Sự biến đổi chi tiêu trong giáo dục, đào tạo của hộ gia đình ở nông thôn và thành thị việt nam hiện nay

su" BIEN DOI CHI TIEU TRONG GIAO DUC, DAO TAO CUA HO GIA DINH d NONG THON VA THANH TH| VIET NAM HIEN NAY PHANTHUAN" Tom tit! Bdi viit phdn lich vi thtic trgng chi liiu gido due, ddo tgo d ndng thdn vd thdnh thi Kei gud nghien cdu cho thdy, dd co thay dot tich cite, gap phdn ldm cho cd hdi ti^ can gido dge ciia ngutii ddn d nong thdn tdng Un Tuy nhien, viec chi tiiu ndy gida thdnh Ihi vd ndng thdn odn cbn khodng cdch Ithd ldn, bdi phu Ihuoc odo ede ySu tdnhii: diiu kiin kinh ligia dtnh, nhgn thdc vd thdi df cua cha me ddi vdi viec hoc cua cdi, thay ddi ca cdu kinh Hhd gia dtnh d ndng thdn Trin ea sd dd, bdi viil got md mdt sdgidi phdp dindng cao co hoi dudc hoc tdp vd phdt triih cda ngudi ddn d ndng thdn hien Td khda: NSng thdn; thdnh thi; mdc chi lieu; gido due ddo tgo Abstract: This article analysed educational expenditure in urban areas and in the countryside Research results showed that there were positive changes in expenditure towards increasing the educational opportunities for people in Ihe countryside However, the gap between urban areas and the countryside was still huge, depending on socioeconomic status ofthe family, parents' cognition and aliuude towards children's learning, changes in the economic structure of families in the countryside, etc The author then provided some suggestions on how to further create opportunities in learning and devehpment for people in the countryside Keywords: Countryside; urban area; expenditure: education Ngdy nhdn bdi: 12 /01 /2015; Ngdy duyit ddng bdi: 1S/4/201S • ™° Nghi quyet Trung uong khda XI cua Daag da tidp tuc xie dinh: •'Giao due va dio tao la qufic sach hang diu, la sfl thffy, vide dau tu cho giio due v i dio tao cd y nghia quan ddi vdi sU phit trifo c i a mdt quffc gia Cd t h i ndi, N h i nudc ddng vai trd chu yfo vide dfo nghiep eua Daag, Nha nufle va cua t o t o dan Diu tu cho giio due l i d i u tu phat tu eho sfl nghiep p h i t trifo giio due v i dao tao; m i e dfl viy, sU ddng gdp cia Z ' TW^" x h- » ; ^ ' t ' ** "^"^ '"°* ''' "^'^ '^^ '^^ '^ - ' ' '^"-^ -hang ylu ' " ' " ' ™ " "'•^ *'• '' ''^ >=*•*" ^^^ *>- =''ã= ^ Pl^" ô & ã xa hoi Chiah VI the, Dang va Nhft nudc ta da chu truoag s i dung tdi thilu 20% tong ngan sach n h i nufle de chi cho phat trifo giao due va dao tao Didu eho lay c n o QI NHiN LUC KHOA HOC XAHOI giio due va dao tao theo hudag fo djnh va bfin vflng r,.n.^ „ , „, " T h S Hoc vi?n Chinh tti khu v«B IV phff Cin TlKl PHANTHU.4N Trong iihaag i i i i i i ^ n ^ ^ cufic sdag chi phf nhfl tifo mua s i c h giio khoa, tiln c i a eic hfl gia ffli*tja;(»!6tl Mfo-d* theo hoc phi, tifo hgc thgm va eie loai phi chUu hudag tich cue, ihu,j|ihip c i a agudi khic Nhu viy, vific chi phi cho vific hge d t o dUfle n i n g Ifo mflt cich d i n g k l , ehi hftnh c i a cii I i mflt g i a h a t o g ddi vdi tifiu cho cuflc sfog cflng nhtf d i u ttf cho eae phu huyah, d i e bidt Ift vdi ahflag gia vific hoc h i n h eua cii eic hfl gia dinh nghdo i ndng thdn l i n thftnh thi"'* * n h e t o g t t o g len™ Theo kfft qua die'u B t o g chflag c i a cuflc dieu tra v l biffn tra mflc song hfi gia iflnh (2012) cho thffy, dfl'i mflc sShg c i a hfl gia dmh cho thi'y, tfl Snflc chi tifiu eho giao due v i dio tao binh nam 2002 dfo 2012, vide chi tidu cho giio Sufa eho mflt ngudi di hge/nam l i 4,082 due, d i o tao eo effu chi tifiu cua cie frilu ding (eao gffp 6,51 I i n so vdi a i m hfl gia iBnh S thi va nflag thfla da 2002 vft gffp 3,3 I i a aam 2008) Sfl b i l a bien dli mflt each rd rdt vft cd xu hudng dli a i y d i gdp p h i a thu hep khoang each tich cflc hon, cu t h i l i : v l CO hdi dfo trudng e i a ngudi d i n gifla (1) Xet vi ehi tieu cho gido due rfdi ffiinh thi vft ndng t h t o Trfin thflc te, sdng binh qudn cua mgt nhdn khdu/thdng ngflffi d t o d i n h i n thflc dfloc vai tro c i a cho thdy dd cd stf gia tdng mdt edch rd rdt i t o due dfii vfii CO hfli p h i t trifa n g h i ded thinh thi ldn ndng thdn Trong dd, ehi aghilp e i a coa eii hg troag tflong lai; tidu c i a cae hfl gia dmh d ndng thfln t t o g Mag thcli, c t o g nhfin thfle dfloc trtnh dfi nhanh hon so vdi t h i n h thi (6,0 l i n S adag hoe vih, trtnh dfl chuyfin mfln cao 14 mflt thda v i 4,3 I i a d t h i n h thj), miie ehi tieu tAiig nhflng yffu tff gdp p h i a t h o i t khdi n i y gdp p h i n thu hep khotog eieh gifla bSy aghdo ddi "aghfio - trinh dd hgc v t o ndng thfln v i thftnh thi Nlu a i m 2002, t h f t nghfio"® Vi vfly, vide d i u tu cho chi tidu cho giio due c i a n h i n k h i u d ,giio dflc v i dio tao cua eic hd gia ifinh la t h i a h thi cao gffp I i a d aflng thfla, tW diu tfl eho Sfl phat tHin eua eon cai hg dffa a i m 2012, khotog eich a i y chi cdn 14 3^ly nhifo, viflc chi tidu eho giio due e i a 2,1 Iin Tuy nhien, mflc ehi tieu cho giio cic hd gia cBnh v i n bflc lfl nhflng khotog due c i a cac hfl gia dinh d thftnh thi vfo cieh gifla t h i n h thi v i nfing thda, gifla hfl cfln eao hdn so vfii S nfing thfln™ (xem giiu v i hfl aghfio b t o g 2) Thflc t r a a g v l sfl biffa dffi chi tifiu t r o a g g i i o d y e , d i o taio ol a o n g '" Ph,m Huong Tra (2008), -Biin ddi mdc ddu tu cha gtao due cua gia dinh" Tfp chj NghiSn raiu Gia dinh th&n vft thftnh t h i Troag cic nghifin ctm trudc diy ve Thilc trgng biin dii ehi tidu gido dtic, dio tgo d ndng thon vd thinh thi, cae tie gia d i chi ring, "mdt gia diah ed coa daag dfl tuli di hoc thi phai cfi rfft nhilu khoan vk Gidi, so 4, " U Ng5K; Himg Lv luan chinh tri Ha N^ ' " - ' ' ^ " " " '^"'^ Itifrr I™"*)' * ^ ' ltd khdo sdt vi ede t lt°"« « ^ '^ "'^ *"»« "•^ t^ 2007, Tap chi Thdi dai mffi aS 13 r " E ? ° - ''*"« "f ' " ^ ° S kS (2012), Bang 6.10, Phu tt 256 '"° ' " • " " ' ' "^"* "^ ^ '""^ ^'^' SUHM NHiN LIfC KHOA HOC XiHOl Q s y BI^N DPI CHI TIEU TRONG GIAO DUG, DAO TAP B a n g 2.1: Chi t i e u c h o giao d u e t r o n g d d i s o n g fainh q u n nh&n k h a u / t h a n g c h i a t h e o k h u vrfc (Dtfn vi t i n h 1000 dSng) Nam Thanh thi Nflag thda Sfl ehfiah Ideh gifla t h i n h thi/ ndng thfin (lin) 2002 33 11 3,0 2004 43 16 2,7 2006 60 22 2,3 2008 76 31 2,4 2010 120 46 2,6 2012 143 66 2,1 Chdnh Ifich gifla nam 2012/2002 (lin) 4,3 6,0 (Nguon: To'ng ciic Thd'ng kd (2012) (2) Xet vi chi tiiu cho gido dtic, dio tgo, chdnh Ileh gida thinh thi va nong thon eo xti hudng gidm ddn Nlu aftm 2002, mflc chenh Mch l i 2,9, thi de'n aam 2012 chi cda 2,06 Ifa Ngofti ra, chi tflih rieng ndng thdn mflc chi tieu aay cung ttog dang kl Bang 2.2 Chi tidu c h o giao duo, dfto t h i a g t h e o n a m vft k h u vflc thftnh N i m 2012 t t o g Ifin 7,14 Ifo so vdi n i m 2002, troag Jd, d t h i a h thi chi ttog cd 5,05 Ifo Kd't qua a i y da phfo i a h rfog, viec chi cho giio due, dfto taofinfing thdn ed xu hudng bieh dd'i kha tich efle, tfog nhanh hon so vfli thi'" (xem bing 2.2) t£io b i n h q u a n ngtfM d i h o c t r o a g 12 t h i - n o n g t h d n (DVT: 1000 Dong) Sfl chenh Ifieh gifla t h i n h thi/ nfing thda(lfo) Nftm T h i n h thi 2002 1,256 433 2,9 2004 1,537 602 2,66 Ndng thdn 2006 2,096 894 2,34 2008 2010 3,088 1,364 2,28 6,253 2,063 2,64 2012 6,352 3,090 2,06 Chenh Iflch gifla n i m 2012/2002 a i n ) 5,06 7,14 (Nguon: Tong cue Thd'ng ke (2012) Trong dd, kit qua dilu tra cua Td'ng cue - phto'tfctlTt!*"? t '• f ^ ' ' : i^'" * / =- ~ - '^ ' '•'"-"• ™« IJiian uen cm tiet muc tang chi heu cho 'f Kit qua diiu ira mOc sdng h^ gta dinh 2012, a.SO cac khofo chi nhu sau: (xem b t o s S)'"' !" ''^™- '•'""S "(^ '•''•*'6 kc (2012), Bang 2.8, Ph» s Q NHiN LtIC KHOA HOC XiHOl • / • luc Kgt qua dieu tra mljc sfing h§ gia dinh 2012, tr.90 , SO 1-2015 PHANTHUAN B a n g 2.3 Chi eho giao d^s, dko tao binh q u a n ngifdi di h o c t r o a g 12 t h i a g theo k h o a a chi v a k h u vtfc t h a a h thi - n o a g t h o n (DVT: 1000 Doag) T h i a h Uu Cic k h o t o chi Ndag thda 2008 2010 2012 2008 2010 2012 1,063.0 2,313.9 2,066.6 221.0 295.0 Ddag gdp cho trufog ldp 414 212.0 291.2 440.6 70.0 93.0 Qufoao Sich giao khoa 80 122.0 175.6 241.9 23.0 33 41 174.0 224.1 309.0 76.0 95 116 Duag cu hoc t i p 136.0 181.9 245.9 58.0 73 92 Hgc them Chi giao due k h i c 488.0 740.7 855.0 171.0 160 206 751.0 953.5 1,312.0 92.0 95 261 Hoc phi (Nguln: Tfog cue Thffag kfi (2012) Cac yffu tff t i c d o a g dffn stf biffn doi c h tifiu giao d u e , d i e t ? o d aongaoavithftnhthi 3^ B^uktenimhtihggia dinh Nhfl da p h t o tich ti:fin, chi tifo cho giio due, d i o tao fl a t a g t h t o d i t t o g l t o mflt cieh rd ret v i mfle dfl nhanh hon so vfli Uiinh thi Thflc t ^ thu n h i p binh , „ t o c i a nguoi d t o ndng thfo t t o g nhanh, theo dd ehi tifo cho giao due, dio tao eo cffu ehi tifo cho ddi sffng eua hg eflng dUfle t t o g Ifo (xem bfog 3.1)™ B i n g 3.1 Thu nh^p binh quan nhan khffu t h i a g theo khu vtfc t h i a h thi v i nong thon (Ban vitirJt 1000 ddng) Thftnh thi Ndng thfin Sfl chdah lech gifla t h i a h thi/ afing thfinQin) 2002 622.1 275.1 2,26 2004 815.4 378.1 2006 1,068 606.7 2,09 1,805 762.2 2,11 2010 2,129 1,070 2012 2,989 1,679 Nim Chfinh lech gifla n i m 2012/2002 (Ifo) 6,74 (Nguon: Ting Cflc Thffng kfi (2012) Chiah vi thu ahffp c i a cie hfi gia iBnh t t o g ldn kha nhanh v i khotog cich thu nhffp gifla cic hd gia (finh S ndng thfia v i t h i a h thi cd xu hflfog thu hep, dd, da t i c ddag dffa vide chi tifiu cho giio due I" NguSn: Tong cue Thoiig ke (2012), Bing 6.1, Phij t 20 ' " '''*" ' " "°"^ '^"^ ''' ^ " '""'' ^'"^' SfMHS NHiN LUC KHOA HOC XiHOl Q s y B l i N D I CHI TIEU TRONG GIAO DUC, D A O TAO troag CO cffu ehi tifiu o i a hfl gia diah Nghito cflu cua Pham Hudag I M (2007) cho thffy, cfi tdi 59,4% hd gia iBah cfi m i c thu n h i p k h i eho rang ho ehi cho giao due vfli mflc 1,5 tiieu d l a g Mflt baag sffng h i ' ^ i cKah ttihfleiiidfWiAMWiilhu n h i p thftiih-thi vft n f i h ^ t l t e « l u t i a g 16a theo c i c a i m 2008, 2010 Dilu a i y S | k h a a g diah, ngtfdi d i a S nfiag i h t o -^ t h i n h thi dfi'u eo t h a dfl fiffi i ^ k M chtog khic cho thffy, ty trgag chi cho giio due, dio tao troag ehi tidu cho ddi t r o a g v i f t f d i u tflgjfto d u e c t e s c d a i k ^ ^ hg (xem bang, 3.2)*r ' ' '*> "f" ' •,; B i n g 3.2: Ty t r o n g c h i c h o giao d u e , dfto t a o t r q a g ohi t i e u chft affi S ^ C I S M h o gia d i n h t h e o a h o m t h u a h a p vft k h u vtfc thftah t h j - a S i i g f t i S i ^ K C %)• ' N i m 2008 Nhfim thu a h i p Thftnh thi M m 2010 Ndng thdn Thftnh thj^ Nhdm (ahdm aghdo) 6,5 4,6 6,2 Nhfim (Cto aghdo) 7,6 6,4 6,5 Nfing thfin N i m 2012 Nfii^' tiifia 4,7 4*4 2,9 •-fivS • •-'- '43'->"• " • • t f " Nhfim (Truag biah) 6,8 6,4 6,6 • •'5,2 -•'•4it"' Nhdm (Khi) 7,4 6,1 6,0 6,6 4;,!'' 6,7 5,7 8,1 4,9 5,1 1,03 1,05 1,31 1,04 Nhdm (Giiu ed) Chfiah Iflch gifla 6/nhdm Qfo) nhfim ' Thinh thi , •-k;«''' ' " " ^ ' • • ' "al' 1,16 -•,lj21Jl* (Ngulm Tfog cue Thffag kfi (2012) Nhfl viy, eie hfi gia diah ed thu n h i p theo hfldng tich cflc M i c dfl v i y ho»t cing eao thi xu hflfog chi tifo cho giio ddag adag nghiflp v i n l i ngufo thu n h | ^ due, dfto t i o eo ci'u ehi t i t o c i a gia ehinh c i a ngtfdi d t o nfing thfo T h S fflnh ctog nhifo Difo n i y ding nghia kfft q u i nghifo eflu e i a t i e g i i P h ^ , cufic sffag duoe eai thifo thi vide chi Htfoag T r i (2007) thi nhfim gia fflah phi tifo eho ^ a o due, dfo tao c t o g se t t o g Ifo Vi ndag aghiflp chi eho gifo dflc nMfo h d i the, dieu kifo kinh tff c i a gia ddnh ed t i e dfiag dffa chi phi cho gifio dijc, dfto t^io fi nfing thfin vft t h i n h thi"> cie gia dinh t h u i n nfing vft h i a hflp Cfl 3.2 Su thay dii ca cdu kinh ticia gia dinh d nong thdn hd Trong n h t o g n i m gfo diy, co cffu k m h tfi'hfl gia dinh da thay d l i theo htftag thi, cd 36,4% nhflm t h u i n afing, 32,35^ nhdm hon hflp v i 14,1% nhdm phi ntog nghiflp chi mfle tifo hge thdm dflfli 650 nghin d i n g / a i m ( a i m 2006); kM do, vfii mflc chi eho hgc thfim t r t o 1,6 tridu/nam thi ty lfl ifl phi ndng a g h i ^ gifoi hfl thuan ndng va t t o g hfl s t o xufft edng nghifip, dich vu Su ehuyin d l i n i y d i t i e dflng dffn thu ahflp c i a hd gia dinh Q NHiN LVC KHOA HOC XiHOl " N g u t e Tfcg c»c ThSigiK (2012), Bing &23, I k life Kft dua diSu t m n i # a ^ hS gia dinh 2012, (p 87, '"Ph!unHiMngTtr(200^;'Sd,ttJ6 »i' #i4N PHANTHUAN «iu hiehoconlft.68%iJ> I i m