Jmval^ 808 2014 '''' j''''Si»t4mms$i''''^ i KT nang viet bai van nghj luan xa hpi trong chirofng trlnh THPT TS NGUYEN MEVH HOAT Trudng Ogi hpc Tiy Nguyen Tom t^t Bii viit nghiin cdU vi dac diim thiiopi vin ngh[.]
Jmval^ 808-2014 ':j'Si»t4mms$i'^ i KT nang viet bai van nghj luan xa hpi chirofng trlnh THPT TS NGUYEN MEVH HOAT Trudng Ogi hpc Tiy Nguyen Tom t^t la the van dung If le phan tfch gili quydt v i n dd NL ttiQdng bin v l dQng, sai, phli, trii, khlng djnh dilu niy, bic bd dilu Bii viit nghiin cdU vi dac diim thiiopi vin nghi lugn xa h^l (NLXH) qua II lugn dgy hpc vi khao sat dc de thi, dap an d l mgi ngQdi nhan chin If, ddng tinh v i chia se quan thIDH nhdng nam gan diy TUdd khai quit dc KN viit diem vdi minh SQc mgnh cua v i n NL [a d sy sau sac eua tu bii vin NLXH chUdng trinh THPT, giup hpc sinh hieu vitudng, tinh cam, tlnh mgch lac, chat che eua suy nghTvi trinh bay, sU thuyet phye eua lap luan Van dyng eie thao tic NL, lin Iuy4n tit dgng de tren Tifldida: KN, nghj lugn xa hpi, giaS thich, luting dgo li, nhu: giai thfch, phan tieh, chQng mmh bic bd, so sinh, Ndu h^ tupng dia sing, giii mich, bin lu$n, nh$n SiOb, hinh dpngnhln tQ d l tai, cd t h i ehia v i n NL hinh hai logi tdn: dd l i NL vin hpe (NLVH) v l NLXH NLVH l i nhQng bai van bin v l elc v i n Summary d l van chQdng - nghe thuit: phin tfch, ban luan v l ve dgp eda tie pham van hpc; trao ddi ve mpt van d l If luin van hgc hoic The paper has examined the characteristics of genre of lim sang td mdt nhin djnh van hgc sQ NLXH l i nhQng bii v i n society debating essay through the teaching theory and the bin v l cie van d l xa h$i - chfnh tri nhu: mdt tU tUdng dgo If; ldi survey of some questions and answers in the university exams sdng eao dgp; hiin tQpng tfch eye hoic tiiu cyc cua ddi sdng; for recent years so as to generalize Writing skills of Society vin d l v l thiin nhien mdi trUdng, hudng tdi phin tich, bin Debating Essay In high school curriculum and help students bgc v l cic van de lien quan ddn mdi quan he cua eon ngUdi understand and practice to achieve best results in the exam ddi sdng xa hdi Keywords: Skills, society debating, interpret, moral thoughts, life events, explain, discuss, perception, action Muc dfch eua NLXH nham phat bilu tu tudng, tlnh cam, thai dp, quan dilm eua ngUdi viet mdt eich tryc tiep ve cac van D$t van dg d l ehfnh tri, dgo dQc, Idi sdng, tQ dd tgo nhOng tic dpng TQ nim 1995 trd ve trudc, cic de thi mdn V i n chQdng tfch cyc den eon ngudi v i mdi quan h i giQa ngQdi vdi ngUdi trlnh frung hpc phd thong (THPT) cd npi dung nghi luin xa hdi xa hdi Trong chUdng trlnh THPT, cd cic dgng d l v l (NLXH), tQ 1996 - 2008 logi de niy khdng cd de thi Din NLXH, nhu: nim 2009 trd Igi day npi dung NLXH tidp tyc dQpc sQ dyng a) NL ve mdt tU tUdng dgo ii TQ mdt eau danh ngdn, nhin elu trQe d l thi tdt nghiip THPT va thi vao DH, CD (ciu dinh, dinh gia v l mgt tQ tudng dgo If, yeu cau ngQdi viet bin hdi 3,0 dilm) cda Bd Giio dye v i D i o tgo Day la phin thi cd luan v i the hien tu tudng, quan didm, thai dp eua minh Vf dy: nhidu dd tli md, dya tren hidu bilt ve cic van de xa hpi eua thi De 1: Anh (chj) suy nghT nhQ t h i nio ve ciu ndi cCia n h i sinh Bdi viy, nhidu em khdng tranh khdi khd khan, lung tOng vd ndi dung v i phUPng phip lim dgng de niy Thyc te cd van Phip Mi-sen E-kem dd Mdng-te-nhd: "Ngheo nin vi vat chat di chOa ngheo nan ve tim hon rat kho ehCfa" nhidu HS khdng bilt eleh lim bii ehUa hilu d l , lac de hoac Di 2: Bay td y kiln cOa minh v l van d l ma l i e g i i q u i lan man, sd sii TrSn cd sd nhQng van de li luin va qua Than Nhan Trung da neu bai ki d l danh tien si khio sit thQe t l , b l i vilt trao ddi vdi ddng nghiip v i HS v l ky nam 1442: "Hiin tai la nguyen quoc gia nguyin ning (KN) vilt b i i vin NLXH ehUdng trlnh THPT, nhat la thinh thi Ihi nUdc manh rii len cao nguyin suy thi KN lim bai thi tdt nghidp THPT va thi vao DH, CD Qua dd, thi nUdc yeu rii xuong thip" gdp phin edng ddng nghidp dinh hUdng, van dyng cie quan De 3: Vilt mpl bai van ngan (khoang 600 tQ) bin ve y didm thdng nhlt dgy kidn thde NLXH va xay dyng d l thi, kien sau "Tren dUdng thinh cdng khong cd vit chin aia ki ludi dip i n cic ki thi, giup HS ed them tai ligu tham khao dd biing" (Lb Tin)-? bll thi dgt kdt q u i eao b) NL vi mpt hiin tUpng ddi sing ThQdng niu Idn mdt hiin NOi dung tupng, van d l cd tlnh thdi sy, dupc du luin xa hdi nude cung nhQ cdng ddng qude td quan tim, y i u c l u ngudi vidt ban 2.1 Nghi lufin va NLXH bgc, danh gia, binh lugn VI dy: NL l i bin v i dinh g i i cho rd v l m§t v i n dd nio dd V i n NL 48; •m^mii-fzsmms S6S-2OH Dait?a» De 4: Tai ngn giao ^ong li van de nhdc nhii eCia xa hoi than trach nhiem v i thoi vd trach nhidm, dao dQc gia, (dngt^ hio va sQxau hd, ngUdi ndi tieng va ngUdi cd ieh, ke cd h$iva Anh (chj) hay vilt mot bai van ngan (khoang 600 tQ) ve thyc ngQdi chan chinh, ; Quan he gia dinh va xa hot tinh miu t&, trgng tai nan giao thdng v i giai phip lim giam thieu tai ngn giao thdng Viet Nam hien tinh anh em, finh ddng bio, tinh thay trd, tinh bgn, Khi lam b i i van NL v l mdt tU tUdng dgo li, HS phli hi^ Di 5: Anh (chj) hay vidt mdt bai van ngan (khoang 600 td) vd tinh trgng d nhiem moi trUdng hien vi dc giii phip khae dugc cae khai niem cd ban v l thuit ngQ lien quan den tU tudng dao If, nhu: dao dQc, If tQdng I I gl, t h i nio la thdi vd trach phuc Di & Hay vilt mot bii van ngan (khoang 600 tO) trinh bay nhiem,„ tU dd bang quan sat thQc te cudc sdng gia dinh, suy nghTeiJa anh (chj) v l hinh vi "hdi cOa" dSi vdi mdt bp phin ngoii xa hgi vdi ket hdp kien thUe dQde hpc v i kinh nghiem c i | ban than de phin tieh, b1nh lugn, danh gia, td thai hlnlj~ ngudl Viet ti\di gian qua e) NL vS mat van di dgt Irong tic pham van hpe K i t hpp dpng dung kilm tra dQde nang lyc dge - hilu tie phlm van hpc ve kiln Ddi vdi de WL vi mpt hiin tUpng ddi song Dd t i i dUa thQc xa hpi va kha nang NL c i u hdi l i nhQng van d l v l mpt hien tUdng thudng xay Di Nhin dQde hpc mdt sd bii thd tap Nhgt kf ra, hay gap ddi sdng v l lay hien tQ(?ng dd de bin b^c Cic de t i i n i y gan gui vdi ddi sdng va sat hpp trinh dp nhan tu ciia Chd tjeh Hd Chl Minh, anh (chj) hay viet bii v i n bin v l y chf v i nghj lye cua ngUdi Dang d l thQdng it sQ dyng bidt xa hdi eda HS nhQ: tai ngn giao thdng; hien tupng p nhilm mdi trQdng; nhQng tieu eye thi cd; cudc van dgng d c i c d l thi nhQng nam gan diy giup dd ddng b i o hoan ngn, tinh trgng "hdi cua"; ngUdngmS 2.2 Dac diem cau hdi va yeu cau NLXH de thi DH va me mudi than tQpng; mdt thdi trang; thai dp eua HS vdi Iji^ Trong kdt cau d l thi DH tQ nam 2009 - 2013, eiu hoi sQ dan tde, NLXH thudc ciu II (3 dilm), bii viet khoang 600 tQ, cd dung IQpng tQpng dQdng vdi trang giay thi Yeu cau cua de "Hay De lam tdt dgng eiu hoi niy HS can n l m bat thdng tin vidt hoin chfnh mdt bai van ngan" NghTa l i b i i van phai ed kit thdi sQ hing tren eae phQdng tidn thdng tin dgi chung de cau phan: Md bai thin biiva kit bai vdi day diJ eae yeu td, hidu rd nhQng van de, hien tQpng ddi sdng ndi bat niiSc nhQ: lugn de (trpng t i m m i de yeu cau), luan diem (cie y v l tren the gidi Qua dd, HS hilu dQde npi dung ban chatdS ldn,)/ nho v i elc y nho hdn, ), lugn chdng {each lap luin), iuin van de, thay dQde thQc trgng dang diln cudc sing, ed{he thdng d i n chQng) HS can hoan chinh bii vidt theo yeu bao gdm mat tich cQe, tiiu eye, phan tieh dung - sai, l(Ji - h^ cau v l dung lupng v i d l y du eac phin, cac y mdi ed the dgt if giai, binh tuin xem xet sau cic phQdng dien eda van dl, tim diem eao nguyen nhan va de xuat eae giai phap TQ thyc tiln dd, HS NLXH thudng ed phgm vi rdng, neu nhQ NLVH dQpe gidi b i y to thii dp, y kidn eua ban than qua nhan thQc va t\hri\ hgn bdi cac tic pham SGK thi NLXH chf dQpc xie djnh ddng phu hpp vdi nhQng tien bd xa hpi bang cie chu de NL, nhQ: NL v l mdt tQ tQdng dgo ii; vd mpt 2.3 Mgt s d nhgn xet ve cau hdi va dap an NLXH hien tupng ddi sdng, Cae chu d l cd nhieu van d l eln d l thi DH quan tim Thye ra, nhQng ndi dung tren da dQpc HS tich luy a) Vi du hd/: Trong 10 cau hdi NLXH eda d l thi td nam sudt thdi gian sdng va hgc tap, nhQng la van de khd ddi 2009 - 2013, ed 8/10 WL ve mp/ft//t/dng dao//: Cic cau hdi 88 vdi nhilu HS sdng thdi hien dgi Bdi vi, kinh nghiem sdng trung vao nhQng ndi dung, nhQ: dQc tinh trung thyc, niem tin, v i sy tQng trai cda cae em qua it di Thilt nghT, chUdng trinh tinh than trach nhiem va thdi vd trich nhiem, dgo dQe gii, % SGK mdi can cd tai lieu tham khao bd ich lien quan d i n nhQng hio va xau ho, ke ed hpi va ngudi chan chinh, idi sdng khflng v i n de NLXH, dap Qng nhu cau hge tap eua HS NhQng ndi ca tyng tri tue ma ca tyng sQ khdn kheo, tfnh thy dgng vifiSfi dung djnh hUdng dd se dUdc xie djnh d l thi, tgo nen sQ phong Cdn lai 2/10 WL vd mot hien tUpng ddi sing, nhQ: ngiiM gan kit giQa chQdng trinh hpc tip vdi de thi va dap an Dieu niy ndi tilng v i ngQdi cd ich, n^gQdng md thin tQpng va me muS se glQp HS nd IQc phan dau hpe tap v i dn luyen dat ket qua than tupng cao, tQ dd eac trQdng DH se tuyln du^e ngUdi tai thyc su vao Cic ndi dung eau hoi NLXH thudng yeu elu binh lam vigc luan, danh g i i , so sinh cac mat cd tfnh chat ddi lap hoic so Qua khio sat 10 eau hdi NLXH d l thi DH khdi C, D tQ sanh hdn - kem ddi sdng xa hdi Ve so sinh dil lip nhU; nam 2009 - 2013 ehung tdi thiy, cic ndi dung djnh hQdng d dQc tinh trung thye v i tfnh gian lan, niem tin va dinh matnllt cau hdi thudng la: nhQng y kiln dinh gia, nhan xet v l ddi tQpng tin, tinh than trieh nhiem v l thdi vd trach nhiem, dgo ddc vi NL, tQ yeu cau ngudi vilt trinh bay suy nghT cua minh (ti le dgo dQc gia, ke eO hgi v l ngudi chan ehinh, tfnh chd dgngvi 8/10 lan), biy td quan dilm (ti le 2/10), TQ die dilm nay, tfnh thu dpng; ngudng md v i md mudi, Ve so sinh hantrudc lam bai van NLXH HS can hieu rd ndi dung dmh kem nhu: Bidt tQ hio va bidt xau hd; ngQdi noi tilng va ngu* hQdng ciu hdi bang each: chia rd eac y ciJa ndi dung, gill ed fch; khdng ca tyng trf tug ma ca tyng sy khdn kheo thfch tQ ngQ, hinh anh, tim nghTa trQe tidp, nghla khai quit b) Vi dap an: Phan ldn cac dip an thdng nhlt vin dS bilu trung, tU dd phan tich, binh luan, danh g i i va trlnh bay suy chinh: Giai thth y kiin; Bin iuan ve y kien; Bii hpc nhgn tt* nghT eua minh ddi vdi ndi dung dupc dat eau hoi vi hinh dpng Nhin chung, xet v l ndi dung, vdn d l niyiB Ddi vdl de NL vS mpt tU tUdng dgo ii, eac van de tieu bieu lam rd npi dung NL nhQng xet v l c l u trdc cDa mdt bai vSn,3 thudng gap la: Nhin thde If tudng, nilm tin, myc dieh sdng, van de dupe the hien dap an chUa tUdng Qng vdi kit c& mye dieh hpc tip, hgnh phUc, dau tranh, ldi sdng, trf tue, khdn phan (md bai, thin bai, kdt bai) Theo nhin thQc cda chOnfl khdo tfnh thy dpng tfnh tien phong, ; Tim hon, tfnh deh tdi npi dung niy Qng vdi phan thin fai/cua bai v i n , edn phS" yeu nQdc nhin ai, bao dung, dQc hi sinh, IQpng, trung thQe, md biivk kit bii chua dUpc de cgp Trong luc dd, li thuydtdW dung cam, ty trpng, khiem tdn, thdi ba hoa ieh kl, vy Ipi, tinh lam van NL t i i liiu, ed kdt c l u phin: M3 bit gidi thf" D a i / w H y 30 7-2014 TT Oe thi DH Khoi C 2009 Khdi D 2009 Khdi C 2010 Khdi D 2010 Khdi C 2011 Trgng tam Ngi dung djnh Iiud'ng d de "Xin thdy hay dgy cho chdu biet chdp nhgn thi rdi Due tinh trung thirc thi vinh du hem gian Ign thi" va eude sdng Mpt ngucri ia danh mdt niem tin vao ban thdn thi NiSm tin vio ban than minh chac chan se danh mdt them nhieu thu quy gia cuge sdng khdc nita Tinh thin traeh nhiem va thdi vd Nhu mot thu a-xit vo hinh, thai vo trach nhiem a mdi trach nhiem cua ngudi cd nhdn cd the dn man cd mpt xa hpL eupe sdng hien Dgo due gia Id mpt can b?nh chet ngudi ludn nip sau S\r nguy hai eua dao due gia ddi bp mat hdo nhodng vdi eon ngudi va cudc song Biet tu hao ve ban thdn Id can thiet nhimg biit xdu ho Ban ve ddc tinh bi^t tu hao ve bin quan trgng han than va biet xau hd ve bin than Bing 1: Xie djnh vin di NL (trpng tam) v l ndu vdn d l cin NL; Thin bit trien khai cac luin dilm, luan cQ dd lim sing td v i n d l ; Ait tiit Thau tdm nhQng ngi dung ed bin, tilp tyc ggi md suy nghT cho ngQdi dpc, hoic ndu elm nghT nlng cfia ngUdi vilt Kit clu dip I n vdl vdn d l nhQ tren se chQa phu h^p vdi ket elu bii lim cua HS dUdc hge d Idp Qua thQc tien cham thi ciu hdi NLXH nhQng nam g i n day ehung tdi thiy, nhilu thf sinh da lim dOng phin md baiva kit biinhUng khdng h i cd didm, vl d dip i n khdng ed diem eho elc Jr d hai phin niy, Sy chQa phd hpp niu trln sd d i n d i n nhQng bit cgp: dip , I n d l thi chua thdng nhlt vdi ndi dung hgc t i p cda HS; II thuydt dgy hpe v l thQe hinh lam van cdn thieu nhlt quin Dilu niy se lim Inh huSng d i n kit qua thi ciJa cic em, gilm hQng thd hge Vin cOa HS vl elc tieu chi d l mdt bai van dgt dilm cao ChUa rd ring Theo ehung tdi, kit elu dap an eiu hdi NLXH dd thi DH eln cd thdm phan md bai v i kit bir, Qng vdi tdng phin I I It I I dilm ey the Diy la ndi dung eln thilt yeu clu cfia de neu ra: "Hiy vidt hoin chlnh mdt bai van ngin" Z4 L^p d i n ^ cho b i i van NLXH a) Md t}ir La gidi thiiu van de se vidt, trao ddi ban bgc bai Vi the md bai, thyc chat l i tra Idi ciu hdi: Anh (ehi) djnh vibt, bin bgc vdn d l gl? Md bii dupc trien khai mgt dogn vin hoin chlnh (dogn md bii) vdi dung IQpng khoang 710 ddng td gily thi I I hpp li Trong dogn van nay, cd phdn tQdng Qng vdl npi d' i g eln dgt dQpc' Gidi thieu v i n d l NL (md dogn); ndu v i n d l NL - day la iuan di hay trpng tim ciia bii vilt (thin dogn); gidi hgn phgm vi van de (kit dogn) • Gldi thi$u vin de NL Vidt nhQng cau dan dat lien quan ddn vin d l ehfnh se niu Ndu gidi thieu theo kieu tryc tilp (tryc khdi), di thing vio v i n d l thdng qua xuat xQ, ngudn gdc cda vdn d l NL (y kidn dd eda ai, t i i lieu nao v i bin v l vin d l gl, vj trf tim quan trgng eua van dd) Kieu md bai thQdng ngin ggn, ylu clu ndu rd v l xult xQ v i ngudn gdc eua vin d l , nhung hinh vin dd khd khan, cyt y Neu gidi thigu theo kilu giin tidp (lung khdi) thdng qua d i n dat gidi thiiu m$t v i n d l khic ed liln quan gin gui vdi van d l NL thi kilu md bii nay, tgo dupe tinh ty nhidn v i ehdt van eho b i i viet nhUng d l d l i ddng, xa trgng tim D l gidl thieu van dd NL theo kidu giin tidp cd thd sQ dyng cic eleh nhy diin djch (chpn v i n de gidi thiiu r$ng hPn trgng tim coi dd I I ydu td ndi bgt ndi dung gidi thi$u); qui ngp (chgn vdn dd gidi thigu hgp hdn trgng lim v i coi l i mdt ydu td ndi bit bao ham ndi dung gidi thieu) tuang lien (chpn van d l gidi thieu tUdng ddng vdl trpng tam, coi trpng tam v i ndi dung gidi thieu l i nhOng y l u td ndi bat song hanh ddi sdng xa hdi); tUang phin (chpn v i n d l gidl thidu ddi lap vdi trpng tam, eoi trpng tam va ndi dung gidi thiiu l i nhQng yeu td tQPng phan ddi lip noi bit ddi sdng xa hdi) Ngoii ra, lim b i i thi, thf sinh cd t h i gidi thieu van d l NL theo kieu: ket hpp giQa gian tilp va trQe tilp - Neu van di NL (lugn d l hay trgng tam) Diy l i vin d l chlnh se ban than bai, dUpe khii quit tQ ngi dung djnh hudng d l ra, ed thi l i v i n dd tryc tidp dQpc hilu tren cau chQ hay diln dgt giin tilp thdng qua nhQng tQ ngQ, hinh Inh bilu trUng hoge dQpc chl tr yeu clu eua de bai Tren eP sd dd ngudi viet khii quit, xie djnh rd n^i dung cdt ldi eCia v i n de NL v i neu d md bai sau da gidi thieu, d i n dit nd (xem bang 1) • Gidi hgn phgm vi vin di Neu lgi dogn trfch, ciu trfeh dd bii; khang djnh mQc dd eln b i n luin cua v i n de (y kidn dQng hoin toan hoac cd phin dung, chQa dung can suy nghT bin luin); xac djnh vi tri, tim quan trpng cua van de cudc sdng; trinh bay phuong thQc NL v i phgm vi tU liiu se sQ dyng (phan de bai thUdng d i xie djnh san, ngQdi viet chi vigc gidi thieu) VI dy: phin gidi hgn van de ddi vdi d l thi DH khdi C/ 2011: (sau trfch din ndi dung y kiln), day la v i n de dupe b'.'^u hien nhilu mgt tfch cyc, lieu eye cudc sdng, cd y nghTa quan trpng ren luyen nhan each cua ng' ul Qua thQc liln va kinh i,yiii|m eua mdi ca nhan chung ta mdi hilu rd van d l tren b) Than dr La npi dung chfnh cua bai ,am, l l n lUpt triln khai eae luan dilm, lugn cQ v i sij i.yng cich lip luin lim sang to van d l Thin b i i gdm nhidu dogn van, mdi dogn van chQa mgt ludn dilm chfnh, nhQng luin diem niy la eac y dupc tach tQ trpng tim, cd J"in dilm Idn, nhd v i nhd hdn, theo dung lupng b i i vilt cd the md rdng hoae thu hgp cac luin diem Luan diem dupe phin tfch, II giai, ehUng minh qua hg thdng din chQng va sd dynq eich lap luin phu hpp, tgp trung lim ndi bat luan de (trpn;_ iim) d phan md bii Trong bii v i n NLXH phan than bai can tip trung iam ro eic ndi dung sau; - Giai thth y kiin Cit r.ghTa, li gili tQ ngQ, hinh anh lim rd ndi dung trye tilp tQ dd lim nghTa trQe tiep (ngf.'a den), v l thye chat (nghTa bdng) Vi dy: Trong d l thi DH khdi D nim 2009, cin gill thieh n$i dung dmh hQdng (nhy bing 1) d dd l i : Vi ndi dung tnic tUp Ciu trfch ndi v l hiu qua dinh mat niem tin vio ban than Vi thpc chat t kidn niy de cap d i n vai trd quylt dmh ciJa Idng ty tin - Bin luan veykiin: Chia ndi dung y Iden thinh cae luan diem, kem theo d i n chQng de phin fch Ilm ro nhQng mat tich cQc, tieu cQc; thay dUpc t i c dyng, anh hQdng cda eae mat nay; ehi nhQng nguyen nhin, tQ dd dd xult cac giai phap phit huy mat tdt; hgn ehd, logi trQ mat xau - Bii hoe nhin thde va hinh dpng: Nhan thQc rd van d l ; ed thil dp, hinh ddng dQng, trau ddi nhan eich, ren luyen dao dQc, khdng ngi^g nudi dQdng khit vpng vQdn len cudc sdng, ddng gdp tfch cUe cho xa hoi, dau tranh vdi nhQng bieu hiin sai trii c) Kit tiit The hien dung quan dilm da trinh b i y phan than bii, chl neu nhQng y khai quit, cd t'nh tdng ket, dinh gii Kdt b i i dQpe tridn khai thinh mdt dogn van (dogn kdtbai) ed dung lupng tUdng dQdng vdi phan md bai, dQde the hien qua y chinh: - Nhae lai trpng tam, khai quit, tdng hpp eic ndi dung eP ban da trinh b i y d thin bii; - Khang dmh, dinh g i i tae dyng, vj trf, tim quan trpng eda van d l NL; - Lien he, van dyng g i i tn cda ndi dung NL ddi sdng ea nhan va edng ddng, tilp tye gdi md suy nghT eho ngUdi dpc Rut bai hoc (Tiip theo trang 47) Cung vi Idng khoan dung ma c i c vi vua tUTran Nhin Tdng (thSu XIII) den Le Ldi (thekTXV) - theo ldi khuyen eiJa Nguyin Trii-,1(1 Quang Trung-Nguyin Hue (thd kl XVIII) da khdng gilt tQ, hSnj binh m i cdn cap lUdng thio va phQdng tien eho chung ve nQdc, rieng vua Quang Trung cdn eho gom xie giac chdn eat, lap dan cung te Trong "Chiiu phii phii hing binh npi disT, vj vua anli gill thfch : "LUc ehinh phat gap giac thi giit, dd la le thUdng Bk dupc mi tha td xUa chUa tung cd -Nhdng ke trin tiin bi bat hoac W bach xin hing dang ie phai theo quan luat ma diim di iim rin cho W khac Song vi the ddc hiiu sinh cOa ThUang di vi lay iUpng ci i»ii dung Tram tha tinh minh cha de ngUdi" {6} 2.3 Mgt so bien p h i p sU phgm de rut bai hgc lich sQ - DUa tren phUdng phap luin sil hpc eua chd nghla Mae Ld nm, in tudng Ho Chf Mmh dd nJt dUpe nhutig bai hpe lich sd dung dan, q thd, thiet thue, tranh y chi, ap dat, lam giam ^ nghta eua bii hpc kinh nghiem - Khai thic them nhilu nguon thdng tin khic nhat la nhiJng kien thUe ed lien quan tren mgng Internet d l eung cap sQ kien Ijcfi sd day du, chfnh xac nhQng vda sQc, giup hpc sinh hilu dung ban chat cua ndi dung lich sQ Ilm ed sd ban dau de rut b l i hgc lich sQ thilt thilc, Ket lu^n phu hpp, mang tinh giao due eao NLXH l i nhQng bli van bin ve eae van d l xa hdi - Vgn dyng tdt dudng hinh tri thQc ljch sd cho hpc sinh: ehfnh tn, ed phgm vi rpng va yeu clu li luan gan vdi tQ cung d p sy kien' tgo bidu IQpng" hinh khli nidnf niu quy lufll thyc tiln, kit clu hinh thUc, ndi dung chat che Trong v i cudi cung rut bai hpc ljch sQ Day la mdt bien phap ed tinh nguy6n thdi gian qua, nhidu HS chQa biet each lim bii van tac nen ngQdi giio vien phai lam dung qui trinh NLXH nin ed mdt sd hgn ehe v l ndi dung va hinh thQe - Bidt kdt hpp nhidu phUdng phip va hinh thQc dgy hpc phii hflpvS VI viy, de lam tdt bai van NLXH chQdng trinh tinh finh thyc t l ciJa d[a phQPng, eiJa nha trQdng v i trinh dd nhin thflc THPT HS khdng chi trau doi vdn sdng, due rut kinh eua hpc sinh, tren cd sd phit huy tinh tich eye eua ngUdi hpc, giup cSc nghiem, nam bat thdng tin, bidt eich nhin nhin va giai em chu ddng fim hilu va tU rdt dQde b i i hpc ljch sQ de van dyng quyet v i n d l phQ hpp, tQ dd td thai dd va hanh ddng Kg't lu|n dQng vdi dgng bii ma edn nlm chac k i t elu bai - Hang ngan nam trQde, Ciceron - nha triet hgc cd dai Rd ma iS lam van NLXH mdt each hpp li khang dmh: " Uc/j sd la thiy day eda cupc son^' Den fine k? XX, Chl Khao sat 10 eau hdi NLXH de thi DH khdi C, D td nam 2009 - 2013 chung tdi thay, c i c c i u hdi tjch Hd Chi Mmh eOng vidt: "Chung ta nen nhin lgi nhdng doan dUdcg da qua, rut nhdng kinh nghiim quy bau va an dinh ding din nhOng thudng yeu eau ban ve nhQng van de x i hdi ndi bat nhiem vu deh mang hien va sap tdi de gianh liy nhdng thing f(tf Id ddi sdng Trong do, npi dung chinh eda dap an: ldn han nda, ve vang han ndd' {5, tr.7} NhQ v i y vide rut bii hgc ljch Giai thth y kiin; Bin luin v§ y kiin; Bii hoc nhan thde sQ thQc sQ cd y nghTa tich cQc ddi vdi viec d g y - hpc ljeh sQ d nha trUdng vi hanh dpng tQdng Qng v6i phan than bai Cdn phan phd thdng hien mdfaa/vakit di chua dupc de cap, dieu niy lim Inh - Van de dit tilp theo cho nganh giio dye, eho cac thiy cd gito hudng den kit qua thi va hQng thu hpc Van cfia HS bd mdn Ijch sQ la phai thyc hien nhiem vy nhQ t h i nio de gdp ptiSn ciJng nhQ gan li lugn vdi thyc tiln Vi vay, chung ta can khac phuc tinh trang • "„ viec dgy hpc lich sd hiin khong hieu qui, bd sung phan md baiva kit ba/trong dap i n d l thi DH hoc sinh khong thth, khong muon Ida chQri' (Trich y kidn cda Gio si( nhQng nam tdi Phan Huy Le, bao Petrol Times oline, 4.5.2014), tQng bQdcdi'^ mon lich sQ trd v l dung vi tri va gia tn vdn cd n i n giao dye |" thdng Tai lieu tliam kh^o TAI UEU THAIVl KHAO ^ B6GD-DT(2009).SG/CA.^ ran f r ( ^ ) NXB Giao dye, Ha Npi Nguyin Anh Dung (2003): Nhdng vin di chung ve bp rraif Bo GD-DT (2009) SGK NgO vin r2(tap 1) NXB Giao phuang phap dgy hoc Lich sCf b truing CDSP, NXB DHSP dye, Ha Ndi 2.NgdSTLien {-[QBS): Dgi Vi$tsL/ki toin thU- tap 2, NXB KHXH BQ GD-DT (2009) SGKf^O van 12 Nang cao (tip 1) Ngd ST Lien: Dai Vipt sd kl tdn thU ban kl toin thQ, quydn {^ Qu^nh CQ (2005): C i e tneu dai Viet Nam, NXB Thanh Um NXB Giio due H i Npi Hd Chi Minh; Ho ChiMinh tdn tip tap 10 (1996), NXB ChP Hoang Phd (ehu biSn) (1997) TUdiin tieng Viet, NXB tri qudc gia H i Ndi D i Ning DQPng Trung Qudc (1999), "Viet Nam mdt d i n tdc khoan WS.' D&NggcThdng(chubien) (2010), Da/v^ hoc rgW/uan Tap Chf XUa Nay, Ca quan hpi SCf hgc Viet Nam, S6 64 B, trang !'• xa/)6i'.NXBGiaodycVietNam,HaNpi ... cau hdi va yeu cau NLXH de thi DH va me mudi than tQpng; mdt thdi trang; thai dp eua HS vdi Iji^ Trong kdt cau d l thi DH tQ nam 2009 - 2013, eiu hoi sQ dan tde, NLXH thudc ciu II (3 dilm), bii... van d l eln d l thi DH quan tim Thye ra, nhQng ndi dung tren da dQpc HS tich luy a) Vi du hd/: Trong 10 cau hdi NLXH eda d l thi td nam sudt thdi gian sdng va hgc tap, nhQng la van de khd ddi... phS" yeu nQdc nhin ai, bao dung, dQc hi sinh, IQpng, trung thQe, md biivk kit bii chua dUpc de cgp Trong luc dd, li thuydtdW dung cam, ty trpng, khiem tdn, thdi ba hoa ieh kl, vy Ipi, tinh lam van