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A GIAO DUC DAN TOC NANG CAO NANG LUC NGHE NGHIEP GIAO VIEN TIEU HOC NGUdi DAN TOC THIEU SO MOT NGHIEN COU DIEN HINH VUNG TAY BAC VIET NAM TRAN TH! YEN n |n Khoa hpc Gilo due Wet Nam Tdm tdt Gido viin[.]
A GIAO DUC DAN TOC _ NANG CAO NANG LUC NGHE NGHIEP GIAO VIEN TIEU HOC NGUdi DAN TOC THIEU SO - MOT NGHIEN COU DIEN HINH VUNG TAY BAC VIET NAM TRAN TH! YEN n | n Khoa hpc Gilo due Wet Nam Tdm tdt: Gido viin tiiu hpc (GVTH) ngudi ddn tpc thiiu so (DTTS) bdn dia ddng vai tro quan trpng stf nghiip gido due d vtfng ddn tpc vd miin nui, dgc biit Id giai dogn dot mdi cdn bdn todn diin gido due hiin Ndi dung bdi viit trinh bdy vi vdn di ndng cao ndng Itfc nghi nghiip GVTH ngUdl DTTS qua mpt nghien etfu diin hinh d vung Tdy Bdc Viit Nam Trong do, bdi viit dicdp thtfc trgng ndng luc nghi nghiip GVTH ngudi DTTS Ttf dua mdt so phdn tfch vi vdn di ndng cao ndng Itfc nghenghiep eho GVTH ngudi DTTS Ttf khda: Gido viin tieu hoc; ddn tgc thieu so; ndng ttfc nghi nghiep (Nhdn bdi ngdy 10/5/2016; Nhdn kit qud phdn biin vd chlnh stfa ngdy 22/05/2016; Duyet ddng ngdy 24/6/2016) I.Datvande cap Cd nhieu nguyen nhan nhudd dao tao ban dlu VLing dan tde va mien niii ndi ehung va vung Tay bdi canh lieh sd (nhdng nam 80, 90 eua the ki trddc de Ble ndi rifng, GVTH ngudl DTTS bdn dia ed vai trd h i t dap dng myc t i l u phd elp giao dye tieu hpe, xda m£i sde quan trpng la ndi ldc quylt djnh thdnh cdng sy chd trf n toan qudc, d vung ddn tdc va miln nCii da xult nghifp gido due d vung dan tdc va mien ndi hiln nhilu hlnh thdc dao tao d p tde, d m bin, ); dlu Trude yeu d u doi mdi eiia chuang trinh, sdch giao vao elc trUdng sd pham khae nhau, Vl dilu ndy, cflng khoa giao dye thdng ddi hdi d t i l u hpc, ngUdi day ean thay rang, khdng nen ddnh gid ning lue mdt ngu£fl phll cd d c nang tyc thyc hifn: Day hpc theo djnh hUdng chi d n cd thuan vao trinh dp dao tgo ban dau cCia^ phdt trien ndng lyc eda hpe sinh (HS) DTTS; day hpc tfch hp Trong thue t l , khd nang tU hpc, do;? ehi phin dlu hap, M i t khac, vdng ddn tdc vd miln ndi vdi nhdng die vUdn ten ve chuyen mdn nghifp vy, nhifu GVTH ngUcfi thd rieng v l tpc ngddi vd vCing miln: Mdi trudng giao DTTS tdxuat phat ban dau thap da vUdn len trinh dp cao, dye eung khde biet la mdi trUdng da van hda, da dan tdc trd nhdng ngUdi day gidi, nhdng nhd khoa hgc, nen eung d n d gido vifn (GV) nhdng nang lUe die bift nha gido dye gidi Song, ed mdt dpi ngu Idn chilm gin Do dd, van d l ndng cao ning lUc nghl nghilp cho GVTH 1/2 tdng so GV todn vung (theo Bdng 1) md trinh ngUdi DTTS d n g cd y nghTa khoa hpe vd thyc tien d n dp dao tao ban d l u cdn thap, rd rdng ddy td mpt kho tilp tyc nghien cdu khan eho vifc hoan thdnh sd menh giao dye t h i hf trf Thuc trang nang lUc nghe nghiep giao v i l n vung dan toe vd miln ndi tieu hpc ngudi d i n tdcthi^u so Ben canh dd, so vdi chuan nghe nghilp theo cac Nghiin cdu dien hlnh vung Tay Bac Vift Nam (Hda yeu d u , d e tieu chi tap trung chO yiu d hai ITnh vdc: Binh, Sdn La, Difn Bien, Lai Chdu, Lao Cai, Yen Bai) eho Kiln thdc va kT ning eda chuan cdn nhieu bat cdp: Qud thay sd lupng GVTH ngUdi DTTS viing Tdy Bac tang dan trinh thdm Idp, du gid cho thay mpt sd GV cdn rat kho theo ede nam, cu t h i d Bdng khan vifc truyen thu kifn thdc cd bdn dac bift hai Theo bao d o eua d c sd giao due va dao tgo, nam mdn Toln vd tiing Viet d nhdng ldp hpc eao hdn (ldp4 hoe 2013-2014, dpi ngu GVTH ngUdi DTTS vdngT^y Bae va tdp 5); khd khan v l ngdn ngd dien dat (tieng da sd da dgt chuan vd tren chuIn trinh dd dao tao idling Viet; tiing d i n tde hd tra) ddc bift d d c ldp dlu dp; ti If dgt ehua chuIn khong dang ke, vi du d tinh Lao Mdt sd GVTH ngUdi DTTS khdng eCing dan tde vdi Cai, ti 1^ chUa chuan chi ed 13/1744 GVTH ngUdi DTTS Bdng 1:S6 luang GV tieu hge vung/khu vuc chilm 0.7% Theo sd lieu eiia phdng 2013-2014 2011-2012 2012-2013 Kiiu vuc 2010-2011 Tieu hpe cua sd gido dye va dao tgo ede tinh vung T6ng s6 DTTS Tong s6 DTTS T6ng s6 DTTS T^ng s6 DTTS Tdy Bac cho thiy, sd GVTH ngUdi DTTS cac tinh vimg Tay CA NL/QC 365772 39865 366045 42478 381432 47096 387196 47075 Bac ve cd bdn dat chuIn vd trin chuan (ed tinh Yen Bdi, Trung d u , M i f n 69174 25542 67979 27800 71514 31829 71863 31614 ntii phia Bac Sdn La) ti If dat tren ehuIn khd cao chilm 34,29% va TAY BAC 10782 31151 12711 30945 12860 30073 29737 9408 27.25%) Tuy nhiln, 27,3 25,4 8,2 26,9 7.9 8,2 23,6 8,1 thdc tf, ti le so vdi chuan T H & % / c d n U d c nghf nghifp edn nhilu bat (N u6n: Thon kSgiao due vdddo t o, VuKe oachTdic fnh-Bd ido due vd Ddo tgo) 96 KHOA HOC GIM DUG .GIAODUGDANTdc I HS Idp: Vda khd khan v l tieng Vilt vda khd khan v l tiing dan toe; su hilu bilt v l van hda ciia GV-HS khdng cung dan tde eung Id eln trd qud trinh gilo dye (kho khan mdi trudng giao due da van hda) Theo bdo d o eda cdc sd gido due vd ddo tao v l vile ddo tao v l boi dUdng tieng ddn tde cho ede GVTH ngudi DTTS, ngoaj vile bdi dudng tai dja phuong, td phdng gido due d i n d e trudng t i l u hpe va b i n than moi GV tu bdi dudng, elc du an cd liln quan den vifc dao tao tieng ddn tde eho GVTH ngudi DTTS eho vdng (Trddng Cao dang Sd phgm cua ttnh Lao Cai), nhd dy an SEQAQ vd dy I n Bgn hdu trf em (Gido dye song ngd trfn eo sd tiing me d l UNICEF tdi trp) phan ndo gidp ede GV vifc cdng ed tiing d i n tde minh, la dieu kifn ho trp vile gilng day ddi vdi HS DTTS Tuy nhiln, thye t l eon so GVTH ngudi DTTS biet dupe d bdn ki ndng nghe - ndi - dpc - vilt khdng nhilu Ngoai ra, dUdc trao doi t h i m vdi edn bd qudn II v l GV eda ede tlnh ve GV ngudi ddn tde eho thay tiing Vilt ddi vdi mdt sd d i n tde khdng phli la van de Idn, thdm chf tiing Viet eda tip khd tdt nhu GVTH ngudi ivludng d Hda Blnli Tuy nhifn, GVTH ngUdi Mdng, Tdy d Ldo Cai, Yin Bli va GVTH ngUdi Thai Lai Chau, Olen Bifn, Sdn La van de tieng Vift d n dupe quan tam De tudng minh ban, khudn khd bai vilt nay, chiing tdi tap trung phin tich thfm mdt sd nang lUc nghl nghifp ca ban ddi vdi GVTH ngudi DTTS vdng Tay Bac nhu sau; - Ve lap k l hoach day hpc: Khi dUpc trao ddi/phdng vln, da sd can bd qudn If eho rang GVTH ngUdi DTTS chua chu dpng nhilu viee ldp ke hogch dgy hpc, phan Idn la ede khdi trUdng cae khdi Idp (ehii yeu GV ngUdi Kinh) thyc hifn van de - Vl ki ning gilng day: Ddy Id yeu td hang dlu, quylt djnh chat \Uang cda dpi ngu GVTH ngUdt DTTS vd quyet djnh chat lupng gilo due KT ndng gilng day cua GVTH ngudi DTTS dupe the hiin trfn d e mat hogt ddng gidng day nhU: Kt nang lya chpn v l sddyng cdc phddng phdp day hpe theo hddng phdt huy tinh tieh euc^ sdng tao cda HS; kT ndng lam chd Idp hpe; kT ning kiem tra ddnh gid; kT ning to chdc day hoe (trong cd kT ning t l chdc d c ldp hpc dgc thd nhd cae ldp ghep d c diem trddng If) Tuy nliiln, cle kT ndng edn khd khan doi vdi GV ngudi DTTS - Ve kt ning giao dye: Nhd trudng t i l u hpe khdng chl tap trung "day chd" md cdn "day ngudi" Chinh vi viy, GVTH ndi ehung, GVTH ngUdi DTTS ndi riing phdi nim vdng kifn thdc ve tam ligido due dd dac bilt quan tdm den tdm If HS DTTS, phli hieu HS d nhieu mat td bin tfnh, ldi sdng, van hda, phong tyc tap quin, dan tde, holn d n h v l khd nang tiep thu eda tdng HS d l xdy dyng mdi trudng giao due da van hda thin thifn dgy - hpe, Mdt nhdng hgn ehe hifn la mdt sd GV ngudl DTTS ehUa quan tdm, ehua hieu iilt v l tdng d6i tupng HS ngudi DTTS vdi ddi tupng thudc diln tuong ddi dac bi#t (da dan tde) cd nhdng phong tuc, tap qudn, ngdn ngd vd cdc nang lyc khac - V l khd nang nghiin cdu bdi hpe: Thdng qua sinh " hoat chuyln mdn eda to, khdi Day la mdt md hinh mdi vd duae eho Id hifu qud v l phu hop vdi difu kien dja phuorig vdi nhdng trudng cd hdn chye diem trudng If, di Igi d i n dilm trddng chinh khd khan vd mat nhieu thdi gian Tuy nhien, ning ndy edn chua cao ehua x ^ dyng dupe nhieu dpi ngu td/khdi trUdng va dpi ngu cot eln Id GV ngudi DTTS • Ki ning giao tilp: Ld mpt yiu d u khdng t h i thieu dupe CLja ngudi GVTH Ngoli vile trao ddi vdi ddng nghilp vile hpc tap kinh nghiem nghe nghifp, GVTH cdn d n giao tiep vc^ cdng dong, phy huynh HS die bift la vile v l n ddng HS den Idp d i n trudng Glao t i l p thdng qua GV-GV; GV-HS; GV- cdng ddng s l nim b i t dupe kinh nghiim, tdm tu nguyfn vpng eOa HS, Td dd, ed gili phap hifu qua ban day-hpc - Ki ndng ty hpc vd hpe tap sudt ddi: Trude yeu d u ddi mdi giao dye, GV phdi ed kT ning tU hpc de thudng xuyen bo sung kiln thdc va kT nang; hpe tap vd bdi dddng dddc xem la nhifm vy thudng xuyen, sudt ddi eiia ngUdi GV nhim dap diig tdt ede yiu d u ddi mdi gilo due ciia d p hpc Trong thdc t l , kT nang ty hpc cda GV ngdcrt DTTS cdn hgn chl Nang cao ning luc nghl nghifp gilo vi^n tieu hoc ngudi din tdc thieu so dip dng yeu ciu d^i mdi giao due 3.1.Vinpidung - Cle ning lye v l ITnh vdc kiln thdc theo chuan nghl nghilp ddp dng dd yeu d u va 20 tilu ehi dUpe quy djnh d ITnh vUe ndy; ehu trpng bdi dddng d c kiln thdc v l ede mdn hpe: Toan, Tiing Vift; Tieng dan toe (day hpc song ngd tllng Vilt - tieng d i n tdc, dd tap trung vao cdc phuong ptidp: PhUdng phip giao tilp, thue hanh theo mlu vd phUdng phap phdn tfch ngdn ngdtheo djnh hudng phat trien ndng lyc HS DTTS); day hoc tieh hpp, day hoe phin hda mdi trudng da v l n hda d mpt sd mdn hpc (Cdng nghe, Cudc sdng quanh ta, Nghf thugt); Bfn cgnh do, bdi dudng nhiing kiln thdc d mdt sd mdn hpe tu chpn (Tiing Anh, Tiing ddn tdc, ); bdi dudng kiln thiie ve t i m li hoc sd phgm, chii t i m If tda tudi dd quan tam d i n tdm li cda HS ngudi DTTS - Cac nang lUC td chdc day hpc, qudn If ldp hpc (ldp ghep, ldp ban tni) ed su phin hda da dgng ve die dilm nhdn thdc, tinh edch, phong cdch hoe tap eua HS DTTS, kT ndng quan li dgy-hpc mdi trUdng da vdn hda vd tri sy dn djnh trdt ty Idp hoc td chdc cae phuang phdp day hpc thye hanh, day hpc theo nhdm nhd; phuong phdp kilm tra, danh gid ddi vdi HS theo tinh than doi mdi; phuang phdp day hoc theo dinh hudng phit triln ning lyc HS DTTS; phUdng phip gido dye dae thu (d ede ldp b i n trd, Idp ghf p, ldp song ngiJO ^ - Cle nang lUc tieng Vilt ehu trpng tdng ddi tdpng (ddi vdi GVTH ngddl dan tde Mdng, fdy tinh Llo Cai, Yin Bdi, GVTH ngUdi Thdi tinh Son La, Lai Chdu, Oiln Biln), rieng GVTH ngUdi Mudng d Hda Binh nang lUetilng Viet khd tdt (do dac dilm cutni) Vdi tiing ddn tdc, trUdc mit tap trung cho cdc dan tdc chilm sd ddng ciia ede tinh B^n cgnh do, day hoc Idp ghep vd kT thugt dgy ldp ghep; bdi dudng v l van hda ddn tdc, da van hda vd dgc dilm tam li HS DTTS (tim hieu cae phong tue, tap quan, ngon ngdcdadcDTTS) - Ngoai ra, theo ySu elu ddi mdi ddi hdi GVTH ngddi DTTS d n ddpc ning cao v l cac kT ning td chdc hoat ddng trai nghiim sang tao nhdng d n phii hpp vdi vimg mien, dd tap trung vao gido due g i l trj van hda ddn tde, da vdn hda; kT nang song; mdi trUdng an todn va phdng chdng tai nan thuong tich t r i qua sdng, sudi, ; cdc kT ndng nudi day ddi vdi trUdng, Idp cd HS bdn tru; ki ndng giao tiep hieu q u i (chd trpng kT nang lam vifc vdi cdng ddng, cac hoat dpng van ddng HS DTTS den ldp cdng ddng, ) Sdl29- G 6/2016 • 97 fli GIAO DUC DAN Tdc3.2 Vi phuang phdp vd hinh thtfc Idp va xdy dyng GV cdt cdn mdn hpc (lUu ^ Uu tifn dii - Phucmg phap va hlnh thdc hilu qua nhat ddi vdi vdi nhdng can bd quin li va GV cdt d n Id ngudi DTTS) GVTH ngddi DTTS la "nghifn edu bai hpc" Bin chit TrUdng hpc se Id noi nghien edu di xuat nhu d u boi eda nghiin cdu bli hpc 11 t i p the GV dy gid de eung dudng, ndi dung, phuang phdp bdi dudng, td ehdc bli theo ddi, quan sat, cdng phit hiln cac tinh hudng su dudng, dinh gid hilu qua bdi dUdng dda trin chuyen pham sinh gid hpe ddng nghifp thyc hiln biln ciia ngudi hpe (HS DTTS) va cung bdn luin d l xult d c gili phap ctio cdc tinh 3.4.^ Vi cdng tdc kiem tra, dinh gli kit qui hudng xdy Phuang thdc nly tap trung tang tinh thuc - Ddi mdi hieu q u i , chat lUdng ndng eao ning luc hanh van dyng eiia GV vao bdi day nham hudng tdi tiitig nghl nghilp GV dya vdo hifu qud tie ddng lam chuyln ddi tddng HS biln tich cue ddi vdi HS DTTS; d n phdi to chdc cho GV - Hinh thdc kf m cap, rfn nghl: Hlnh thdc ddpc ngddi DTTS dupe trdi nghifm nghl nghifp van dyng tri dp dyng ddi vdi nhdng GVTH ngUdi DTTS mdi trUdng thdc thu ddpc t d vile dupc bdi dudng ning cao ning v l nhdng GV cdn yeu Ban gilm hilu cac nhd trddng lyc O l thyc hifn vifc mdt d c h hifu qud, d n sd Cling vdt td/khdi trudng sf phdn cdng GV cdt cdn cd tay dung hlnh thdc nghien cdu bai hpc da nfu trin Lay qud nghl vdng vang, cd kinh nghiim trdc t i l p hddng dan t d trinh thyc hifn bai hpc eda GV ngudi DTTS lam nguon vifc soan bdi d i n vifc Ifn Idp Ode bift, eho hp dy gid minh chdng cho sy chuyen bien ndng lyc nghl nghilp d c GV day gioi vd nghe cle ddng nghilp gdp y nit kinh sau bdi dudng se eho nhieu thdng tin phdn hdi gil tri nghifm Tuy nhien, vdi dieu kifn dja hinh mien nui va lifn quan d i n nhilu chd the: GV thye hifn bdi hoc trfn nhilu dilm trddng I I b l tri phin t i n nin chi van dyng tdp, ddng nghifp vd chd the qudn liddgld d diem trUdng ehinh Vifc sd dyng dpi ngu GVTH ngUdi - Bfn eanh dd, cdng tie kilm tra phdi ddpc tifn DTTS cdt eln hpp If s l mang lai hilu q u i eao, it tdn kim, hlnh thudng xuyin bode dot xuat; kilm tra td cdng tdc tgo dupc mdi trUdng sU phgm thdn thifn, gan bd giiip lap kf hoach den khdu td elide, chl dao thye hifn,.,, Kit cung t i l n bd q u i kilm tra phli so sanh vdi myc ti§u d i ra, so sdnh - Ddi vdi dpi ngu GVTH ngUdi DTTS, van de tU boi vdi quy djnh cda chuan nghl ngliifp, yfu d u dae thii dudng rat khd khdn Thyc tf, hp thudng dupe bd tri (vdng miln) v l so vdi yeu cau doi mdi de cd bd sung, day d nhdng ldp hpc dilm I I qua slu, qua xa n i n thilu dilu chinh kip thdi thdng tin, sdch bao va it ed khd ndng giao tiep vdi ben Ket liian ngoai, cdng ddng hp ehung sdng, do vi|c trao Ning cao nang luc nghe nghiep cho GVTH ngudi doi ITnh vyc chuyln mdn la van de edn rat nhilu DTTS, trddc h i t d n sy ed glng nd lye eda chinh bdn khd khdn Vi vdy, hinh thdc GV ty hpe, t y bdi dudng nen thdn GV vd sy quan tdm cda elc d p quin If md vai tro bit d l u t d vile td chdc gili dap nhdng thac mic qua cda elc nhi trudng t i l u hoc la quan trpng Van de ndy thye t l day hpc theo nhdm vd tdng GV Hieu q u i ty hpe d n ed sy nhin nhdn dung d i n , todn dien vd phu hdp phy thudc rat nhifu vdo vifc tgo dieu kifn can thiet v l khdng elii thuc hifn yfu elu ddi mdi md eln trien eo sd v i t chit, t i i liiu, b i u khdng khf sd pham t i p t h i khai thuc hiln, dp dung vdo thUc tien, di tddd cdc nang Oac biet la vai trd djnh hddng v l ndi dung d n hpe eho lye khdng bj "hong" t d bit dau thye hifn mpt GV eiia ban gidm hieu trUdng, la sU tao nhu d u tU vln d l mdi, mdt van df edn khd khan ddi vdi mdt vung bdi dudng vd hlnh thinh ddng lUe tu bdi dUdng cho GV din tdc v l miln niii ngudi DTTS 3.3 Vi phuang thtfc qudn licde hogt dpng TAILIIUTHAMKHAO Vdi dae thii d i n tde vd cU trd ciia mdi vung khic [1 ] Bdo cdo tong ket cdc ndm hpc cOa sdgido due vd nin boat ddng td chdc nang eao nang lyc nghe ddo tgo tinh vung Tdy Bae ndm hgc (2012-2015) nghiep GVTH ngUdi DTTS phdi dupe gidi quyet t d vifc [2] Bd Gido due vd Ddo tgo Thong ki gido due vd phan d p , ehu trpng elp trddng id d p quan ti thao tic ddo tao ndm 2010-2014, HI Ndi la ehu yeu Vi dy, nlu lay boat ddng nghien edu bdi hpc [3] Chuan nghi nghiip gido viin tiiu hgc (ban Id ddn vj thyc hifn bdi dudng ndng eao nang lye nghl hdnh kim theo Quyit dinh so 14/2007/QO-BGDDT ngdy nghifp eda GV tieh hpp duae nhilu muc dfcli, nhilu 04/05/2007 cda Bd trUdng Bo Gido due vd Ddo tao) ndi dung, phddng phap bdi dudng thi can ed giai phdp [4] Nghi quyit 88/2014/QH13 vi DSi mdi ehuang kien toan ndng lue hifu trudng, td/khdi trudng ede khdi trinh sdch gido khoa gido ducphS thdng IMPROVING PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE FOR ETHNIC PRIMARY TEACHERS'A CASE STUDY IN THE NORTHWEST AREAS OF VIETNAM Tran Thi Yen The Vietnam Institute of Educational Sciences Abstract: The ethnic primary teachersplayed an important role in the cause of education in ethnic minority and mountainous areas, especially in the period of educational renewoLThe article presents the improvement of ethnic primary teachers'professional competence through a case study in the Northwest region of Vietnam In particular, the article mentions the real status of ethnic primary teachers'professlonal competence, then doing some analysis on the issu of professional competence for ethnic primary teachers Keywords: Primary teachers; ethnic minorities, professional competence C GlAO Dl ... PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE FOR ETHNIC PRIMARY TEACHERS''A CASE STUDY IN THE NORTHWEST AREAS OF VIETNAM Tran Thi Yen The Vietnam Institute of Educational Sciences Abstract: The ethnic primary teachersplayed an... If, di Igi d i n dilm trddng chinh khd khan vd mat nhieu thdi gian Tuy nhien, ning ndy edn chua cao ehua x ^ dyng dupe nhieu dpi ngu td/khdi trUdng va dpi ngu cot eln Id GV ngudi DTTS • Ki ning... ddi mdi gilo due ciia d p hpc Trong thdc t l , kT nang ty hpc cda GV ngdcrt DTTS cdn hgn chl Nang cao ning luc nghl nghifp gilo vi^n tieu hoc ngudi din tdc thieu so dip dng yeu ciu d^i mdi giao