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XAY DUNG CHUYEN DE DAY HDC TICH HDP VE THIET Hj Kl THDAT TRONG DAY HOC VAT LJ 6 TRlTdNG PHO THONG TS D U O N G XUAN QUY" Abstract It is possible to develop integrated topics about technical devices ar[.]
XAY DUNG CHUYEN DE DAY HDC TICH HDP VE THIET Hj Kl THDAT TRONG DAY HOC VAT LJ TRlTdNG PHO THONG TS D U O N G X U A N Q U Y " Abstract: It is possible to develop integrated topics about technical devices around us The teacher can incorporate these topics in extra-curricular activities in the secondary school Through such activities, students can learn about how various theories and concepts are applied tn a realistic situation and investigate Innovative ideas underlying development of certain technical devices In addition, students might be more interested in learning physics in the school, and their creative thinking may flourish N gay nay, cae thiet bj kTthuat (TBKT) dupc s d dung cang nhieu day hpe cac mdn khoa hpc tunhien, dac biet la Vatii, Dong thdi, d moi TBKT cdn chda dung rat nhieu y tudng sang tao cua cac nha thi^t ke, che tao Viee ung dyng eac TBKT vao day hpc khdng chl giup hpc sinh (HSJl van dung kien thdc vao thuc tien, maedn giup tim hieu su sang tao kTthuat cua ngudi van dung, deren luyen nang li/e sang tao eho ban than Bai vietde cap viee xay dung ehu de day hpc tich hpp (DHTH) ve motTBKT day hoc l/a///'dtrudng phd'thdng Vai tro cua DHTH DHTH la djnh hudng day hoc de HS phat trien khanang huy ddng td'ng hpp kien thiip, kTnang (KN) thupc nhieu ITnh vuc khae nham gial quyet ed hieu quaeac van i i hpe tap va cupc sdng; dupe thuc hien qua trinh ITnh hdi tri thdc, ren luyen KN; phattrien dupc nhihig nang [uc can thiet, nhat la nang luc gial quyet van de thiJc tidn DHTH d trudng phd' thdng cd cae vai trd co ban sau: - Lam cho qua trinh hoc tap g§n vdi cupc sd'ng cung nhung tinh hudng cu thema HS segap sau riay, hoa nhap the gidi hpc dudng vdi the gidi cupe song; -Xac djnh va phan biet dupc eae kien thde - nang luc cotyeuvdinhdng vande itquan trpng hon;-Tao dieu kien de HS dupc sudung kien thdc tinh hud'ng cy the {thay vi chl quan tam trang bj cho HS nhieu kien thiit li thuyet); - Xac lap moi lien hegiiia cae khai nl&m da hpc tiiong qua cac kien thuc va giua cac mdn hpc khac (thdng tin cang da dang, phong phu thi tinh hdthong phai cang cao, nhuvay HS mdi tfiuc su lam chu dupc kien thdc va van dung dupc kien thuc da hpe phai duong dau vdi mot tinh hud'ng thaeh thuc, bat ngd, chua tdng gap); - Tao co hdi cho (ki 1-10/2015)- susang tao viec van dung kien thue degiai quyet eac van de thuc tiln, gan gtii vdi ddl sd'ng ngudi Y nghTa cua TBKT qua trinh day hpc tn/dng phd' thdng, viec day hpc ve cae TBKT khdng phai la nghien euu xay dyng kie'n thdc mdi, cung khdng phai la che tao iSdac TBKT mdi, hoan chinh de su dyng ddi sd'ng ma chu yeu la tao dieu kien eho HS van dung eac kien thiirc da hpc de tim hie'u co che, cau tnJc, chdc nang cua TBKT; tim hie'u dupc eae ytudng sang tao cua cae nha che tao; van dung kien thdc vao thuc tien, dedua dupc each thdc su dung, bao quan hpp li TBKT dd Ngoai ra, viec day hpc vecac TBKT cung cdthetao dieu kien de HS tap che tao cac TBKT don gian, dap ung eac yeu cau nao dd cudc sd'ng Viecday hpc cac TBKT cdnhungynghTa CO ban sau: -Tao cho HS cohdivan dung sang tao kie'n thire hoac tim hieu cac ytudng sang tao kTthuat dupc the hien OTBKT; - Tha'y dupe sug^n ket chat che gii?a li thuyettnjru tupng vdithuetlln, gida sutrdu tupng cua cac khai mem, djnh luat vdl eai cy the la eac sukien, hien tupng xay cac TBKT; - Phattrien tuduy vatlikTthuatdHS khidupetim hieu surangbupcma lien he giira cae klen thue, giiip HS thay dupc val trd quan tnsng eua kien thu'c vat li dd'i vdi ddi song vasan xuait; qua dd, kieh thich thu, nhu cau hpc tap Vit Iicua HS S.Dac tinh tich hpp cua TBKT 3.1 Chua dung nhieu ngi dung kiwi thuc ichac nhSmdatdugc muc dich sudyng.UoiJBKl deu chda dyng nhieu kien thdc cua cac bdmdn khoa hpe hoae kie'n thde dcac phan khac mot * TraSngOai hpc Stf pham Ha Npi Tap chi Giao due so 367 I 41 bd mdn khoa hpe Trong dd, se cd mdt so kien thuc chu dao, tao nen dac tnmg cua TBKT; dong thdi, cung chu^ dung nhieu iJmg dyng cua cac kien thuc khac la dieu kien cho TBKT hoat ddng hieu qua Vi dy, "xe dap" la mpt phuong tien hd trp ngudi viec di chuyen, chu'a dung tich hpp ddd nhieu kien thu'c Trong dd, kien thdc chu dao, tao nen sirkhae biet cua xe dap chinh la su'bao toan ve phuong cua s i ; quay" (bao toan moment ddng lupng), dam bao xe khdng dd'khidalan banh Ngoai ra, cdn cac kie'n thu:c khdng the thie'u la: sutmyen luc theo nguyen t^c ddn bay va lien ket nhd he thdng nhdng - xich se dam bao truyen lUc tdban dap de'n diem tiep xdc eua banh xe v ^ mat dat; giam ma sat cac d' tmc bang vdng bi lam tang hieu suat lam viec; tang ma sat d he thd'ng phanh de dieu ehinh viecgiamtdcdpeuaxe;tangmasatnghidbanhxe sau nhd Idp xe eao su de dam bao dp bam dudng tao luc phat ddng cho xe dl chuyen 3J Chua dung nhieu ytudng sang tao.TBKT la mptsan pham sang tao cua loai ngudi, chira dung nhieu yeu to sang tao ung vdi tung kien thdc cuthe va tuan theo eac nguyen tac sang tao kTthuat dupc su dung degiai quyet van dedat cho TBKT Vi vay, se iudn tim dupc s i ; sang tao rat nhieu ehi tiet hay bpphan cua TBKT Vi du vdi chiec xe dap, "dap ehan" vao ban dap thi lue dupe tmyen den lip xe lam banh sau quay theo chieu thuan (chieu chuye'n ddng cua xe) Khimudn nghi ehan (khdng dap vao ban d?p) ma xe van tie'p chuyen dpng, thi lip xe (do Ren ket vdl xich va ehan ngudi) khdng dupc can trdchuyen ddng eua xe (neu khong, ehan ngudl phai rdi khdi ban dap va ban dap v i n quaytheosuchuyen dpng cua xe) Dethuc hien dleu nay, lip can cd phan dpng (yanh lip) lien ket vdi xich va phan cddjnh (cdt lip} gin vao banh xe, hai phan lien ket vdi nhd chi tiet quan trpng la "ca lip" Mpt y tudng sang tao khac la lip ciia cac xe dap dja hinh dupc che tao nhieu tang de sudyng cho nliieu kiai dja hinh dudng di khac lam giam tcS da vat lieu nhung van dam bao kha nang eh ju luc; banh xe bang cao su cd sam bom hai d ap suat eao lam giam tdi da khdl lupng banh xe nhung v i n dam bao kha nang ch ju luc de va tang kha nang bam mat dudng; dong thdi, giam cha'n dpng gap dudng xdc; vanh banh xe khdng dac ma dung cac "nan hoa" lien kettmc quay vdi vanh banh 3.4 The hien cac yeu to vung mien, vanhoa TBKT ludn chda dyng nd cae ye'u tdtich hpp ve van hda, thudc tinh vung mien dedap dng cac yeu cau ve van hda, tham mT, dac die'm nhan trSc hpe Chang han, xe dap danh cho.nam gidi dupc che tao khac vdi xe dap danh cho nu gidi; xe dap danh cho ngudi phuong Tay khae vdi xe dap danh eho ngudi A ddng 3.5 Chua dting nhieu ccr hgi cho su sang tao cai tien hoac dieu chinh tie'p theo Ban than cac TBKT khdng phai bat bien, nd ludn dupc dieu chinh de cang phu hpp vdi cupe song eua ngudi Nhuvay,TBKT luon la dd'i tupng nghien cdu va tao cac co hpi cho su sang tao, ren luyen nang luc sang tao Vi dy, cdthetao hethong phanh dia eho xe dap thay vi phanh bang ma cao su; bdtri them may phat dien va he thd'ng den chieu cho xe dap khidi ban dem; bdtri them he thd'ng guong de quan satphia sau Quy trinh xay dung chuyen de DHTH ve TBKT 4:1 Lua chgn chuyen de, Giao vien nen lua ehpn cac TBKT ddi song ed lien quan den mpt so kie'n thuc khoa hpc co ban thupe chuong trinh day hpe Ngoaira,viec lya chpn cac chuyen deTBKT eung can ehii y de'n tinh vun^ mien noi HS sd'ng va hpc tap hoae cac TBKT phd bie'n Vi du, cdthe xay dung nhi?ng chuyen de chung (xe dap, xe may } hoac cae ehuyen de theo vung mien (may gat dap lien hpp, may xay sat gao, may det ehieu cdi, may bdc lac ) 4.2 Xac lap van de nghien cuu cho chuyen tfa Dya vaomyc dich sudyng,cdthedatvEtfide dudi dang cae cau hdi hay yeu ciu thuc hien detirn hie'u 3.3 Thehien tinh toi uu cua cac giaiphap De giai quyet mot van de li thuyet thudng ed nhieu giai JBKT,chknghan; Tim hi^ cau tao, nguyen ^c hoat phap lien quan Tuy nhien, vdiTBKT, giai phap dupe dong cua TBKT? TBKT deiam gi; hoat dgng dugc chpn thudng la giai phap td'i uu dng vert mpt kien thul; tren casd dng dijng cac kien thdc vit licabw nao? Cac giai phap td'i uuthehiendnhieu khia canh:ehi phi TBKT CO nhung bg phan ca ban nao, chOng hoat nguyen v a t l i e u ^ gian, khanang sudung toida, hieu dgrig tren casdung vdi nhQng klen Mc vatii nao? suat sudyng nang lupng cao nhat, kieh thudc, hinh Can chOygi cho may hoatdgng dedam bao an toin ning cao bieu quasddungcho TBKT? Dexuat^ dang hep li nhung cai tien denang cao kha nang, hieu qua sd Vi dy, khung xe dap (ke ca khung xe may) dupe dung cho TBKT?., cau tao dang ong hpp kim hoae vat Peu composite de 42 Tqp chi Gido due so 367 -(kil- 10l20m) 4.3 Xay dirng cac nhiem vu cho chuyen de Cac nhiem vu dupc xae lap dua tren dac die'm eua TBKT va muc tieu phattrien nang luc Giao vien cd the xay dung nhirng nhiem vy co ban: Tim hieu cau tao; tim hieu nguyen t&e hoat dpng; che tao eac md hinh; xay dung cac phuong an thi nghiem va thue hien cae thi nghiem de xac lap hosic kiem nghiem cac mdi quan hd oTBKT; bao cao ket qua; de nhihig khuyen cao de'sddung TBKT dat hieu qua; de xuat cac y t u ^ g eai tie'n TBKT 4.4 Xiy dung muc tieu cho chuyen de Can xac djnh rd myc tieu de cd cac can eddanh gia hieu qua cua hoat ddng day hpe Mye tieu dupc diln dat b^ngcacdpngtdhanh dpng, dac biet la nhung hanh dpng nham phattrien cae nang luc hoatddng chuyen biet cua mdn hpc (nang luc phat hiSn van de, de xuat giai phap, trao dd'i, tim kiem thdng tin ) 4.5 Xay dung, suu tam tai lieu lien quan va cac mo hinh Can xac djnh cac tai lieu lien quan hd trp viec day hpc: Sach, bao, website, hinh anh, video, cae md hinh thyc giup thuc hien cac nhiem vy day hpc 4.6 Xay dtfng kehoach thuc hien De ke hoach thuc hien cy the ve mat thdl gian, chia nhdm HS, yeu cau thi/c hien nhiem vu, bao cao ketqua va len ke'hoach giam sat hoatdpng day hpc 4.7 kiem tra, danh gia viec thuc hien chuyen deihong qua cac hoat dpnq: Bao cao ket qua, thao luan, gidi thieu san pham, tong hpp cac phie'u danh gia, tudanh gia Vi d u ve quy trinh xay d u n g chuyen de DHTH "Tim hieu v e x e d a p " 5.1 Lua chgn chuyen de:Xe dap lathietbj quen thupctrong ddlsd'ng va conhieu tae dung (dichuyen, ehuyen chd, ren luyen thethao ); cdn vatii, day la mpt "may co" dan gian, mot TBKT tieh hc^ rait nhieu iing dyng eua cac kie'n thde v|it li Vi vay, giao vien can cho HS nghien cdu suhoatdpng cua xe dap ve khia canh vatii hpc de tim hieu quatrinh van dyng cac kien thdc khoa lipc vao viec t^o mpt thiet bj ho trpcupe sdng cua ngudi 5.2 Xac l$p van de nghien euu: Xe dap di chuyen ddac dt^ tren nguyen tic nao (tai dung thiseiaj dd cdndi lai khdng dd)/'Xe£f^cdca'c bgphan cabin nao tim hteu nguyeri tac cau tfo va hoatdgng cua tdng bgphan do? Dera khuyen cao cho viecsddijng va baotjuan xe dap ? Can cai0n qi cho xe dap hten dedap Ong yeu cau dichuyen tmng dong ngudi(d\ chuyen d vung cd nhieu dudng dd'c)? (ki 1-10/2015)- 5.3 Xay dung cac nhiem vu cho chuyen de: - Tim hieu nguyen tac hoat dpng co ban cua xe dap de nd ed tiie di chuyen vdi hai banh xe va xay dung phuang an thi nghiem minh hpa cho kien thdc dd; -Tim hieu nhung bpphan ca ban cua xe dap, nguyen taccautaovahoatdpngdtilmg bpphan;-Xaydung cac phucmg an thi nghiem de kie'm tra nhung md'i quan he dupe xae lap nghien ciru hoatddng cua xe dap, nhu: tim hie'u vesu'lmyen lue" tdban dap tdi diem tiep xue cua ldp xe vdi dudng di ; - Xay dung cac khuyen cao de sudyng va bao quan xe dap dupc tdthc^;-Dexuat hoac thue hien cae cai tlCTideviecsu dyng xe dap dupc hieu qua hon 5.4 Xay dung m uc tieu cho chuyen de: - Klen thucHS chi dupe cac bp phan co ban cua xe dap; trinh bay 6ddc nguyen t^c hoat dpng chung cung nhu ting bp phan cua xe dap; viet dupc cac cdng thuc vesutnjyen lyc, toe dp cua xe dap lien quan gij}a tl sdtmyen va ban kinh ldp xe vdi tdc dp dap xe; -KN: Xay dung dupe phuang an thi nghiem dexac djnh eac Ihdng sd" eua xe dap; tie'n hanh dupc cac thi nghiem don gian nghten cuu vesy "fiuyen luc" cua xe dap; - Nang lt/c:+ Tu hpc, su dung ngon ngQ vat li (thu thap dupc nhflng thdng tin tdsach, bao, Intemet ve kie'n thiirc lien quan den xe dap} Cdnang lue trinh bay, thao luan dupc cac van de ve xe dap tmdc Idp; + Phat hien va giat quye't van de: Xay dyng dupc phuong an tiii nghiem kha dT, phat hien dupe thupe tinh caban,quantrpng quyetdinh suhoatdpng cua xedap; + Glaotlep, hpp tac va thue hanh thinghldm: Thao luan nhdm de'tim dupc glai phap thuc hien, phan cdng nhiem vy eho tdng ca nhan nhdm, trinh bay va tiiao luan ket qua lam viec; thuc hien tdt cac cdng doan thuc nghiem (do,tiiu thap vaxdii duoc so lieu ); + Sddyng cdng nghethong tin va t m y l n thdng detinh toan, tim tiiong tin giup xac djnh dupc cac td khda hpp ll 5.5 Xay dung, suu tam cac tai lieu lien quan va mo hinh : - Gidi thieu cac website cd npi dung lien quan den xedap;-Chuanbjdungcythinghiem: dong ho thdi gian loai bam giay, mdt sdluc ke ; - Chuan bj xe dap tiiyc detiiuc hien mptsdtiii nghiem 5.6 Xay dtmg kehoach thuc hign: - Thao iuan trudc ldp ve mpi van de lien quan den xe dap (kich tiiU(K banh xe, ban kinh lop xe, td'c dp dap xe, su tmyen luc tdban dap ), cac nhiem vu nghien cuu va (Xem tiep Uang 37) Tqp chi Giao due so 367 I 43 ...bd mdn khoa hpe Trong dd, se cd mdt so kien thuc chu dao, tao nen dac tnmg cua TBKT; dong thdi, cung chu^ dung nhieu... "xe dap" la mpt phuong tien hd trp ngudi viec di chuyen, chu''a dung tich hpp ddd nhieu kien thu''c Trong dd, kien thdc chu dao, tao nen sirkhae biet cua xe dap chinh la su''bao toan ve phuong cua... n g chuyen de DHTH "Tim hieu v e x e d a p " 5.1 Lua chgn chuyen de:Xe dap lathietbj quen thupctrong ddlsd''ng va conhieu tae dung (dichuyen, ehuyen chd, ren luyen thethao ); cdn vatii, day la