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TAP CHi PHAT TRI^N N H A N LUC S6 5(31) 2012 n GIAO DUC DAO TAO VOI PHAT TRIEN NHAN LliC CO MdT TRI^T LY GIAO DUG TRONG Dl SAN H 6 CHI MINH BUI BiNH PHONG'''''''' Tt̂ ong di sdn Hd Chi Minh ve giao due, chu[.]
n TAP CHi PHAT TRI^N N H A N LUC S 5(31)-2012 GIAO DUC - DAO TAO VOI PHAT TRIEN NHAN LliC CO MdT TRI^T LY GIAO DUG TRONG Dl SAN H CHI MINH BUI BiNH PHONG'' T t^ong di sdn Hd Chi Minh ve giao due, chung ta bit gap can ndi: "Vi lai ich mudi ndm thi plidi trSng cdy Vi lai ich trdm ndm thi phdi ngudi" Cau ndi ndy eiia Quan Trpng, xua't hien tff thdi Xudn Thu, edch ngdy khoang 2500 nam*" Khai niem "trdng ngffdi" dffdc hilu Id cdng tac gido due - ddo tao Ho Chi Minh diing lai khai niem cu nhifng dffa vao dd edch giai thieh mdi theo linh than "cai gi cu ma td't thi phdt triln ihem " Ngffdi da dem Iai eho chiing la mpt edch hilu mdi me, sau sac mang chat Iffdng khoa hpc vd each mang trdn phffdng didn: - Ldi ich tram ndm Id ldi ich gi? 2- Tai vi ldi ich trdm ndm lai phai "trdng ngffdi"? 3- Ndi dung "trdng ngffdi" Id gi? 4- "Trdng ngffdi" nhff the' nao? 5- Mudn dat dffdc muc dich "trdng ngffdi" thi phai lam thd' ndd? Lcrifchtram nam la l^rifchgi? Thed quan n PGS.TS., 1^1 Quan Trong vifit: "Nhat niSn chi kd mac nhU thij cdc Thdp men c^i ke m$c nhu thu moc Bich niSn chl ke mac nhu thiJ nhdri' NghTa la.Ldi Ich mfit nam, khong gi bing trfing lua Ldi ich mUfii nam, khong gi bing trfing cSy Loi ich tram nam khfing gi bang ngufii dilm Ho Chi Mmh dd Id ldi ich chie'n Iffdc, lau ddi, vi mdt nffdc Viet Nam hda binh,thdhg nha'l, ddc lap, dan ehii, gidu manh vd gdp phan vao sff nghiep edch mang the' gidi Ldi ich dd gan liln vdi viec nang cao ddn tri, phat trien nang Iffc ciia ngffdi dan, phue vu dan sinh, Idm cho mdi ngffdi va ta't ea mpi ngffdi dan ed cupe sd'ng ngdy cdng lot dep hdn, gidu cd hdn, hanh phiic hdn Trdn ed sd lay ngtfdi ddn, ngffdi hpc lam trung tdm, Hd Chi Minh gin bd chat che ldi ich qud'c gia, dan tdc vdi Idi ich ea nhdn Ngffdi khing dinh rang dd'i vdi mdt nffdc Cdng hda Ddn chii thi sdi ehi dd xuyen sud't phai la: Ddc lap - Tff - Hanh phiie Bdi vi, nd'u nffdc ddc lap, md dan khdng hffdng hanh phiic tff thi ddc lap dd cung ching cd nghia 1^ gi Mpt nen gido due ldm phdt trien hoan loan nhiftig ndng life sdn cd cua ngffdi hoc thi mdi cd dffdc mdt nffdc Viet Nam ddn chu, tff do, hanh phiic Vd nffde Vidt Nam dpc lap, dan ehu, tff do, hanh phtic Id mdi trffdng de phdt trien hodn loan nhffng ndng life sdn c6 cua ngffdi hpc T^i vi \^ ich tram nSm l^i phai" trdng ngii&i"? De dat dffdc Idi ich trdm nam thi "trdng ngffdi" la mdt viee rd't quan trpng vd 18 BCJI D I N H PHONG - C6 M6T ra't cin thie't Hdi vl ngtfdi Id tmng ldm eua chie'n Iffdc phdi Irien, ddng thdi Id ehii ihl phai triln Theo I id Chi Minh, ngtfdi vffa Id muc tidu vffa Id ddng life ciia sif nghidpedeh mang Ciing vdi nhffng nhidm vu khde, "trdng ngffdi" Id mdi edng vice chti ye'u ed tdc dung vd anh hffdng Idn dd'n sff phdi tridn kinh le xd hdi "Trdng ngffdi" Id edng vide vffa cd'p bdch vffa ldu ddi, khdng Ihl Ihicu dffdc Then quan dilm In Chl Minh, gido due vd ddo tan vdi ^ nghTa Id thiet che ling xa hni cd tim quan m>ng dae bidl ffong vide hinh thdnh vd phat triln nhdn edch eon ngffdi, gop phan giai phdng liem ndng eon ngffdi, tan tiln dc eho sff phdt triln Ngffdi nha'n manh dd'n "mdt nen giao due nd se ddo lao cdc em ndn nhffng ngtfdi cdng dan hiJu ich cho ntfdc Vict Nam, mpi nin gido due ldm phdt trien hodn lodn nhffng ndng Iffc sdn cd ciia ede em "'^' "Hoc d l ldm vide, lam ngffdi, ldm cdn bp Hpc de phung sff Dodn thi, giai cap vd nhan dan, To qud'c vd nhdn loai" Id quan dilm xuyen sud't eiia Hd Chi Minh, phan dnh mue dieh eua gido due vd ddo lao trdn hai phffdng didn cd ban: mot la, phuc vu To qudc, phuc vu nhan dan, phuc vu nhan loai Vd hat Id, phdt triln ndng Iffe, tinh sdng lao va nhan edch ngffdi, phdt huy nhan td^con ngffdi V l ban chat, gido due vd ddo lao Id nh^m giai thodt ngffdi de'n gidi thodl xa hdi, qud'c gia, Xdt den cCing, gido due, ddo tao khdng phai tao sdn pham cho hien lai md cho tffdng lai Gido due vd ddo tao Id bdi dffdng pham chl^t, ndng Itfe, ban llnh, phffdng phdp, phong each, ky ndng md eon ngffdi can ed tffdng lai Giao due vd ddo lao Id chia khda d l md eOfa tid'n vdo iffdng lai Ve mat tong the, gido due vd ddo tao Idm cho dan tde manh Idn, thodt khdi ye'u hdn, dffa nffde ta bffdc tdi ddi vinh quang, sdnh vai eting «' Hfi Chf Mmh Todn tdp Nxb Chlnh tn quoc gia, H&Nfii, 2011, t.4, tr34 TRie'T LY GlAO DUC cdc cffdng qud'c ndm chau Gido due vd ddo tan ldm cho mpi ngffdi d§n d i u biei dpc, biet vid't chff qud'c ngff, ed kid'n thffc mdi, hilu bill mdi tham gia vdo edng cudc "giff vffng nen dpc I^p, ldm eho dan gidu, nffdc manh" Dilm ddng chii ^ tff ttfdng Hd Chi Minh v l gido due Id xt )ay quanh hat nhdn ngffdi hpc To qudc vd nhdn ddn Theo quan dilm eua Ngffdi, c6 ddn Id ed la'i ca, mpi vide d i u ngtfdi dan ldm Ddn cd gidu thi nffde mdi manh, ddn CO gidi thi nffde mdi tid'n b^, dan tri cao thi nffdc mdi sdnh vai vdi th^gidi, ddn hanh phdc thi da'l nffde mdi td'l dep, dffdc the" gidi kinh Irong Nl^u khdng ed gido due, ddo tao thi ngtfdi dan Ihid'u hilu biet, thicu ndng Iffe, khdng thi ldm gidu khdng the phdt triln, khdng the hanh phue Md khdng biet chff va dot ndt thi se trd Ihdnh nhiiiig ngffdi dai, ngffdi hfen Khdng c6 gido due thi khdng ed cdn bd, khong cd nhan ldi, khdng cd ngudn nhan Iffe, dan tri khdng dffdc nang eao, ddng nghia vdi khdng ed nhflhg ngffdi chti tffdng lai dieh thffc cua da't ntfdc Khdng cd cdn bd, khdng cd nhan Itfc thi cung khdng cd kinh le', khdng ed vdn hda, dai ntfdc khdng i h l phdt triln Npi dung " t r d n g ngifcTi" iheo quan diem Hn Chi Minh bd't sffc lodn dien Theo Ngtfdi, sdn pham eiia gido due vd ddo tao phai Id nhiihg ngtfdi "hodn l o a n " vffa " h d n g " vffa "ehuydn " Vi vdy, trffdc hd't phdi gido due chinh trj tff ttfdng Theo Hd Chi Minh, chinh tri Id linh hdn, ehuyen mon Id cdi xde Cd ehuydn mdn md khdng cd chinh tri thi chi cdn edi xdc khdng hdn Phai ed ehinh tri trffde rdi c6 ehuydn mdn Thd'ng nha't ehinh tri tff tffdng se thd'ng nhat hdnh dpng Khdng ed ehinh tri tff tffdng thi de "td " khuynh hodc "hffu " khuynh Chinh trj tff tffdng ldm cho ngffdi hpe tin tffdng vdo Ddng, vdo nhdn dan, vdo tffdng lai tffdi sdng cua edch mang Gido due chinh tri tff tffdng se BUl DJNH PHONG - C M O T TRIET LY GlAO DUC gidp khac phue tff tffdng lac hau, ndng cao tinh thin tff gidc, tinh tieh cffc ciia ngffdi hpc Ddo tao eon ngffdi xa hdi chu nghia thi trffdc hd't phai cd tff tffdng xa hdi chu nghia Ndi dung giao due chinh tri tff tffdng trffdng hpe la day 1^ luan Mdc-Lenin, dffdng Idl, chinh sdch eiia Dang vd Nhd nffdc Dd Id khoa hpc v l cae quy luat phdt triln cua tff nhidn vd xa hpi; khoa hpc ve edch mang eiia quan chffng bi dp bffc; khoa hpe v l thing ldi eua chu nghia xa hdi Tuy nhidn tiiy theo tffng cap hpc, Iffa tudi md dat yeu eau muc dich, ndi dung gido due chinh tri tff tffdng mdt edch cu thi, phii hdp, dem lai hieu qua ihid'l thffc Ngffdi day: "Cdc chii day cho edn bp, dang vidn vd nhan dan v l chO nghia Mdc-Lenin, chic cd nhieu ngffdi thudc, nhifng cdc chii ed lam eho mpi ngffdi hieu chu nghia Mac-Lenin Id the' nao khdng? Theo Bdc, hilu chu nghia MacLdnin tffc la each mang phan edng cho vide gi lam Chu tjch nffde hay nd'u an, deu phai ldm trdn nhiem vu Khdng ndn ddo tao nhffng ngffdi thudc sach Idu ldu, cu Mde ndi the nay, cu Lenin ndi the'kia, nhtftig nhiem vu eua minh dffdc giao quel nhd lai de cho nhd day rdc"*'' Cung nhff vay, day va hpe nhieu kie'n thffc Mae-Lenin ma sd'ng vdi khdng cd tinh ngffdi thi sff hpc hodn todn vd nghia Ngffdi day: "Hieu chu nghia Mdc-Lenin la phai sd'ng vdi cd tinh ed ngMa Nd'u thudc bao nhidu sach md sd'ng khdng cd linh ed nghia thi gpi la hieu chu nghia Mde-Lenin dffdc"*'" Gido due dao dffc edch mang Hd Chi Minh Id mpt lanh tu dac bidt quan lam tdi dao dffc edch mang Bffdc chdn vdo dffdng hoat dong each mang ehuydn nghidp, Ngffdi chii trpng giac ngd chinh tri, gidc ngd td chffe vd gidc ngd dao dffc Theo Ngffdi, gidd due phai lay dao dffc ldm n i n tdng Pham vi dao dffc rdng I" Ho Chl Mmh Todn tSp Sdd, t.15, tr 668 **> Ho Chl Mmh, Todn tdp, Sdd, t12, tr.554 19 hep khde Cd dao dffc cdng dan, dao dffc ngffdi lhay, dao dffc ngffdi hpc, dao dffc cdn bd qudn 1^, edn bd chQ choi, ngffdi dffng dau Cd nhffng pham chd'l dao dffc chung eho eon ngffdi Vidl Nam nhff trung vdi nffdc, hieu vdi dan; can kidm liem chinh, chi edng vd tff Lai ed nhffng pham cha't dao dffc eu thi cho mdi loai can bn dang vien Trong giao due, ddo tao, Hd Chi Minh thffdng nhic nhd ren luyen dao dffc Id phai ydu To qude, ydu nhan dan, yeu chii nghia xa hdi, ydu khoa hpe, ydu lan ddng, thdl thd, dung cam, sdn sdng tham gia lao ddng vd bdo ve To quoc Thay vd trd phai ydu nffdc thffdng ndi, cd ^ chi Iff lap tff cffdng, quyd'l khdng chju thua kdm ai, quyet khdng chju ldm nd le Mpi ngffdi phai cd tinh than chat phdc, hang hdi, can kidm, xda bo nhffng vet tieh nd le tff tffdng vd hdnh dpng; lay sach dc kieu ngao, tff phu Dd'i vdi hpc sinh phd thdng tff cap tieu hpc Ho Chi Minh lai nha'n manh "Phdi sieng hpc Phai giff sach se Phai giff ky luat Phai ldm theo ddi sd'ng mdi Phai thffdng yeu giiip dd cha me, anh em Yeu To qud'c Ydu ddng bdo Hpe lap td't, lao dpng td^t Dodn ke't tot, ky luat td't Giff gin ve sinh That ihd dung cam" Gido due vdn hda, chuyen mdn Hd Chi Minh ed quan nidm van hda theo nghia rpng vd nghia hep Nghia rdng la loan bd sdng lao vd phdt minh cua ngffdi; la tdng hdp mpi phffdng thffc sinh hoat vd quyin ed ban cua ngffdi Nghia hep Id di vdo tiftig llnh vffc cu the, tham chi ra^t hep Id ddng nghia vdi hpe van Hd Chi Minh ra't quan tam de'n vdn hda utig xiV nha trffdng Dd Id each ffng xu" giffa thiy vd trd, giffa thay vd thay, giffa trd vd tro Ciing vdi gido due van hda la gido due chuyen mdn v l khoa hoc uf nhien, khoa hpe xa hdi va cdc nghiep vu khde Dieu dae bidt ein chti f gido due ehuydn mdn, Hd Chi Minh quan tam dd'n tCftig edp hpc vd dff cdp ndo cung khdng ndng v l kie'n Ihffc Dd'i vdi cd'p trung hpc phd 20 BCJI D I N H PHONG - C M O T T R I ^ T L ^ G I A O DUC Ihdng, Ngffdi Iffu f vice "ddm bdo cho hpc ird tri thffc phn thdng chic chin, thid'l thffc, thich hdp vdi nhu ciu vd lien dn xay dffng nffdc nhd, bd nhffng thdnh phin ndo khnng can thie't eho ddi sd'ng thffc te" Cdn tieu hpc thi t^p trung day Idm ngffdi eu the la "gidn due cho cdc chdu yeu To qudc ydu nhan dan yen lao d^ng, yen khoa hpc trnngcuaedng" (J Iffa ludi ndy, Hn Chi Minh chii J dd'n vice phdi trien cd tinh eua tre "ehd gn dp thid'u nhi vdo khudn khd ngffdi Idn ", ddng ihdi quan ta in v a n dc si'fe khde eho ede chdu Cdn dd'i vdi dai hpc ihi ehii ^ "kd'l hdp ly luan khna hpc vdi thffc hdnh hpc tap 1^ luan khoa hoe lien tie'n eiia cac nffdc kd'l hdp vdl thffc lien nffdc ta de thidt thffc giup ich cho cdng cudc xay dffng nffdc nhd " Cd the ndi, iff Hd Chi Minh ve gido due ehuydn mdn la he'l sffe hidn dai Dd Id kieu Iff "thffc day, thffc hpc", khdng dm ddm, nhdi nhet ve kid'n Ihffe, mdt kieu Iff md ede nffdc tien lien khu vffc vd the' gidi da vd dang thffc hien mdt each ed hieu qua Thii iffdng Smgapore Lf Hiln Long keu gpi "ehiing ta phai day eho hpc sinh ehiing la il hdn d l chiing cd the hoe nhieu hdn Thff hang Id quan trpng nhirtig thff hang khdng phai Id dilu nha't cupc song vd cd nhilu dilu khde irnng cudc sd'ng phai hpc d trffdng" Phdt bieu nhdn mila khai trffdng (thdng 9-2(K)6), ong nhan manh: "Sff hffu hidu eiia he thd'ng gido due phdi dffde bing kha ndng trang bj eho em chung ta nhiihg ndng Iffe dd'i phd mdt each thdnh edng vdi mdt the'gidi khong ngffng lhay ddi"'^' Hd Chi Minh eung ddc bidl quan lam de'n gido due the chat, sffe khde gido due tham my cho ngffdi hpc " T r d n g ngff&i" nhff thd'nao? D l chuyin tai dffdc npi dung gido due todn dien, Iren ed sd tuan thii cdc nguyen I^ v l phffdng phdp gido •' http://www,tuoitre com vn, ngdy 9-11-2006 diic Mdcxit ddng thdi phii hdp vdi ihife te Vidt Nam, Hd Chi Minh da dffa phuong phdp gido d^c hiin d^i Dd Id phffdng phdp ket hdp 1^ luan vdi thffc ic hpe di ddi vdi hdnh, ke't hdp chat ehe nhd trffdng vdi gia (Bnh vd xa hdi Quan dilm vc phffdng phdp gido due eua Hd Chi Minh ddp ffng dffde nhu eau vd khd ndng Iff hpc cua ngtfdi hoc Dd cdn Id phffdng phdp hpc su6t ddi, hpc mpi Idc, mpi ndi, bSng mpi edch Ngffdi cho rang "hpe mai d l lil^n bd mai Cang tid'n bO edng thd'y phdi hpe them" Tff Iffdng vd lam gffdng eua Ngffdi Id "ngdy ndo cung phai hnc " Ngffdi eho rJSng "cdng vide cl? liiifn mai Khdng hpc thi khdng theo kip cdng vide nd se gal minh lai phia sau" De cao linh sdng tan chii ddng vd quyen tif Clia ngffdi hpc theo tinh than cua C.Mdc "tif cua mdi ngffdi Id dieu kien eho sff ph^t trien ttf ciia tat ea moi ngffdi" Id mdt n6t dae sic phffdng phdp gido due ciia Hd Chi Minh Bdi vi ehi ed nhff vdy thi mdi dat dffdc muc dich cua gidn due la "phdt irien ndng Itfc sdn cd eua cdc em" Ngffdi lifti f day thi phai trdnh loi nhdi so hpe thi khdng nen hpe thudc Idng iCfng eau, timg chff, trdnh ldi hpc vet Khdng nhim mat luan theo sdeh vd mot each xuoi chieu Phdi ddi eau hdi: "Vi sao?" Phai suy nghi ehin chin, ed hdp thffc le' khdng, ed diing 1^ khdng Dnc ldi lieu thi phai ddo sau, hilu ky Ngffdi khdng ehi ehii binh ddng theo tinh than "ai eung dffde hpe hdnh" md edn quan tam cung cd dieu kien phdt tnen, thdnh edng, gdp sffe minh vdo sff nghiep khdng chiln kiln qudc Cdch hpc sdng tao, vffdt khdi kid'n thii'c sdeh vd trdn ghe nhd trffdng Id mpt tff ddt phd etia Hd Chi Mmh v l phffcfiig phdp gido diic md ngdy nhdn loai dang hffdng tdi Ndm 2007, dffdng kim Tdng thd'ng Phdp, dng Nicolas Sarkozy phe phdn kilu gido diic "khdng thfem d^m xla de'n cdtfnhcda trd Chiing ta b i t tr6 phdi gd minh vdo eung BOI DlNH PHONG- C6 M T T R I ^ T LV G I A O D U C cdch nhu nhffde nha't: ta't ca phdi hpc cilng mdt dilu, mdt liic, theo mdt cdch Kid'n thffc ldu dffde ddt len trdn ta't cd "f*"' Ong Nicolas Sarkozy eho r^ng "ddi hdi vd khudn phdp Id ein, nen gido due dd itiftig cd t i m vl dai cua nd, tiftig dffdc xem nhff yd'u td' thdng tie'n xa hdi" nhffng "ed tinh eua tre mdi Id trung tam cua gido due chff khdng phai Id kid'n thffc " 21 tu duQng r6n luyen dao dffc, ndng cao trinh dp ehuydn mnn, phffdng phdp gidng day, yeu nghi, qu^ trd, gin bd vdi trffdng ldp Ddng, Nhd nffdc phdi thdl sff chdm lo cho sff nghidp gido due, chdm lo dpi ngu ngffdi thay, trpng thay, trpng dung nhdn ldi Bffdc sang Ihdp nien thff hai eiia the'ky XXI, ehiing ta Ird lai vdi tff tffdng eua Hd Chi Minh v l gido due Dang la dang bdn va'n de dSi mdi cdn hdn vd todn diin gido due vd ddo tao Nghi quyd'l XI ciia Dang khing dinh: "Doi mdi chffdng trtnh ndi dung, phffdng phap day vd hpe, phffdng phdp thi, kilm tra theo hffdng hidn dai; ndng cao chat Iffdng gido due todn didn, dac bidt coi trpng gido due 1^ iffdng, gido due tmyin thd'ng Ijch stj" edch mang, dao dffc, I6^i sd'ng, ndng life sdng tao, ky ndng thffc hanh, lae phong edng nghiep, f thffc trdch nhidm xd hdi"'«' Mud'n d^t di^^c rni^c tidu va nQi dung giao dye loan di^n thi phai lam thd'nao? Theo quan dilm Hd Chi Minh Id phai ludn ludn ddi mdi tff Ngffdi vilt: "Xd hpi bay gid ngdy mdt phdt trien Tff tffdng hdnh ddng cung phdt trien Nlii cff giff IS'y cdi kep gia'y eii khdng thay doi Id khdng di dd'n ddu ea "^' Ngffdi nha'n manh den tff ddc lap, iff chu, sdng tao, xuat phdt tff Viet Nam, ddng Ihdi bidl chit Ipc, tie'p thu tmh hoa, tri tue thdi dai Phai chii trpng dd'n ngffdi hpc trdn hai phffdng dien, vffa quan tam phdt trien ed tinh, ndng life, sang lao cd nhan vffa gin vdi trdch nhiem xa hdi vd qudc gia c4a ngffdi hpe Sifa ddi tridt de chffdng trtnh, sdch gido khoa eho phii hdp vdi tijfng giai doan vd nliiem vu ciia each mang nhtf khdng chid'n, kiln quoc, khdi phue kinh td', eung ed' qud'c phdng, xdy diftig chii nghia xa hdi, dl^u tranh thdiig nhat nffdc nhd,v.v Mdt nhffng van d l ein phai dffdc quan lam hdng dau vd xuydn sudt Id dpi ngu ngffdi thiy Thay ed gido phai Sff phdt triln nhanh vd b i n viTng cua Viet Nam d tay ta ne'u chiing la kidn quyl^t ddi mdi cdn ban vd loan dien giao due vd ddo lao, xay dffng mdt n i n gido due theo hffdng dan tde, hien dai, nhan vdn, lay viee phdt triln da dang cd tinh, nhan each, tinh sdng tao ciia ngffdi hpc vd phuc vu To qud'c, phue vu nhan dan ldm muc dich vdi mdt f chi, tinh than each mang triet d l , tff khoa hpc vd ihdi dd nhan van theo tff ttfdng Hd Chi Minh "^ Bao Tuoi tre, 24-9-2007 '"^ Hfi Chl Minh Todn t$p Sdd, t tr.55 '* DSng Cfing sdn Vifit Nam Vdn kidn D^l hdi dat bieu todn qudc lan thdXI Nxb Chlnh trj qufie gia, H^ Noi, 2011,1r.216 ... vdi thffc ic hpe di ddi vdi hdnh, ke''t hdp chat ehe nhd trffdng vdi gia (Bnh vd xa hdi Quan dilm vc phffdng phdp gido due eua Hd Chi Minh ddp ffng dffde nhu eau vd khd ndng Iff hpc cua ngtfdi... CO gidi thi nffde mdi tid''n b^, dan tri cao thi nffdc mdi sdnh vai vdi th^gidi, ddn hanh phdc thi da''l nffde mdi td''l dep, dffdc the" gidi kinh Irong Nl^u khdng ed gido due, ddo tao thi ngtfdi... "tif cua mdi ngffdi Id dieu kien eho sff ph^t trien ttf ciia tat ea moi ngffdi" Id mdt n6t dae sic phffdng phdp gido due ciia Hd Chi Minh Bdi vi ehi ed nhff vdy thi mdi dat dffdc muc dich cua