TiCH HOP TRONG DAYHOC VAT LIOTRirONG PHOTHONG PGS TS NGUYEN V A N KHAI* Abstract; The goal of education is to help students deuelop comprehensiue skills to meet the de mand of advanced study and work[.]
TiCH HOP TRONG DAYHOC VAT LIOTRirONG PHOTHONG PGS.TS N G U Y E N V A N KHAI* Abstract; The goal of education is to help students deuelop comprehensiue skills to meet the demand of advanced study and working, so curricula in high school include many different subjects The content of subjects varies, but they still have a certain link The curricula help students develop a comprehensiue personality and enhance the quality of education in high schools Keywords: Integrating; school education I UC tieu giao due phothong la giup hgc sinh (HS) phat ttien toan dien, chuan bj tiep tuc hgc len hoac di vao cugc sdng lao dgng De hien thue muc tieu do, ndi dung hgc van phd thong ttiudng bao gdm nhieu mdn hgc kliac nhau.Tuy ngi dung va nhiem vu eae mon hgc cd the khac nhau, sonpvin ednhflng mdlquan henhatdinh, nhieu la ratchat che Chinh dac tn/ng eua hgc van phd ttidng dag_iup phattrien toan dien nhan each cua HS, eung la bieu hien quan trgng cua chat luong giao due phdthdng Tuy nhien, thuc te day hgc (DH) cac mdn hgc ndichung, mdn Vailim rieng, viec thue hien day ducacnhlemvucua mdn hge,cung nliukhaittiacmdi quan he giih eac mdn hgc da khong dugc quan tam diJng mflc Dieu d i n den nang luc van dgng kieri ttiflc vao ttiuc te, cung nhunang luc giai quyetvan de cua HS bi tian che Degdp phan kh§c phuc nhflng han chenay, nhieu nudc cd nen piao due tien tien da nghien cflu va van dung li thuyet su pham tieh hgp (TH) hay day hgc tieh hgp (DHTH), Quan niem veDHTH Khainiem TH6a dugc sudung rat rgng rai nhieu finh vue khoa hgeva kTthuat, dac biettrong ITnh vuc kTthuat dien tfl, cdng nghe tiidng tin, TH cdnghTa la "gdp lai, sap nhap lai mgt tdng Vne" Tu tudng TH da duge van dung nhieu giai phap cdng nghe, eac ITnh vue KT-XH, dd cd giaodgc Phuang thflc TH cac ngi dung giao due qua trinh day hgc (QTDH),^hay DHTH, da dugc nghien cuu va van dung bien d nhieu nudc Viet Nam dacd mgt sdnghien eflu van dung DHTH de nang eao chat luong giao due cae mdn hgc (cac mdn: Sinh hgc, Dia li, Ngdvan); ndidurig giao due bao ve mdltrudng, sddung nang lugng tiet kiem, hieu qua (ki2-4/2016) Theo Roegiers X :"khoa su pham TH" (1; tt 73) la mdt quan niem ve mgt qua trinh lige tap, dd toan the eae quatrinh hgctap gdp phan hinh ttianh d HS nhflng nang lue ro rang, cd du tinh trudc nhflng dieu can ttiiet cho HS, nham phuc vu cho cac qua trinh hoc tap tuong lai, hoac nhlm hda nhap HS vao cugc sdng lao dgng "Khoa su pham TH" dugc trinh bay nhu mgt li thuyet giao due, ddng gdp vao viec nghien cuu xay dung chuang trinh, sach giao khoa (CT, SGK) va dinh hudng cac hoat ddng day hgc (HDDH) nha trudng ' \ Vdi y nghTa djnh hudng cae HDDH, nhieu tai lieu, ngudi ta thudng su dung thuat ngd "DHTH" Baivietnay, Chung tdisedijng thuat ngfl"DHTH"de ehi QTDH, dd giao vien (GV) quan tam xay dung cae tinh hudng deHS hgc each sudung phdi hgp cae kien thflc, kTnang tfl cac mdn hgc hoac ITnh vuc tri thflc khac nhau, ehijng dugc huy dgng va phdi h(?p vdi nhau,tao mgtndidung thdng nhat, dua tren eo sd eac md'i lien he li luan va thuc tien d\Sdc de cap eae ITnh vue dd Thuc tien van dung, cdttie hieu DHTH la mgt phuong phap supham, dd ngudi hgc huy dgng nhieu ngudn luc degiaiquyetmgt tinh hudng cd van deva tuong ddi phfle tap DHTH DH Vat li Phuang thde TH cac ngi dung giao due rat da dang, phtj ttiude vao dae diem cua chuang trinh giao due Ngudi ta dua haidang ehinh TH_cae ngidung giao due nhusau: Dang TH thdnhat:\im tti eac mdn hgc rieng re, khicac tjng dung ehung duge TH dcac thijidiem thich hgp Cd hai each thuc hien dang TH nay: 1) Nhihig ung dung chung cho nhieu mdnhgcdugcthuehiendcudinam hgc hay cudi cap hgc mgt bai hge hoae mdt bai tap TH;2) Nhflng ung dung chung cho nhieu mon hgc dugc thuc hien * Tnriing Dai hoc Sir pham - Dai hgc Thai Nguyen Tap chi Gido dye so 380 47 tuong ddi deu dan sudt nam hoc eac tinh hudng TH Dang TH thuhar phdi hgp quatrinh hoc tap cua nhieu mdn hgc khac Dang TH dan den hgp nhathaihaynhieu mon hgc mdtmdn hgc nhat Nhin chung, dang thfl hai thudng TH Clio linh vuc daotao nghe nghiep Theo chuong trinh giao due phdthdng hien nay, cac mdn hoc da phan hda tuong ddi sau, nen thudng van dung mgt sddang TH nhu sau: - TH toan phan, dugc thuc hien hau heteac kien tfitteeua mdn hge, hoac ngi dung eua mdt bai hge cu ttie, cung chinh la cae tn thuc thugc mdt ndi dung giao due ean dua vao Vi du, SGK Vat ii 10, cae bai "Cac nguyen li cua nhiet ddng luc hoc", "Ddng ca nhiet, may lanh", cd ttie TH eac ngi dung sudung nang lugng tiet kiem, hieu qua, giao due bao ve mdi tardng; - THbdphin: duge thuc hien khicd mdt phan kien thfle eua bai hgc cd ngi dung gan vdi ndi dung giao due can dua vao Vi dy, bai TiAc ma sa/"(Vat I110}^, muc "Vaitrd cua masattrongddisdng",ddaycdtheTH eae ngidung sudijng nang lugng tiet kiem, hieu qua, giao diic bao ve mdi trudng Hinh thflc lien he la mgt hinh thflc TH don gian nhat chi cdmgtsdkiCTi tfiflc cua mdn hgc ed lien quan tdi van de giao diic can dua vao, song khdng neu ngi dung cua bai hge Trong trudng hgpnay,GVphaikhaittiaekienttiflemdn hgeva lien he chtjng vdi cae ngi dung can TH Day la trudng hgp thudng xayra Vidu,eac bai "Ddngnang", Thenang" Vonang"{'^3lt\\-\Q},khdng neu rdviecsfldtjngdgng nang cua gid, ttienang cua nudc desan xuat dien nang, vay GV phalkhaithac kien thiJC mdn hgc de lien he vdi tht/ete Sau day, chijng tdi da dua quy trinh hoat dgng cua GV xay dung ke hoaeh DHTH cho mgt bai hgc cuthe, bao gdm:-Hoa/i^Dn^/.'Nghien cflu CT, SGK de xay dyng miic tieu DH, dded eac mijc tieu DHTHj - Hoatdgng 2:Xac djnh cac ngi dung giao due can TH Can cuvao mdi lien he giua kien thde mdn hgc va cae ngidung giao due can TH, G V lua chgntulieu va phuang an TH,cuthe,GVphai tra Idi cac eau hdi:TH ngidung nao la hgp li? Lien ketcac kien thflc nhu ttie nao? Thdi lugng la bao nhieu? - Hoatddng 3: Lua chgn cae phuong phap day hoe (PPDH), phuangtien day hgc (PTDH) phu hgp", dd can quan tam su dyng eac PPDH tich cue, eac PTDH ed hieu qua cao de tang eudng tinh tare quan vahflng ttiuhgc tap eua HS (eac ttiinghiem,phuang tien cdng nghettidng tin, ).Trong sdcacPTDH,cae phuang tien nghe nhin cd nhieu uu diem ddi vdi DHTH Nhieu tn/dng hgp, sudung eae phuang tien nghe nhin ttiich hgp GV cd the khai thae kenh 48 hinh anh nhumdtedng cu TH cac ngi_dung giao due rathieuqua ma khdng cannhieu Idl giai t h i c h O b i | i ; nay, G V cung nen quan tam sudi/ng eac baitap yafli cdtinh chatTH cac ngi dung can giao due Vi dy, deTH eac ngi dung giao dye su dyng nang lugng tiet kiem, hieu qua, day bai "Lucma sarcdttiexay dt/ng bai tap sau: "Vi bditron eae chitiet chuyen dgng CO ^ep xuc (nhugiua xich va lip xe, obi gifla toic va banh xe, }cija eac phuong tien nhuxedap.xe may lai ed tac dyng tiet kiem nang lugng ?"; - Hoatdgng 4: Xay dyng tien trinh DH cu ttie De tranh st/tmng lap cac ndi dung TH cung nhusuqua tai cho bai hgc, thuc hien quy trinh nay, can cd sutrao ddi, phdi hgp giua eac G V eung bd mdn, ddi viffica cac GV cua bdmdn lien quan Phuang thflc TH cac ndi dung qua bai hgc xay dung kien ttiflc m di thudng ed nhieu han ehddo phai tuan theo chat ehe cae quy dinh cua CT, SGK.Chung tdi nhan thay DHTH thdng qua cac hinh ttiflc nhu tham quan,ngoai khda, tdchflc caenhdm ehuyen de, cac bai hgc d u an, thudng cd hieu qua eao hon, Trong cac hinh thflc nay, dudisuhudng dan cuaGV, HS thuc sutich cue, tt/ehu phat huy mgi kienttiflc,kT nang (iegiaiquyetmgttinh hudng tuang ddi phfle tap, gan vdi thuc tiln cugc sdng Theo khao sat, cac ngi dung giao dye TH da dugc neu nhieu cac tai lieu li luan PPDH bo mdn,song thucte thudng khdngdugcGVquantaiTi dung mucvacungehuadugcchuanbimgteach day dij De giup cho G V eae trudng phdthdng thuc liien DHTH, ehung tdi da nghien cflu phattrien cac noi dungnaytheoCT,SGK l/a///phdthdngphijhgf)vdl cac nhiem yu DH Dudi day xin gidi thieu mdtsd npi dung cuthe: - TH eac ngi dung giao due the'gi& quan vat bien chdng Day la nhiem vu quan trgng ddng thdi eung lamgtthemanh cua bgm6nya///dta/dng phd thdng Vi Vat li hgc la khoa hgc ve tu nhidn, chuyen nghien cflu nhflng quy luat don gian nhat va chung nhat eua the gidi vat chal Vat li hgc va cac dinh lu^t cua nd la casoeho toan bdktioa hgc tunhien, cua the gidiquanduyvatvanhanttiuc luan bien chung.Dudng nhien, ddi vdi HS phdthdng ttii khdng the phan tich day du cac ca sdtriet hgc cd lien quan tdi tri ttiflc vgt li Vi vay, eac bai hge vat II va d eac tinh hudng ttiich hgp GV, cdttieTH mgtcach hgp lieae noidung Vidu.GV cdthe phat trien quan niernvesutdn tai cua vat chat qua eac kien thflc vat li ve vat ttie va trutyng: Trong phan eohgc, chait diem, cac vatvTmo (6 td, trai dat, mat trdi, thien ha, ,) cd kich thudc, tflc la Chung deu chiem khong gian ed kich ttiudc; Trong Tap chi Gido due so 380 (ki 2-4/2016) phan nhiethgc, dien hgc,vat li.nguyenti)va hat nhan: phan tu, nguyen tu, cac hat so cap ; Cac khai niem chi sujdn tai eua vat chat dudi dang tardng; tardng hap d i n , tardng dien tfl, ; Cae thude tinh eua vat chat: Khdi lugng, quan tinh, nang lugng, \\Jdng tinh sdng -hat, ; Ve hinh ttidc tdn tai eua vatchat qua eac kien thite vat li nhu khdng gian, ttidi gian va ve van dgng cua vat chat qua eae kien thfle vat li nhu eac dang chuyen ddng co hgc, cac dang sdng, suchuyen hda nang lugng, - TH cac ngidung giao due ki thuat tdng hep va hudng nghiep HS DH villi Ngi dung n^y cd ttie neu vin tat nhu sau: Xac djnh cac itnh luc kTttiuat, cae dang san xuatva cac ddi tugng, quy trinh tuang flng vdi cac phan cua CT, SGK VatIL Vi du: Co hoc: Ca hda, bao gdm cac may ea khi, phuang tien giaotfidng„ vacacddittJ'gngkTthuateythe(cantnje, may nong nghiep, d td, may bay, ); N hiet hgc va vat liphantihSan xuat vagia eong vat lieu,eac dangsan xuatnhunhamay nhiet ^en, san xuat vat lieu, vacae ddi tugng nhu dgng co nhiet, cae phuang phap gia congvatlieu;Oien hgc; KTttiuat dien,dien tt},cae dang san xuatnhuvat lieu dien,dungcuvattiietbjcSentiJ'va cacdditugngcuthenhuvat d i n , vat each dien, may bien ttid, dgng ca va may phat dien, DetiiayrdtinhTH cac ngi dung tren, can hethdng hda vaphattrien Chung tteneasdmojquanhgtrong bdmdn va lien mdn.VjdiJ,khiphattrien cae kien thfle ve ca hda, ta se thaiy eac kien thflc ed quan he vdinhieu kien thue dcac phan khac cua chuang trinh mdn Vatli Mgt thiet bj co bao gdm ba bd phan:Dgng cohay phan dgng luc (dgng coddttrong, dgng co dien, dgng co phan li/c, ), co eau truyen (ma sat, banh rang (hop sd), day xich, ), eo eau thuc hien (mui khoan, ludi dao c^t, cac ^han lam viec cua may ui, may xuc, ) Nhuvay,dehieu eae kienttiucve CO khihda san xuat HScan huy dgngcac kien thuc tijf cac phan khac cua chuang trinh vat li, cung nhu day cac phan khac cua chuong trinh VatlicUng cd the de cap tdi cac kien thflc ve eo hda - TH cae ngidung sddijng nang lugng tiet kiem, hieu qua,.giao due bao vemditn/dng.Day la linh vue tri thde cdtinh chdt lien nganh, ddi hdi GV phaied hieu biet rang Vi dy, qiao due bao vemdi trudng, su phat trien ngi dung phai xuat phattt>cae kien thflc ve mdi frudn^ sinh thai, nhiem moi tarisig, tae nhan gay d nhi§m moi trudng Vdi bd mdn Vatlican phat ttien cac ngidung lien quan td^ cae tae nhan vatli gay d nhilm mdi trudng, cung nhu cac qua trinh vat li dam bao chosuean bang sinh thai Co thettiay nhieu kien thflc vat li CT, SGK phd thdng lien quan (ki2-4/2016) tare tiep tdi mdi tardng sinh thai Chang han, cd the lam rd vai ttd cua cay cdi, cua nJmg ttidng qua phan tieh cae hien tugng: doche phu eua rflng chdng hien tug^g sdi mdn dat ve mat eo hgc tac dgng eua nude mua va ddng ehay; hien tugng mao dan lien quan tdi am cua dat va vai ttd cua r l cay; hien tugng quang hgp va suchuyen hda chu trinh carbon, • (1) Xaviers Rogiers: Khoa sirph^m tich hop hay lam th^ nao de phat triea cdc nSng l^t or nhk tnnong (La P4dagogie de I'intigration on comment developper des competences d I'Ecole?) NXB Gido rf((c, H 1996 Tai lieu tham khao BO GD-DT vat h' 10 NXB Gido due Vi?t Nam, H 2009 Nanyluiinioliinlilioacua (Tiep theo irang 46) MHH degiiJpHS hieu the gidi tdt hdn.Tuy nhien, trai nghiem thuc tiln itcung nhu nang lucMHH vaday hgc MHH cua nhieu GVcdn han chedan den nhflng trd ngai viee tieh hap dua eac md hinh toan hgc day hge Do dd, can thidt phai dua van de M H H toan hgc vao chuong trinh dao tao va bdi dudng G V mdn Toan Dac biet, nang luc MHH toan hgc can phai la nang luc cdt 161 hd so nang luc eua^sinh vien su pham nganh Toan, tfldd giup hg ed the van dung cd hieu qua phuong phap MHH day hgc Toan dta/dng phdthdng • Xk\ lieu tham khao I NguySn Thi TSn An "Sd dung todn hgc hda dl phdt triin cac ndng lifc hieu biet dinh luang cHa hgc sinh l&p 10" LuSn an ti^n si Khoa hgc Giao dye, Trucrng Dai hpc Supham TP Ho Chi Minh 2014 2.Berinderjeet Kaur Jaguthsing Dindyal Maifiematical applications and modelling World Scientific Publishing 2010 Richard Lesh Peter Galbraith, Christopher Haines, Andrew Hurford Modeling students' mathematical modeling competences Springer 2010 NguySn Danh Nam "Thi^t kS ho^t dSng mO hinh hoa day hoc mOn Toan" Tjtp chi Khoa hpc Truing Dai hoc Str pham m NOi 60(8A), 152-160.2015 NguySn Danh Nam "Nang lire m6 hinh hoa to^n hpc cua hpc sinh phd Ihong" Tap chf Khoa hoc, Trudng Dgi hpc Swpham H^ NOi, 60(8), 44-52.2015 Tap chi Gido dye so 380 49 ... vat ttie va trutyng: Trong phan eohgc, chait diem, cac vatvTmo (6 td, trai dat, mat trdi, thien ha, ,) cd kich thudc, tflc la Chung deu chiem khong gian ed kich ttiudc; Trong Tap chi Gido due... cua mdn hgc ed lien quan tdi van de giao diic can dua vao, song khdng neu ngi dung cua bai hge Trong trudng hgpnay,GVphaikhaittiaekienttiflemdn hgeva lien he chtjng vdi cae ngi dung can TH Day... eudng tinh tare quan vahflng ttiuhgc tap eua HS (eac ttiinghiem,phuang tien cdng nghettidng tin, ) .Trong sdcacPTDH,cae phuang tien nghe nhin cd nhieu uu diem ddi vdi DHTH Nhieu tn/dng hgp, sudung