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MOr so KU HirilNG M0I CUA OANH GIA HIEN OAI VA SIT VAN OONG lilONG THUC TIEN GIAO DUC DAI HOC V l ^ NAM HIEN NAY Kiem tra, danh gia (DG) ket qua hpc tap la van de duoc de cap Id lau trong he thdng li[.]
MOr so KU HirilNG M0I CUA OANH GIA HIEN OAI VA SIT VAN OONG lilONG THUC TIEN GIAO DUC DAI HOC V l ^ NAM HIEN NAY ThS N G U Y E N N A M P H U O N G ' K iem tra, danh gia (DG) ket qua hpc tap la van de duoc de cap Id lau he thdng li luan ve day hpc Nen tang li luan can dai va hien dai ghi nhan nhihig cdng trinh rat cdng phu va dang ke vevan denay Hethd'ng nhihig edng trinh nghien euu gan day da xae djnh duoc nhdng muc tieu DG co ban, thdng ke va phan logi hinh thdc DG, phuang phap DG cung nhihig friugt ngiJ, quy trinh, cdng eu tuong dng vdi cac md hinh, kieu D G Vdi dieu kien friyc liln cua Viet Nam va mdi tn/dng dao tao cae tn/dng dgi hpe hien nay, tae gia bai viet dua mot so xu hudng mdicija BG hien daiva st/van dungcu the cua chung tht/c tehien Xu huong mdi DG hien dai Cdthe tha'y mpt sdxu hudng DG tnjyen thdng da khdng Igo co hpi vg thuc day qua trinh hpc tap cua hpc sinh (HS); chl nhan manh ve ke't qua, cac kTnang va cac sy kien rieng ie; thudng tap trung vao cac bai tap viet, baitap phi ngir canh, mdi cau tra ldi dung nhat James H McMillan (1) da chi dieu mpt each cu the: cac tieu chuan va tieu chi thudng dupc giii'kin va bi mat, thudngDG sau bai giang thdng qua cac bai kiem tra chuan hoa, DG rieng cac ca nhan va cd rat it thdng tin phan hdi, DG d ben ngoai, don le khdng thudng xuyen Trong vai nam gan day da ed nhieu hoat dpng nh^m cai t i ^ phuong phap kiem tra, DG ket qua hoc tap cua HS, gdp phan nang eao chatluong giao due dao tgo d cac tn/dng dgi hpc ndi chung Nhihig xu hudng DG hien nh§m vao ea mot qua trinh, vdi cac kT nang va kien thdc td'ng hpp, bai tap ngir canh hoa va nhieu cau tra Idi dung, DG giang day qua cac bai kiem tra khdng chinh thdc.DG mdtnhdm ngudi nen cd nhieu thdng tin phan hdi, DG da dang va lien tyc James H McMillan (1) da de cap nhihig xuhu^gmdir\h\s: y ^ e C t t a y / A e l a n h i h i g D G giang day, nhSm giup giao vien (GV) ednhimg budc quyet dinh Irong mpi thdi diem; bao gom: quan sat, thao lac, frinh baymieng,thu'nghiem,DG dya tren CO so tich hpc tap, ho sd hoc tip, phdng van va de an DG tfiaythelampl phUPng phap khac vdi cae bai kiem tra giay - but tnjyen thdng, dae biet la vdi cac bai kiem tra trac nghiem.DG thay the Idi cudn ngudi hpc vao hoat ddng hpe tap va ddi hdinhihigkT nang tuduy bac cao, nham chuan bj eho ho kha nang dam nhan nhiing edng viee cang phdc tap 2^£>G/fe?ftopi'OT'fli/a/7ffda/.Dd1mdiOGngudi hpclaDGfrongtoanquafrinh hpclap (trudc, va sau khihpetren ldp) Kian fra gid hpc giup giang vien cd dupc thdng tin phan hoi, tu dd dieu chlnh kip thdi qua frinh day, hpe vien eung ty dieu chTnh qua trinh hpc dan vuon tdi t y D G , t y y thdc ban than ; W S f t r G : D d i h i H S t y b G , khdng phu thupc vao nhihig ngudi khac deed thdng lin phan hoi 4) Cic tieu chuan va tieu cbi cong khat N h ihig xu hudng mcs day cang cdng khai hoa cae lieu chuan va tieu chiDG Mpt so each phan loai DG Dy an hpp tac giao due Viet Bi (2) dua nhihig phan ioalDG khac.dd la tilnDG,DG hinh thanh,DG td'ng ketvaDG chan doan.DG hinh (formative assessment^ duoc chia ba toai: 1) DG ve qua tn'iib hgc tip: Thdng qua hinh thdc kiem tra,friicunhlm xem xet kelqua hpc lap cua HS sau mpt giai doan nhat djnh theo quy dinh Chung (sau mdt hpc ki, mpt nam hpc, mdt e ^ hpe) Ngoai ra, eung gidng nhu cac dang DG khae, qua DG lo'ng ket, cac nha su phgm, G V cd duoc cac Uiong tin hihj ich detien hanh xem xet, tSeu chinh (neu can)tdmuc lieu, npi dung cho de'n phuong phap day hpc d mpt lam cao va phgm vi rdng hon 2}DG vi qua trinh hgc tap:laQGqua\mh,s{J tien bp eua HS thdng qua cac lioat dpng hpc lap dupc phan hoi thudng xuyen nham tri sy tien bday GV lay dd lam can eudedieu chinh each day, each hpc va ke hoach, chuang trinh giao dye 3) DG qua trinh hge tap: HS 6uac tham gia vao qua trinh D G , ty DG hoacf)G dong dang de dieu chinh each hpc, nang eao ehat luong hpc tap Phuang phap DG Mdt nhihig phuang phap DG dang dupc ' Tradng Bai boc sir pbam Ka Nqi Tap chi Gido due so 339 (ki 1-8/2014) 33 chu trpng hien la BG banghosahgc tap (portfolio assessment) Phuong phap dupe decap bdi Bob Algozzine,W.JamesPopham; cae cdng trinh cua gdi Dy an giao due Viet - Bi (2) va ehuong trinh phdi hop giiia Bd Giao dye -dao tao Viet Nam vdi Ngan hang the gidi (Chuong trinh READ) (3) Ho so hpc tap cd y nghTa quan trpng ddi vdi mdi ngudi hpc, la khdng gian cho sy sang tao va tim hieu ve ban than, khuyen khich niem say me hpc tap, tao hiing thu cho hoatdpng DG, dae biet!alyDG Ho so hpc tap hudng HS tdi hpe sau va hpc lau dai; thuc day chii tam vao viec hpc cua ban than, yeu thich va cd trach nhiem vdi nhiem vu hpc tap qua viec nhin thay kha nang hpc tap 'Hem an" cua minh Ho so hpc tap cdn la cau ndi giira ngudi hpc - ngudi day, ngudi hpc - ngudi hpc, ca nhan - nhdm Ho sa hpc tap gdm cac loai: •Hosa tieh bgbao gom nhihig bai tap, cae san pham ngudihpcthychlentrong qua trinh hpc Thdng quadd, ngudi dgy va ngudi hpcOG qua frinh tien bd ma ngudi hpe da dgt dupe fiethehien sytien bp, ngudi hpc can cd nhung minh chdng, nhu: mot sdphan Jrong cac bai tap, san pham hogt dpng nhdm, san pham hogt ddng ca nhan, nhan xet hoac ghi nhan ciJa vien khac nhdm, - Hosa qui trinh la ho so ty theo ddi qua trinh hpc lap cua ngudi hpc Hp ghi Igi nhung npi dung minh da hogc chua hpc dupc (ve kie'n thdc, kT nang, thai dp) cua cac m dn hpc va xac djnh each dieu chinh (each hpc, sy dau tu them thdi gian, sy hd trp cua giang vien hay cac bgn nhdm, ) - Hdsamuc tieu Ngudi hpc tyxay dyng mue tieu hpc tgp eho minh tren CO s d l y D G dupc nang lyc cua ban than Khae vdi ho so tien bp, hd so m yc tieu dupc thye hien bang viec nhin nhan, phan tich, ddi chieu nhieu mdn hpc vdi nhau, tddd ngudi hpc tuDG vekha nang hpc tap cua minh ndi chung: tdt hon hay kem di, mon hpc nao cdn han che de xay dyng ke hoach hudng tdi viec nang cao nang lyc hpc tap cho minh - Hosathanb tich: N g u ^ hpc tyOG vecac tich hpc tap nd'i trdi cua minh qua trinh hpe, qua dd ty kham pha nhihig kha nang, tiem nang cua ban than nhunang khieu ve ngdn ngu, toan hpc, vat li, am nhgc, Khdng chi giup ngudi hpc ty tin ve ban than, ho so lhanh tich edn giup hp ty djnh hudng va xac djnh giai phap phat trien, khai thac tiem nang cua minh thdi gian tiep theo DG theo ho so hpc tap la mot nhiing hudng di hieu qua cho viec thiet kecdng cu, phuong phap DG theo tiep can qua trinh Ho so hpc tap trdthanh noi ghi chep nhiJng bleu hien (du nho nhat), Irong hpc 34 Tap chi Gido due so 339 tap cua sinh vien (SV), bao gom: nhihig tien bd, nhihig khd khan, cac th^c m^c can hdi va trao d6l, nhung kinh nghiem hpc tap va ehia se kinh nghiem cua ban than ngudi hpe vdi cac ca nhan khac, vdi G V hoac vdi tap the lop Do se la co sd rat cu the de ngudi hpc d l dang dieu chinh hoat ddng hpc tap va lam viec cung nhu cd nhdng phan hoi ngupe mang tinh xay dyng cho ngudi day Mpt so h u d n g van dung thuc tien giao due dai hoc d Viet Nam hien 1) Khd khan ca ban Cac xu hudng DG hpc lap hien dai de cap mdt nhimg nhan td khach quan can trdhieuquaDG,ddlasdlupngSV mpt Idp qua ddng Nhieu cdng trinh da neu van denay nhu"Wow testing can help teaching' cua W James Popham, bao cao cua Khuc Nang Toan ve giao due dai hpc eila Uc Cac tae gia eung neu mpt sd giai phap co ban: khai thae cac dae dian eua hpc che tin chl, khai thac thdigian ty hpc cua sinh vien, tan dung ta da cac urig dung phan mem h\en dgi: thu t^en td, phan mem troi de tiii, cac de kiem tra va de ty kiem trafrut;luyen, diln dan t n ^ luyen, trao ddigiua cac ntidm ao Day chinh la cac kenhthdng tin degiang vien n&m dupc miic dp Hnh ha, mut; dp hiing thii, tap tnjng hpe tap va nghien ciru cua SV tren eo sd kh§c phuc mpt each triet de han che so lupng ngudi hpc frong Idp qua ddng 2) Nhung xu hudng DG ca ban Hien cd mpt xu hU(^g DG mdi, dd ia DG theo tiep can nang luc (competence-based assessment) Percy J Worsnop (4] da danh mdt chuong cdng trinh cua minh de phan tich quy trinh, kT thuat va cong cu DG nang lyc va nhan manh vai trd eua each tiep can dd'i vdi giao due nghe nghiep Cach Hep can frong DG giao due da va dang duac md rpng ITnh vyegiaoducnghe, thyc hanh nghecua Viet Nam (the hipn d mot sd cong trinh cua Cao Danh Chinh, Nguyin Quang Viet ) va mdrpng ITnh vyc giao ducphothdng Cach tie'p can DG nang lyc the hien d sy thdng thao cac nang lyc eda ngudi hpe: - Ngudi hoc phai thyc hien cac cdng viee theo each thii'c giong nhu cua ngudi lao dpn^ thyc hien thyc te lao ddng nghe nghiep; • Kiem tra, DG rieng re tdng ngUdi hpc hp thyc thi va hoan cdng viee; - Kien thdc lien quan va thai can cd deu la nhihig bp phan cau can duac kiem tra, D G DG theo tiep can nang lyc duoe thyc hien thdng qua viec sddung ket hpp cac dang chung cdlryc tiep, gian tiep va phu try pham vi rpng thu thap dupc qua trinh dao tao vdi cac hoat dpng sau: - Quan sat sy thyc hien cdng viec tai chd lam viec hoae d hoan (ki - 8/2014) canh tuong Ur, - Do dae san pham hay theo ddi eae dich vu, cac qua trinh duac thyc hien; - Quan sat, "lupng gia"thaidddupcfriehien;-Kiem tra/frac nghiem kie'n ttiyc; - Thu thap cac ehung eu phu trp bao gom nhung fridng tin ve ngudi hpc td ho so, so' sach giao vy, cac bao cao, va hj'nhung ngudi cd lien quan Xu hudng DG theo tie'p can nang lyc, theo mdt gde dp nao dd, ed sy giao thoa nhat djnh vdi DG theo tiep can qua trinh Bdi xet ve ban cliat, DG thudng xuyen vdi muc tieu chinh la nhan mgnh nang lyc thye chat cua ca nhan, eung cd thii hpc tap, giup ngudi hpc nhan dinh chinh xac ve trinh dp thyc te'eua minh chu" khong gua trpng diem sd, tich hogc ke't qua bai thi cudi cung Xu hudng DG theo Hep can nang lyc cd mpt sd diem kha gan gui vdi DG r/iyc (performance assessment, aufrienlic assessment) Theo J Mueler (5), DG friyc lampthinhfridcDG dd ngudi hpc duac yeu cau thyc hien nhung nhiem vu thye sy didn cupc sdng, ddi hdi phai van dung mdt each cd y nghTa nhung kie'n thuc, kT nang thiet ye'u Thong thudng, mot balDG thye bao gdm nhihig nhiem vu ma SV phai hoan va mot ban mieu ta nhihig tieu chi DG viee hoan frianh eae nhiem vu [n/bnc) dd Dae tning eua DG thyc la: - Yeu cau SV phai kien tgo mplsan pham chdkfidng phai chpn hay vletra mpt cau tra liM dung;-Qo ludng ea qua trinh va casanpliam cua qua trinh dd;-Trinh bay mptvan de friyc - frong the gidi friyc, cho phep SV bdc Id kha nang van dung kien Uiii'c vao tinfi hudng friyc te; - Cho pliep SV bpc Ip qua trinh hpc tap va tu cua hpc thdng qua viec thyc hien bai thi Mdt sdtae gia nhu Nguyin Dire Chinh (trong bai viet "DG thuc ke't qua hgc tip tnjng giio due dai hgc vi dio tao nguon nhin ItAf) va J Mueller (5) da iam ro cac dae trung tren cua DG xae thyc bdng each ddi chieu DG friyc vdi DG tnjyen thd'ng (xem bang 1) Bang Ddt chieu d$c tnmg cua DG Siuc va BG tnjyen thd'ng DGDWC Trinh dSn h o ^ ttiSnh mdt nlii&m vu Trang (KH sAn thuc Ki&i tao^An dgng DoSVIKAkff Minhctninatiucitfip E)G truydn Ihdng Lua ctwiWiA cdu Ird ItA diina MODtiona T ^ NenUi nhan Do qianq viBn thifil kd Uinh diOnn atdn tifio Tuy nhien, DG truyen friong va € G ttiyc khdng taai tnj" ma bo' sung cho nhSm DG mpt each toan dien va chinh xae nhat viec dat myc tieu cua chuang frinh khoa hoc, mdn hpc hay bai hpc Muc tieu cua chuang trinh, mon hpc hay bai hpc cd frie the hien d nhieu finh vyc khac (nhan ttidc, nang fye, tinh cam, kTnang ) va khdng pfiai muc tieu (ki 1-8/2014) nao cung yeu cau SV phai trinh diin nang lyc van dung kie'n thuc hay kTnang Vi dy, myc lieu bai hpc la nam vihig mdt don vj kien thuc thi viec dua mdt so cau hdi nhieu lya chpn hoac cau tra Idi ngan cd the DG dupc myc tieu Nhung deDG nang lye hoan mpt san pham, phat trien mot he tho'ng, xay dyng mpt phan mem don gian, soan wiao mpt bao cao, trinh baymptvan de.van hanh mdte6may thi DG thuc la lya chpn tdi uu cua giang vien Chung ta cd the nhgn tha'y md'i lien he mat thiet giira DG theo tie'p can nang lyc vdi DG thyc giao due dai hpc DG ddng vai trd rat quan trpng qua trinh dgy hpc ndi rieng va giao due ndi chung Ddi mdi cdng tac DG duoc coi la mpt nhung hudng then chdt nham nang cao chat lupng dao tao, day manh hieu qua hogt ddng eda hethd'ng giao due ciing nhunhimg khau phan he thd'ng Cung vdi viec tim hieu he thdng li thuyet veDG thyc, DG theo tiep can nang lyc, DG b§ng ho so hpc tap, can van dung mot each khoa hpc, nghiem luc vao thye te, lam sau s&c them nhihig van de li lugn eung nhu cdng cd nhihig diem tya cho cac nha khoa hpc, nha giao due nghien cdu, giang dgy va van dung • (1) James H McMillan Classroom Assessment (second edition) A Pearson Education Company, 2001 (2) Dg- An Viet BI Bay vd hpc lich cy:c, 2007 (3) Ki ye'u h6i thao "Thirc trang \i dko tao dSnh gia giSo due cSc truang d^i hoc v&'xfly dung khung nang luc chung v^ danh gid giao due" BO GD-DT v^ Ngan hang the' gicJi, Chucmg trinh READ, 2013 (4) Worsnop, Percy J Competency-based training: How to it - for trainers Vocational Education, Employment, and Training Advisory Committee Canberra, Australia, 1993 (5) Mueller, J "The Authentic Assessment Toolbox: Enhancing Student Learning through Online Faculty Development" http://jolt.merlQt.org/vollnol/ mueller.him SUMMARY" 77ie theorical basis ofassessment has been developed for hundreds of years, attaining many magnlflclent works With the changes of times and educational conditions, that basis has got ffeat inheritance and pmmotion, crudallyin this article, the trends ofassessment are given out basing on the reality of Vietnam education which are such the issues as creditbased training, the number of students in each classroom Those basic current trends as authentic assessment, competence-based assessment, enhancingthe method of portfolio assessment, are regarded as solutions for innovating the assessment, the education and improving the education quality Tap chi Giae due so 339 I 35 ... hoc d Viet Nam hien 1) Khd khan ca ban Cac xu hudng DG hpc lap hien dai de cap mdt nhimg nhan td khach quan can trdhieuquaDG,ddlasdlupngSV mpt Idp qua ddng Nhieu cdng trinh da neu van denay nhu"Wow... kh§c phuc mpt each triet de han che so lupng ngudi hpc frong Idp qua ddng 2) Nhung xu hudng DG ca ban Hien cd mpt xu hU(^g DG mdi, dd ia DG theo tiep can nang luc (competence-based assessment) Percy... hj''nhung ngudi cd lien quan Xu hudng DG theo tie''p can nang lyc, theo mdt gde dp nao dd, ed sy giao thoa nhat djnh vdi DG theo tiep can qua trinh Bdi xet ve ban cliat, DG thudng xuyen vdi muc tieu chinh