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64 /^ / i lH viec HOC XUA VA NAY s6 6 2016 JDlgi/vfiHpc pk^Jf/^ Ltlu''''tJiidln MOT SO BAI HOC QUY BAU TRONG GIAO DUC DAO TAO T H D I L E THANH TONG idu sinli dli i n,ck L l Thanh Tong dflgc suy tdn l ln[.]
/^ / i l H 64 s6 6-2016 JDlgi/vfiHpc pk^Jf/^ Ltlu'tJiidln viec HOC XUA VA NAY MOT SO BAI HOC QUY BAU TRONG GIAO DUC - DAO TAO T H D I L E THANH TONG idu sinli dli i n,ck mainiBilc laftnliiJiiFtM ThS NAY TH! HUONG L l Thanh Tong dflgc suy tdn lln ngdi Hoing d l vio nam 1460, qua hai niln hieu Quang Thu|n va Hdng Dtfc, 38 n l m vj tri cua minh da d l lgi hlng logt nhtfng cdng Ich ldn lao lien quan d i n dlt nfldcLI Thai Td ngfldi sdng lap trilu dgi Hgu Le tiii Ll Thlnh Tdi^ da dfla vfloi^ trilu niy p h l t trien lln mgt dinh cao mdi trln cac linh vtfc kinh te, chuih trj vin hda, gilo dtfc Cd tiie xem d l y la thdi k^ thtfc trj n h l t cfla c h l dg phong kien d i n tgc Vi|t Nam Ve gilo due, thdi Ll Thlnh Tdng dtfpc xem thdi ky phlt trien ctfc thinh cua gilo dye p h o i ^ kien Viet Nam.Stf nghiep gilo due- d i o tgo thdi Le Thanh Tdng da de Iai cho gilo dye Vi|t Nam nhieu bli hpc quy bau Trong bli vilt tdi mudn dtfng Iai tim hieu mgt vdi bii hpc v l gilo dye dfldi thdi Ll Thanh Tdng QUAN NI|M Wt GlAO DUC- HOC HANH Ke thfla nhtfng tinh hoa quy b l u ve giao dye cfla elc trilu dgi Ly, Trln, Hd, Le Thlnh Tdng rlt coi trpng gido dye Giao due p h l t triln vi dat ntfdc dgc lap x l hgi dn djnh, c h l chinh trt tien bd, stf phlt trien gilo dye lgi gdp phan khdng nhd v i o sfl phlt triln cua ljch stf Dieu dflpc the hien rd net quan niem gilo due thdi Ll T h l n h Tdng Ll Thlnh Tdi^ cho rang de xly dtfng qudc gia khdng the khdng cd ngfldi tii gidi m i mudn chpn dflgc ngfldi tii gidi thi phli xay dtfng mgt nln gilo dye tdt Ttf quan n i | m dd Le Thlnh Tdng da td chtfc viec hpc hanh vl thi cfl cd quy md hdn Viec hge hlnh n h i nfldc td chtfc dflpc day mgnh, ddng thdi vi|c hpc h i n h ttf nhan md trfldng cflng dflpc khuyen khich Cung vdi elc trfldng cdng lgp d tuyin huy|n, elc trfldng dan lap dflpc md khlp thdn xdm, h l u nhfl tat cd cdc ling x l d vung ddng bang deu cd cdc ldp hpc chfl H i n , tgo n l n mdt mgng Ifldi gilo dye rdng khap \ ^ Mieu, Qudc Ttf Giam dflpc xly dtf ng tfl thdi Ly, Le Thai T6 dtfng Iai Quoc Ttf Giam, m d trtfdng cac lg, ban chilu "cau hiln", lfla ehgn giao quan cln thgn, chi cd ngtfdi cd dtfc tli mdi dflpc Iam thly Nam 1467, Le Thanh Tdng dgt chtfc bde si dgy kinh v i quy djnh mdi gilo quan nghien ctfu mpt kinh de dgy cho slu Nha vua khdng chi eho x l y dtfng Igi Van Mieu ma cdn md rgng tiiai hgc vien, md tiiem Ttf Llm Cyc, Stf ng W n Qudn de dgy hgc cho eon em gia dmh quy tdc, quan lgi cao cap Mgt khic, Le Thanh Tdng cflng quan t i m d i n cac Trfldng Dgi hgc Hdng Dflc j^ciangi/tfiLfi 'iJinldgiffll jjinlplylraTii trfldng d Id vi|c hgc h i n h ctfa em cle tang ldp nhln daa i)s'»"' ^''^ '^°" Ll Thlnh Tdng rat chu trqn% dao tgo ngfldi tai cho vung 'i^ j ^ ' ' " dlt mdi vl xa xdi heo ldnh Dieu dd thl hien chieu llnh ^f^^^ ban nam Hdng Dflc thtf 19 (1488) cho tham chinh dgo Quing s^i^'?^ Nam- mgt dgo mdi t h l n h lgp n l m 1471 "quan din tiiupc Thtfa chinh ty Quing Nam sinh trai tfl 15 tudi trd len ma tuan ttf, ham hgc thi den gan thi hflPng, ty Thtfa, Hi&i b i n xfl cdng ddng, chpn lly, l i m ban tau lln cho sung sinh dd, b i n phfl de dflpc dgy bdo cho biet 11 ngliia".[ 1,302] ^^^ ^ '^ tisCN fP' -idiioiobiiDi rii libaibHw^d Ttf Ll Thai To den Ll Thanh Tdng quan n i l m v l gilo due da cd nhieu thay ddi Hpc hanh khdng phai chi gianh cho em quy tgc, quan Igi cao d p m l em d i n thtfdng cung dflpc hgc hlnh, dgt bi|t d vung slu, vtfng dlt mdi, vung biln cflflng Thly giao la ngfldi phdi cd kien thtfc uyin bac, chuyen slu vl' chuyen mdn mdi d i o tao dflgc ngfldi trd gidi ^ i ^ n a t ia ktetasJpa a Wiktopc |u{ij|ii™jii, ljijrU4« nJ ' Quan niem v l hgc gilo due- hgc hanh ctfa Ll Thanh Tdi^ each day khoing tren 600 n a m li bli hgc cd gia trj cho bao thl h | tilp theo Dang ta da tilp thu tfl ttfdng cfla cha dng v l phlt triln thiiih tfl tfldng chiln Iflpc "gido dye la qudc sich hang dau" Nhgn thflc cho dung va quyet t i m thflc hiln dfldi^ ldi ctfa Ding, vile am hilu lich stf, truyin thdng gilo due cua cha dng li dieu can thiet, yinvio NEO 2.KH0ACU iMltoduynli D l n h gia ve khoa ctf thdi Le T h l n h Tdng, Phan Huy Chu da n h l n xet: "Khoa cfl cic thdi, thjnh nhat la thdi Hdng Dflc ' each lay rpng rai, clch chpn ngfldi cdng bang, ddi sau khdng till tiieo kjp nfldc khdng d l sdt nhln tai, tiieu ttngdalQ dlnh khdng dtfng l l m ngfldi kim" [ 12,2] i Chpn n h l n tai cho dat nfldc l i mgt vipc he trgng blc nhat, dflpc xem l i vi|c ldn cfla trilu dinh Ll Thdi Tdng da khang djnh rang: "Muon cd nhan tai, trfldc h i t phii chgn ltfa kl si, md kin chpn ke si, phli lay tiii ctf Idm dau." Yi till, Ll Thdnh Tdng da m d rgng v i trln hflng chl dd khoa ctf Nam 1438, khoa tiii hfldng dfltfc td chtfc d cac dja phfldng nam 1439 khoa till hgi dflpc m d d kinh tiiinh Thang Loi^ Thdi Le, ctf nam trilu dinh md mdt ^ tiu, nam trtfdc tiii Htfdng nam sau tiii Hdi- N l m Quang Thugn thtf (1462) nha vua djnh Igi lg thi hfldng Ddi tflpng d u Hflong khdng clu n^ cic tiianh p h l n i j ^ J ^ xa hdi, "Tlt c l nhflng quin d i n bilt chtf cd dtfc hgnh mudn ] ^^,^ ^^^ 65 ' ^ ^ m H p C s e 6-2016 di thi thi den nhi Giam hay dgo sd tgi kl khai tin vl can cfldc, trtf hgng bat hieu, bat myc, logn luan, dilo toa, nhi phfldng chfeo, hit phin nghich." Trong Ie Bio kit htfdng thi, thi sinh dtf thi phai cung khai tam dgi phli dflpc Bp hp chtfng nhln, cic tiii sinh dang cd dgi tang khdng dtfpc dtf thi Bao kit hfldng tiii bat bupc cac xl phai chju tiich nhi|m ve tfl dch dgo dflc cua ngfldi dtf tiu Thdi Hdng Dtfc trieu dinh rlt coi tnjng ke si vi cung ddi hdi cao, nhflng tid sinh dflgc hgc hinh chu dao, cd he tiidng, jjM nhilu dtft Idem tra mdi dflpc dtf thi "Bio kit hfldng" ^Bnlvl^ Trong thi cfl thdi Ll Thanh Tdng quy dinh ro rang, chat che giay td cfla ngfldi tfng thi, hgn chl rat nhieu te ngn gian Ign giay td, dan tdi gian Ign thi ctf Thi sinh nao vi phgm the le thi bj xfl phgt rlt ngng cd the bi dinh chi cugc thi, bi kit an "sudt ddi khdng dflpc dtftiu".bj ttf tdi kl ca tgi ttf hinh ^tWflHl Cdch cham bli, mdi ky thi Hfldng elc quyen thi (bii thi) phai du Iflpt cham: So khio phuc khdo (cham ngi itasdMij' trfldng) va chanh, phd chu khdo (cham ngogi trfldng) Bai thi dflpc cham theo bac: Uu, binh, thfl, bet Thdi Ll dp dyng atai-tcrj clch cham Quan quyen, ttfc li cho thi sinh thi cl ky, sau dd mdi can ctf vio sd bai ddpc xep Iogi ml lay du sd ngfldi theo quy djnh ijfca'lLjc' Cdc khda thi Hfldng dfldi thdi Ll diu dflpc td chtfc hit stfc quy md, i^hilm mat, bio dam cho thi sinh dflpc cdng bang, dtfpc dgt dfldi stf gilm sat cua trilu dinh Vua Le Thlnh Tdng quy djnb cac chtfc quan coi thi, cham thi, phyc vy vi bio v| thi Quan Di dilu, gilm thi, giam khao vl phik khao lim nhiem vy td chtfc lanh dgo, de, cham thi Cdc quan thu quyen, Di phong Dang lyc, Ddi dgc lim nhiem vy thu bii, dgc phich, chep lgi bli thi, dgc solt Igi bii thi Bg phgn bio vl, gom quan Tuan xudc (khdng biet chfl) cd nhiem vy ddc thflc quan llnh canh gitf trfldng thi, khdng chotz^isii'C'bit ctf vio Ngoai trieu dinh cdn ctf mdt vien quan din ffla diem thi de gilm sat chung, cac quan lgi cd em dfl thi khdng dfldc coi thi d trfldng dd Nlm 1472, LltittlnhTdngdjnh lgi phlp thi Hdi Ky thl Dinh tiii mpt bii nhat gpi la Dinh ddi sach van vua ttf than diva cham thi Ttf quy chl, the le thi, cham thi, bio mgt thi cua thdi Ll Thlnh Tdng dl td chat che, nghiem nggt, dieu dd chtfng td tfu ctf thdi da rat dflpc coitirgng.Trong ldi dy cui Le Hien Tdi^ (1497- 1503) ke ngdi Ll Thlnh Tdng, cd dogn viet: "Hiln tii la nguyen qudc gia, nguyin mgnh thl trj dao mdi thjnh Khoa cfl li dfldng diang cua quantiiidng,dtfdng tiiang md thi chan nho mdi cd" ^; Viee hgc hanh thi ctf luc biy gjd dl dao tao nhieu nhln tai cho dat nfldc- NhQng nha chinh trj, nhi ngogi giao, nha thd, nha van, nhi stf hpc cflng vdi giao dye, khoa hgc, van hgc nghe thult cung pbat trien Ngfldi dtf till phli nam vflng cac sach kinh dien cua nho gido, nhtf ttf tiifl, ngu sinh, lai phli hieu biet sau rpng ve Ijch stf tiid phu Qua cac ky till, dat biet ky ^^ ^ " ^ ' "8^°'' ^"8 ** khdng chi td thdng kim bac cd mi phai bilt vgn dyng tritiitfcdl am wdng nhtfng viec nsay dl xuat nhflng bi|n phlp kinh bang tl tiii Dly 11 mgt bleu hien ctfa nguyin tic giio dye "tro hinh hgp nhat" mi chung ta phlt trien thinh nguyin l^^, phtfdng cham "Hpc di ddi vdi hinh', "Nhi trfldng gan liln vdi xa hdi" • KHUYEN KHfCH HOC HANH ^ Trong stf nghiep giao dye thdi Ll Thlnh Tdng, ddi tflpng ngtfdi hpc da dtfpc md rdng, xong de khuyln khich vi|c hgc, trieu dinh djnh Ie d p phlt hgc boongrS vi bd dyng hpc sinh vio xl cua Qudc Ttf Giam: "L| cho mdi nam thi Hdi trung trfldng, he trung trfldng thi sung vio Thflpng xa sinh trtfi^ trfldng tiii vio Trung xa sinh, trung 1tiiidngtillvio Hg xl sinh Tien Ifldng moi thing Thfldr^ xa sinh dflpc quan (10 ddng), trung xa sinh dflpc tiln, Ha xl sinh tien Khi bd dyng thi bd lgi va quan Qudc Tfl Gilm chilu chd khuyet m l bao ctf, Thfldng xd sinh lay phln, Trung xd sinh lay phln Ha xl sinh lay phln de khuyen khich ngflcrt tii.(l, 285] Khdng nhtfng thl, Le Thanh Tdng cdn tgo dieu kien cho cdc tang ldp xl hpi cd dieu ki|n di hpc Nam Hdng Dtfc 19 (1488), vua xudng chieu "phim hpc trd dl tflng dgc sach, bilt llm vln vi cd hanh kilm thi dflpc miln tuyen thi, tha cho ntfa phan thul vl sai dich." [1.301] Td chtfc cdng bd kit qua ky thi cung rat trpng the, cd tic dung tdn vinh ngfldi bgcthi sau bao nhieu nam den sleh, nhat 11 ed vu, khuyln khieh vile hgc tgp, thi ctf nfldcDd 11 le xtfdng danh, treo blng, ban mu lo, pham ttfde, dtfng biatiensi vl Ie vinh quy bli td Nam 1484, Ll Thdnh Tdng cho dflng 10 bia tiln si Trong 38 nam tij vj, Le Thanh Tdng da td chtfc 12 khoa thi hdi, lay 501tiensi, dd cd trgng nguyen, Khuyln khich ngfldi hgc nham md rdng gilo dye din toin dan, ltfa chgn dflpc nhieu ngfldi tai gidi cho dat ntfdc, day la bli hgc mi elc thl he sau cln phii tran trgng, hgc tip, Stf phat trien gilo due thdi Le, ml thdi Ll Thanh Tdng dgt tdi cflc thjnh, dl di lgi cho chtfng ta nhieu bii hgc quy bau vl quan niem giao dye hoe hinh, thi cfl, khuyen khich ngfldi hgc Trong stf nghilp phlt trien dat nfldc vdi thdi ky cdng nghilp hda, hiln dgi hda, hgi nhlp the gidi, nhflng bii hgc quy gil ve giao due cfla Ll Thlnh Tdng cang cd gil trj, gdp phln dfla stf nghilp gilo dye Vi|t Nam ngang tam the gidi Day thtfc stf la nhtfng bli hgc vinh ctfu ludn cd gia tri hlng dau mgi thdi dgi TAI ueu THAM KHAO Dgi Viet stf ky toan thfl, tgp 3, NXB khoa hoc xa hgi Ha Ndi 1972 Phan Huy Chfl Ljch trilu hiln chfldng loai chi, tgp NXB khoa hgc xa hgi HI Ngi 1992, Ll Quy Ddn toin tgp tgp Kiln van tilu lyc, NXB KHXH Hi Ndi 1977 SUMMARY Le Thanh Tong who has been the emperor Dai Viet Kingdom for 38-year reign The wise king of Later Le dynasty has left to posterity many valuable lessons: the concept of education and learning examination, encouraged to learn which just a few lessons in many lessons about education and training This is the eternal lesson and the leading value all time Keywords: Learning, education andti-ainingLe Thanh Tong Nhgn bdi ngdy 26/5/2016 SUa chUa xong 28/5/2016 Duyit ddng2/6/2016 ... can cfldc, trtf hgng bat hieu, bat myc, logn luan, dilo toa, nhi phfldng chfeo, hit phin nghich." Trong Ie Bio kit htfdng thi, thi sinh dtf thi phai cung khai tam dgi phli dflpc Bp hp chtfng nhln,... hinh chu dao, cd he tiidng, jjM nhilu dtft Idem tra mdi dflpc dtf thi "Bio kit hfldng" ^Bnlvl^ Trong thi cfl thdi Ll Thanh Tdng quy dinh ro rang, chat che giay td cfla ngfldi tfng thi, hgn chl... Ll Thlnh Tdng dl td chat che, nghiem nggt, dieu dd chtfng td tfu ctf thdi da rat dflpc coitirgng .Trong ldi dy cui Le Hien Tdi^ (1497- 1503) ke ngdi Ll Thlnh Tdng, cd dogn viet: "Hiln tii la nguyen