiing ta phan doan ve cac si/vat, hien tupng can cu vao eae bieu hien be ngoai Qua trinh TD khdng loai trif eac qua trinh tri giac Han niia, nhieu trudng hop, nhan thu'c cam tinh la cii hich ddc dao kich thich TD TD bit dau van hanh nhan thure cam tinh bat luc va can thiet phai vupt qua khoi khudn khd'cua nd, giai quyet nhiem vu quan trpng hon so vdi nhiem vu tri giac, tim kie'm cau tra Idi cho cae cau hdi (CH) eac tinh hud'ng phifc tap, cd van de, khdng loai triJf mdt so phuang an giai quyet mang tinh ehpn lua Vi the, TD edn cd the hie'u nhu la mdt qua trinh giai quyet nhiem vu,tim Id'ithoattiirtinh hud'ng cdvan de, loai tnJrsu bat djnh hoatddng ciia chu the nhan thu'c TD la mdt qua trinh tam li ed sutim kie'm va phat hien eai mdi ve chat mdt each ddc lap; phan anh nhiing thude tinh ban chat, nhifng md'i lien he ben Net nd'i batnhat cua TD la tinh "cdvan de", tifc hoan canh ed van de TD dupe sinh Nhu vay, TD la khau CP ban cua qua trinh nhan thifc Nim bit dupe dieu nay, GV se hudng din HS TD khoa hpe suot qua trinh hpe tap 2) TD cd nhiing pham chat eaban nhu: - Tinh £f//7/?/)i/d'iDp: Y thu'c dupe nhanh chdng va chinh xac dd'i tupng can linh hdi, muc dich phai dat dupe va eon dudng toi uu de dat dupe muc dich dd; • Be ring Cd kha nang van dung, nghien cu'U eae dd'i tupng khac; - Bdsau: Nim virng cang sau sic ban chat cua eae su vat hien tupng; - Tinh linh hoat Nhay ben viee van dung nhirng tri thu'c va each thue hanh ddng vao nhirng tinh hudng khac mdt each sang tao; - Tinh mem deo: The hien hoat (kil-2/2014) ddng TD dupe tie'n hanh theo eae hudng xudi va ngupc chieu;- r/V7/7£fpc/ap: Thehien d chd tu minh phathien ravan de,de xua't each giaiquyetvatugiai quye't dupe van de; - Tinh khii quit Khi giai quye't mdt loat van de nao ddse dua dupe md hinh khai quat, tren CO sddd cdthe van dung de'giai quye't cae vande tuong tu 3) Cac dang TD a) TD true quan, TD thuc hinh: Dang TD thudng dupe bieu hien hoat ddng thire tiin eua eon ngudi Khi ngudi dua vao tri thu'c da ITnh hdi dupe, cac kT xao, kT nang TD giiip cho viee eae quyet djnh khac ve viee ii'ng xu nhu the nao eac dieu kien da eho Dang TD la ea sd cua nhieu hanh ddng tai tao ma ngudi da cd kinh nghiem xa hdi nha't djnh Trong TD true quan, hinh anh ehii the nhan thirc thudng dua vao bie'u tupng hinh anh vethegidi xung quanh,TD bing hinh anh TD tn/c quan - hinh anh ddng vai trd quan trpng qua trinh day hpe bj TD logic - ngdn ngi/lJD suy luan): La TD ma viee giaiquye't van dedua tren cae khai niem, eac md'i quan he logic gin bd chat eh§ vdi ngdn ngif, lay ngdn ngif lam phuang tien Hinh thu'c ciia TD logic - ngdn ngif phiifc tap hon so vdiTD true quan - hinh anh 4) Nhirng hinh thiic eaban ciia TD a) Khii niim: La mdt tu tudng phan anh nhifng dau hieu ban chat khac biet eua su vat hien tupng Khai niem ed vai trd quan trpng TD Nd la diem di tdi cua quatrinh tuduy, cung la diem xuat phat eua mdt qua trinh Khai niem dupe xay dung tren ca sd cua nhiing thao tac TD, bdi ndi ham va ngoai dien nha't djnh Deed suphan biet khai niem, nhieu tac gia li luan day hpe (DH) ehia khai niem Sinh hpe khai niem chuyen khoa va khai niem dai cuong Tren casd suhieu biet ve khai niem nhu vay deed thegidi han va md rdng khai niem Kha nang gidi han va md rdng khai niem tiiy thude vao ndi dung khoa hpe va * Tnrting Tning hoc thong Thae Ba • Tuyen Quang Tap chi Gido due so 327 57 chat lupng TD Trong qua trinh TD, khai niem nhu ehinh minh deed trang thai tam li td't Trang thai tam nhu la edng eu TD Nhd khai niem, hoat ddng TD li tot giiip HS cd thai dp tieh cue dd'i vdi cupc sd'ng, phan tieh mdied nhirng diem tua vacasddedao sau nhiet tinh, thien cam vdi ngudi khac; - Chung ta ludn kie'n thue, ddng thdi tie'n tdi su xac djnh khai niem mdi mong mudn HS trd nhirng ngudi cd dau dcTD Cae hoat ddng suy luan khai quat hda, trifu tupng hda tdt vi li tdn tai TD giiip eon ngudi ed bd de thdng nhd ed khai niem mdi ed eo sd thao tac, ddng thdi di minh, tinh tao dephat hien vagiaiquyet nhiing vande phtjfctap, nhifng lac hau can trd tien bd, nhifng nguy sau them vao ban chat su vat hien tupng b) Phan doin: La su tim hieu tri thirc ve md'i hiem de dpa cude sd'ng Cac nha nghien cuu cung da ehi ring muc tieu quan he giira cac khai niem, su phd'i hop giifa cac khai niem, thuc hien theo mot quy tic, quy luat ben eiia giao due hien dai la phai dao tao dupe nhifng bp Neu khai niem dupe bieu diin bing mdt tif de duqc ren luyen tdt TD chinh la khdi ngudn ciia hoac mdt cum tur rieng biet thi phan doan bao gid hanh ddng, hanh ddng s§ tao thdi quen, thdi quen cung dupe bleu diin bing mdt eau ngif phap Trong tao nhan each, nhan each quye't dinh van menh TD, phan doan dupe su dung nhu la mdt eau ngif Nhu vay,TD chinh la yeu td'quyet djnh van menh eua phap nham lien ket cac khai niem, dd nd cd ngudi Lau nay, ngudi ta quan tam nhieu de'n viee day nhiJng quy tie, quy luat ben Tren eo sd nhung khai niem, phan doan chinh la hinh thu'c md TD nhu the nao, nhung eang ehiing ta eang nhan thiifc sau sic ring mue dich that khd dat rdng, di sau vao tri thue c) Suy li: Hinh thuc suy nghT lien he cac phan Theo R.S Nickerson, day ngudi hpe TD la lam eho doan vdi detao mdt phan doan mdi gpi la hp cd kT nang TD hieu qua hon, ed y thiifc phe phan, suy li Suy li dupe cau tao bdi hai bd phan: - Cac logic, sang tao va sau sic han, hay ndi each khac la phan doan cd trude, gpi la tien de; - Cae phan doan day cho ngudi hpc cd kie'n thiifc du deTD tot han Nhu ed sau gpi la ket luan; dua vao tinh chat ciia tien de vay, mdttrong nhi?ng muc tieu quan trpng cua giao ma ket luan Nhuvay, mudn edsuy li phai thdng qua due ndi chung va mdn Sinh hgc ndi rieng dd la gdp ehung minh Trong thuc tien TD,ta thudng sudung phan quan trpng vao viee phattrien TD, kich thich TD suy li hoac de ehung m inh hoac de bac bd eai gi dd nham nang eao nang luc TD eho ngudi hpe 2) Banh gia trinh phat trie'n TD cua HS Hpe M ud'n suy li td't phai tuan thu nhung quy tic, phai tii nhirng luan diem xuat phat chan thuc Vdi tu each la tap la mdt tmdng hop rieng cua nhan thire Viee danh hinh thuc TD gian tie'p, suy li TD logic ed vai trd gia qua trinh hpc tap eiia HS thdng qua viee danh gia quan trpng tat ea cae hoat ddng TD Viee hudng trinh dp phattrie'n TD ciia HS bao ham: danh gia trinh din quy tie logic suy li tao dupe hieu qua Idn dp nhan thire, nang luc TD va kTnang thue hanh Tieu qua trinh ITnh hdi tri thu'c Ren luyen TD logic chi danh gia eac muc dp phattrien eua TD hien ed hpe tap ehinh la tao eho HS ed phuang phap nhieu quan diem: TD tuf khai niem de'n phan doan suy li, nhien hai * Thang nhan thtkcik Benjamin Btoom Benjam in qua trinh khdng phai tuan tu ma dupe van dung Bloom - nha nghien ciifu giao due MT da phan loai ddng thdi muc tieu ba ITnh vuc: - LTnh vuc kha nang nhan Tam quan cua vlec ren kT nang TD thiifc (kie'n thu'c, tri thiifc): tat ca nhi/ng gi lien quan de'n choHS nhan thuc, hoat dpng tri tue, diin trinh TD; - LTnh vi/e 1) Ren luyen TD cho HS DH cd vai trd cam xiic (cam xuc, tinh cam, y chi, thai dp, iifng xi}, ): quan trgng, thehien: - HS phai dupe trang bj dii kie'n tatea nhifng gi lien quan de'n sudjnh gia trj ve thai dp thu'c de gianh cac co hdi hpe tap, dupe thua nhan cua ea nhan; - LTnh vuc tam than - van ddng (phan xa hdi Ndi dung han la ngudi hpe se cd dieu kien xa, tri giae, thich iifng, kT nang, kT xao): gom cac hoat td't hPn de cdng; - TD td't se la dieu kien tien ddng ed uu tien ve the chat quyet giup HS trd nhirng cdng dan tot, ed kha * Tuy nhien, den nam 2001 Lorin Anderson va nang TD phe phan, cd nhirng quyet djnh thdng minh David Krathwolda cdng bdphan tich bdsung thang de tim giai phap thich hpp dd'i vdi nhirng van de eija phan loai, tap trung vao ketqua dau vdicie ddng tit xa hdi va cude sd'ng; - CdTD td't se giiip HS ludn dieu cu the deae cap dd: 58 Tap chi Gido due so 327 (kil-2/2014) Biet (Nhd), vdi cae ddng tii': liet ke, phat bieu, gpi dupe qua nghien cifu li luan va khao sat thuc tiin ten, neu lai, nhifng suvat, hien tupng, quatrinh hoan ehinh, Hieu, vdi eae ddng tuf: giai thich, chi/ng m inh, phanthdng nhat biet, van dung, sip xep lai, Td'ng hop khdng phai la mdtsd cdng don gian eiia Van dung, vdi cae ddng tif: phan biet, van dung, hai hay nhieu su vat, khdng phai la su lien ket may sip xep lai, ap dung, tinh toan, mdc eae bd phan hpp chinh the Su td'ng hpp Phan tich, tdng hgp, vdi eae ddng tif: so sanh, chan chinh la mdt hoat ddng TD xac djnh dac biet phan tieh, suy luan, dem lai ket qua mdi ve chat, cung cap mdt suhieu biet Dinh gii, vdi cae ddng tif: binh luan, phan xet, mdi nao ddve hien thuc danh gia, xem xet, Cung nhu phan tich, td'ng hpp cung cd the tie'n Sing tao, vdi eac ddng tif: lap ke hoach, td' chii'c, hanh hoan canh true quan HS tac dpng dexuatphuang an mdi, vao suvat, hien tupng ddng thdi td'ng hpp bing "tri Ren KN TD cho HS DH Sinh hpc d tue" HS trung hpe phdthdng cd the TD td'ng hpp trudng trung hpc phd'thdng bing vd'n tri thue, khai niem eu Nhu vay,-TD td'ng TD la mue dp cao nha't cua nhan thu'c, phan anh hpp cung dupe phat trie'n tif so ding de'n phifc tap nhiing thude tinh ban chat eua su vat, hien tupng Vi vdi khd'i lupng Idn vay, qua trinh DH ndi ehung, DH Sinh hpc ndi Phan tich va td'ng hop khdng phai la hai pham trii rieng can coi trpng viee phat trien kT nang TD eho rieng re ciia TD Day la hai qua trinh ed lien he bien HS thdng qua viee ren luyen cae thao tac tu co chung Phan tieh de td'ng hpp coca sdva td'ng hpp de ban sau: phan tich dat dupe chieu sau ban chat su vat hien 1) Phan tich La qua trinh tach cae bd phan eua tupng Suphat trie'n eua phan tieh va td'ng hpp la dam suvat, hien tupng vdi cac dau hieu va thude tinh eua bao hinh eua toan bd TD va eae hinh thu'c TD chung cung nhu cac md'i lien he va quan he giifa cuaHS chiing theo mdt hudng xac djnh Xua't phat tii' mdt Phan tieh va td'ng hpp Sinh hpc thudng dupe goe dp phan tieh va hoat ddng TD di sau vao ban diing de'phan tieh vecau true, cache, quatrinh sinh chat thude tinh cua bd phan, tif dd di tdi nhifng gia hpe Viee phan tieh, td'ng hpp edthedien dat bing cae thiet va ket luan khoa hpe Trong hpe tap, hoat ddng phuang tien DH nhu: CH, bai tap yeu eau phan tieh, rat phd'bien Vidu, mudn danh gia vai trd eua he td'ng hpp dac trung cho chuong trinh Sinh hpe mang tuan hoan, can phan tich cac yeu to cau he tinh li thuyet, dan tdi hinh nhifng kie'n thue dai tuan hoan va chii'c nang eua tiifng yeu to dd Nhu cuong, dac biet la suphat hien nhifng md'i lien he cd vay, ti) mdt so yeu to, mdt vai bd phan cua su vat, tinh quy luat tu nhien; tranh, so dd phan tich; hien tupng tie'n de'n nhan thu'c trpn ven cae suvat, bang he thd'ng, hien tupng Quatrinh hoatddng phan tieh cung di tii' 3)Bd'ichii'u, so sanh So sanh la bien phap TD phien dien tdi toan dien, nghTa la tiif phan tieh thu, de'tim die'm gidng va khac eua suvat, hien phan tich cue bd, \\Sng phan va cudi ciing su phan tupng va nhifng khai niem phan anh chiing Vi vay, nd tich ed he thd'ng bao gid cung di sau bien phap dd'i chieu Ddi chieu la 2) Tong hap La su ket hpp TD eac yeu to, dat eae suvat, hien tupng mudn so sanh mdt phan cua su vat hay hien tupng mdt tpa dp ifng vdi tifng tieu ehi nha't djnh Nhu vay, so chinh the Thuc te, mpisi/vat, hien tupng deu tdn tai sanh khdng nhiing phan biet va ehinh xac hda khai dong thdi, eae yeu to cung nhu cac mat khac niem ma edn giiip he thd'ng hda chung lai Trong giang tac ddng lin De nhan thu'c day du suvat, hien day Sinh hpc thudng diing hai each so sanh: - So tupng, ngudi thudng bit dau xem xet tiif mdt sinh tuanft/Sau nghien ciifu xong tifng dd'i tuong td'ng the toan ven, nghTa la td'ng hop sa bd, sau dd thi so sanh chiing vdi Vidu:Sau hpc xong mdi phan tieh tii'ng yeu to, cudi cung td'ng hpp d m ii'c bai tieu hda a ddng vat, G V yeu eau HS so sanh ve cao, day dii han Ren luyen kT nang td'ng hpp nhim eau tao va hoat ddng eua he tieu hda nhdm ddng vat giiip HS sip xep nhung so lieu, nhifng su kien edn an thjt va nhdm ddng vat an thue vat; - So sinh ddi dang Idn xdn, rdi rac va da dang ma cae em thu thap chii'u: Khi nghien cuu hai dd'i tupng ciing mdt liie hoac O^i 1-2/2014) Tap chi Gido due so 327 59 nghien eiiii dd'i tupng thii' hai, ngudi ta phan tieh tifng bd phan rdi dd'i chieu vdi tifng bp phan ciia dd'i tupng thu nhat Vidu:Trong qua trinh day kie'n thifc mdi ve he tuan hoan, sau tim hie'u he tuan hoan hd, GV cho lap bang so sanh he tuan hoan kin va he tuan hoan hdde'HSti/tim nhifng dac diem ciia he tuan hoan kin 4) Triiu tugmg hda va khai quit hda: Triiu tugng hda: La qua trinh ngudi dung tri de gatbd nhifng md'i lien he, quan he thif yeu eiia su vat, hien tupng va ehi giif lai nhifng yeu tdcan thiet choTD Khiiquithda: La hoatddng TD tach nhifng thude tinh chung va eac md'i lien he chung, ban chat eua suvat, hien tupng tao nen nhan thifc mdi dudi hinh thifc khai niem, djnh luat, quy tie Khai quat hda dupe thuc hien nhd khai niem trifu tupng hda, nghTa la kha nang tach eac dau hieu, eae md'i lien he ehung va ban chat khdi cac suvat hien tupng rieng le cung nhu phan biet nhifng caigi la khdng ban chat cua su vat, hien tupng Tnfu tupng hda ehi la phan cua hoat ddng TD khai quat hda nhung la phan khdng the tach rdi cda qua trinh Nhd TD khai quat hda, ta nhan su vat theo hinh thifc vd'n cd ciia chung ma khdng phu thude vao dp Idn, mau sic, vat lieu ehe'tao hay vj tri eiia nd khdng gian Hoat ddng TD khai quat hda eiia HS phd'thdng edba muc: khai quat hda cam tinh, khai quat hda hinh tupng khai niem, khai quat hda khai niem TD khai quat la hoat ddng TDcd chat lupng cao va sedupe huy ddng mdt each manh meviTDkhaiquat hda la TD li luan khoa hpc Trong DH, GV cd trach nhiem viee td'chife hudng din nhifng hoatddng TD eho HS Vi du: Sau hpc xong ve chuyen hda vat chat va nang lupng d ddng vat va thue vat, can cd nhifng CH de HS khai quat nhifng dac diem ehung cua hai nhdm de hinh khai niem ve chuyen hda vat chat va nang lupng d cap ca the Tai lieu tham khao Dinh Quang Bao - Nguygn Diic Thanh Li luSn day hpc Sinh hoc (Phan Dai cuwng) NXB Gido due, H 1996 Tr4n Ba Hoknh Ki thuat day hoc Sinh hoc NXB Gido due, H 1996 NguySn Quang Vinh (chO bien) Day hoc Sinh hoc a truOTig trung hoc co sof, tap I, tap NXB Gido due, H.2000 SUMMARY This paper presents a theoretical basis for thinking In teaching and learning, including the concept of thinking, the qualities of thinking, the thinking types, the basic forms of thinking and the Importance of thinking skills training for students From that understanding, the article focuses on training the basic operation of thinking for students through teaching Biology, Sir dung ngudn sir lieu bao tang (Tiep theo trang 47) (5) Theo H6 sa hien vat tai Bao tang Ddng Th4p, ma hien vat s6' 893 Tai liSu tham khao Bo GD-DT Lich sur 12 NXB Gido due, 2008 NguySn Thi Coi Cac duong bi6n phap nang cao hieu qua day hoc lich si a truio^g ph6 thdng NXB Dai hpc qudc gia, H 2008 NguySn Thj Coi Bao tang lich sur, each mang day hoc lich siir of truwng thdng trung hoc NXB Dgi hpc supham, H 1998 Phan Ngoc Lien (chii bi6n) Phuwng phap day hoc lich su-, tap NXB Dgi hpc suphgm, H 2009 NguySn Van Phong Bdo tang lich sii, each mgng dd'i v&i viSc dgy hpc lich sie (ddn tpc vd dia phuang) a truang phd thong trung hpc Luan van thae slTimnig Dai hoc su pham Ha Npi, 1996 SUMMARY Exploitation and use of historical sources in the local museum to teach history In high schools Is one of the forms and measures to contribute to improv5) He thd'ng hoar La bien phap sip xep he thd'ng ing the quality of teaching the subject Using docucac thdng tin theo mpt logic nha't dinh de ed nhifng ments, museum exhibits help students realize the hie'u biet mdi, sau sic han ve dd'i tupng Oe he thd'ng deep history of the nation, on the other hand has great significance to education in the revolutionary hda, viee quan trpng la phai xac djnh dupe tieu diem, traditions of native students Article raised the stacot Idi, xac djnh dupe mach logic de he thd'ng hda tus and proposed forms, exploitation measures, usSau hethd'ng, GV can giiip HS rut ket luan khai ing documents, artifacts against American period on display In the Museum ofDongThap province to teach quat Vi du: he thd'ng hda eac hinh thufc trao dd'i history in secondary schools In Improve provincial effective history lesson giifa cotheddng vat vdi mdi trudng • 60 Tap chi Gido due so 327 (kil-2/2014) ... ciia tien de vay, mdttrong nhi?ng muc tieu quan trpng cua giao ma ket luan Nhuvay, mudn edsuy li phai thdng qua due ndi chung va mdn Sinh hgc ndi rieng dd la gdp ehung minh Trong thuc tien TD,ta... thd''ng hda chung lai Trong giang tac ddng lin De nhan thu''c day du suvat, hien day Sinh hpc thudng diing hai each so sanh: - So tupng, ngudi thudng bit dau xem xet tiif mdt sinh tuanft/Sau nghien... Diic Thanh Li luSn day hpc Sinh hoc (Phan Dai cuwng) NXB Gido due, H 1996 Tr4n Ba Hoknh Ki thuat day hoc Sinh hoc NXB Gido due, H 1996 NguySn Quang Vinh (chO bien) Day hoc Sinh hoc a truOTig trung