PHl/CfNG PHAP DAY HOC mN IAO kh HCf? Cfhic, xnjhie, cme, N^mi TUBN^ VN DAT HIEU QUA TRpNG DAY HOC TICH HOP ThS Dao Ngoc Phirong Vien Nghien citu Khoa hgc dgy nghe Tom tat Odi mdi phuang p h i p day hp[.]
PHl/CfNG PHAP DAY HOC mN IAO kh HCf? Cfhic, xnjhie, cme, N^mi TUBN^ VN DAT HIEU QUA TRpNG DAY HOC TICH HOP ThS Dao Ngoc Phirong Vien Nghien citu Khoa hgc dgy nghe Tom tat Odi mdi phuang p h i p day hpc la mdt nhdng mue tieu ldn cua g i i o due nghe nghiep d i t giai doan hien Doi mdi phuong phap b i t dau tUviec cai tien cac phuang phap day hpc truyen thdng theo hudng phat huy tinh tich cUc eiia ngudi hpe, hudng v i o ngudi hpc la trung t i m , khac phuc Idi truyen t h u mdt chieu Ben canh dd, viee nghien edu van dung c i c ly thuye't mdi, quan diem mdi ve day hpc n h d ly thuyet tlnh hudng, ly thuyet kien tao, day hpc d p a n , lay ngddi hpe lam trung tam, l i mdt hudng dupe nhieu n h i s U p h a m Ipa chpn Do dd, sd dung pbuong p h i p day hgc kien tao ke't hpp Ung dung cdng nghe t h d n g tin (CNTT) day hgc hge tich hgp se tao hieu q u i ban ddi vdi viec giang day cho n h i giao day nghe v i tiep t h u ITnh hpi kien thdc cua ngudi hgc Tir khoa: Day hgc kien tgo, dgy hge tich hgp, phUdng phdp dgy hgc, itng dung CNTT Abstract One o f t h e current main goals of Vocational Education and Training is the innovation of teaching methods, which originated from improving the traditional teaching methods under the direction of promoting the proactiveparticipation of learners, learner-focusing, and eliminate one-way method of lesson delivery Moreover, the application of new theories and viewpoints such as situational theory teaching, constructivist teaching methods, project-based teaching, learner-focusing etc is implemented by more and more teachers The combination of information technology and constructivist teaching methods in intergrated teaching will bring in better effectiveness for the vocational trainers and knowledge absorption for the learners Keywords: Constructivist teaching, integrated teaching, teaching methods, IT application l.Batvande Odi mdi phuong phap day hpe la mdt nhdng muc tieu Idn cua g i i o due nghe nghiep dat giai doan hien Bdi mdi phuong phap bat dau t d viee cai tien cac phuong phap day hpc truyen thdng theo hddng p h i t huy tinh tieh cue cua ngudi hpc, hudng vao ngudi hpe, khic phuc Idi truyen t h u mpt chieu Ben eanh dd, viec nghien cdu van dung c i c ly thuye't mdi, quan diem mdi ve day hpc nhU ly thuye't tinh hudng, ly thuyet kien tao, day hpc d p a n , lay ngudi hpc lam trung tam, la mdt hudng dupc nhieu n h i sU pham Ipa chpn Ly thuyet kien tao (LTKT) ( Constructivism Theory) dang la mdt nhdng ly thuyet ve day hgc vUpt trdi dupc sd dung giao due Ly thuye't khuyen khich sinh vien (SV) t u x i y dpng kien thdc cho minh dua tren nhdng thpc nghiem ca nhan va i p dung true tiep vao mdi trpdng hpc t i p cua cac em Mdi ca nhan SV la trung tam eua tien trinh day hpc, cdn giao vien (GV) ddng vai trd td chde dieu khien va la ngudi dai dien cho tri thde khoa hpc chinh thdng, ddng vai trd trpng tai de the ehe hda tri thde mdi cua bai bpc Ddi mdi phuong phap day hpc se mang lai nhdng hieu qua vUpt trdi ban dng dung cdng nghe thdng tin vao tie'n trinh day hge CNTT se kich thich hUng thu hgc t i p thdng qua cac k h i n i n g kT thuat (kT t h u i t hga; cdng nghe Multimedia, phan mem ehuyen d u n g , c i c chuong trinh trinh chieu ); gdp phan td ehdc, dieu khien tien trinh day hpc; hpp li hoa edng viec cua thay va trd Sp ket hpp gida cac ly thuyet mdi v i CNTT tie'n trinh day hpc se tao nen mgt tien trinh day hpc mdi m i tien trinh ngudi hpc ehu ddng, tich cpe han viec x i y dpng he thdng tri thdc cho ban than Van dung LTKT vao day hoc cac mon hoc ky thuat vdi sU ho trp ciia CNTT 2.1 Tit tu&ng cua LTKT Theo quan diem eua LTKT thi tri thUc dUpe tao nen mpt each tieh cpe bdi chu the n h i n thdc ehd khdng phai tiep thu mpt each thu ddng t d ben ngoai Trong q u i trinh chiem llnh tri thde b i n g kinh nghiem, kien thdc d i cd tU trude thdng qua q u i trinh ddng hda (Assimilation) va dieu dng (Accomodation) SV se t p xay dung cho minh So 32 thang 5/2016 K H O A HOC D A Y NGHE m] mdt he thdng tri thUe ed s i c thai rieng va cd k h i nang van dung he t h d n g tri thde v i o giai quyet eic van de thuc tien d i t Theo Piaget dong hda la q u i trinh SV van dung kien thde eu de g i i i quyet tinh hudng mdi va sap xep kien thdc mdi t h u nhan dupe vao cau true kien thdc hien cd Mudn the td chde qua trinh day hpc GV can phai l i m cho SV bpc Id quan niem eiia minh ve van de hpc tap, can td ehdc eho SV he t h d n g hda v i khai t h i c kinh nghiem cu n h i m phat trien nhan thdc cho ban than SV v i phd bien cho c i Idp Be ddng hda ddpc kien thdc mdi v i cu can p h i i tie'n h i n h qua trinh p h i n tich, tdng hpp, so s i n h , n h i m d i n h gia lai kien thdc eu t d d d s i p xep lai he t h d n g kien thdc cho hoan thien, chinh xac hon Dieu Ung la suthay ddi, dieu chinh, bd sung, van dung kien thUc de g i i i quyet c i e van de ly thuye't va thpc tien Day la qua trinh ma SV phai thpc hien cac thao t i c t u duy, lam kien thdc bgc Id cac thupc tinh, ban chat, c i c mat manh yeu, t i m mdi lien he gida c i c ye'u td kien thde, tinh he thdng cua chung va kha n i n g vd tan cua kien thdc 2.2 Cdc logi kien tgo dgy hgc DUa vdo bdn chdt cua LTKT co the phdn kien tgo dgy hgc thdnh hai logi Kien tao ctf ban (Radial constructivism} de cao vai trd cua moi ca nhan q u i trinh n h i n thdc va each thdc xay dung tri thUe eho b i n t h i n Mat manh eua loai kien tao l i k h i n g djnh vai trd chu dao cua SV qua trinh day hgc Tuy nhien, coi trgng qua mde vai trd eiia eic c i nhan nen SV bj dat tlnh trang cd lap va kien thdc m i ho xay dung dugc se thie'u tinh xa hpi Kien tao xa hoi (Social constructivism) nhan manh den vai trd ciia eae ye'u td van hda, eae dieu kien xa hdi v i sp tac ddng eua c i c yeu t d dd den sU hinh kien thdc Kien tao xa hdi xem xet cac t i c n h i n thdng qua cie mdi quan he chat ehe vdi cac ITnh vuc xa hdi Nhan each eua SV dugc hinh thdng qua sU tuong t i e cua hg vdi nhdng ngudi khic 2.3 Mo hinh cua dgy bgc kien tgo, chu trinh cda dgy hgc kien tgo gom cdc pha ebinh sau Tri thiirc cu —>DU doan - ^ Kie'm nghiem (thif va sai) - * D i e u chinh -> Tri thClc mdi Oo dd tie'n trinh cua day hpc kien tao bao g d m budc sau: BUdc 1: L i m bdc Id quan niem ciia SV: Trong bddc n i y giao vien giup SV he thdng, dn lai eac kien thdc eu cd lien quan den kien thdc mdi b i n g each sd dung eic e i u hdi, cic bai tap Sau GV hoae SV se neu van de ( bai tap, thi nghiem, cau hdi, ) t d tao co hdi eho SV bpc Id quan niem eiia minh ve van de iipc tap 2.4 Cing dung CNTT vao tie'n trtnh dgy bgc kien tgo dgy bgc ticb hdp - X i y d u n g dien dan true t u y e n de cho SV bpc Id cac q u a n niem cua m i n h t h e o t d n g ehu de ma g i i o vien d i t - SUdung c i c phan m e m de m d phdng cac nguyen ly, boat d p n g , xay dung he t h d n g c i u hdi dn t i p , kiem tra cac kien thdc cu, cung n h u van d u n g de khae sau kien thdc mdi eho SV - M d p h d n g cac qua t r i n h nguyen ly hoat ddng, chuyen ddng ket hgp vdi neu van de - S d d u n g cac t h u vien m d p h d n g de SV kiem tra gia thuyet, phan tich ket q u i de rut cae ket luan 2.5 Vidu minh hga Van d u n g day hpc kien tao vdi sU ho trp ciia CNTT de xay d u n g tien t r i n h day hpc npi d u n g " Can b i n g khdp ndi d d n g ca dien" BUdc 1: Lam bde Id quan niem eiia SV- On t i p , tai hien: GV neu cac cau hdi ve c i c loai khdp ndi, ddng ep dien truyen ehuyen ddng den hop giam tde qua bp phan nao b i i hpe mdi de dua edng dung ciia viee can bang khdp ndi d p n g ca dien - Neu van de: -I- Cho SV quan sat k h d p ndi dpng cp dien duge can bang vdi khdp ndi true truyen ehuyen dpng, va khdp ndi gida ddng eg dien khdng dugc c i n bang vdi khdp ndi true truyen chuye'n d d n g Quan sat trudng hop dd va dat van de: Trong qua trinh lap d i t ddng cp dien vdi cae khdp ndi de truyen chuyen ddng tai p h i i can b i n g ehung? -I- SV quan sat m d p h d n g , thao l u i n , trao ddi v i bay t d quan diem eua minh ve van de dat ra, sau dd di den ket luan: True truyen chuyen d p n g bj cong, p h i hiiy khdp ndi -I- GV ket luan: Neu k h d n g can b i n g trUdc van hanh se lam cho ddng co rung lac, tuoi thp d bi ngan lai hoac pha buy d bi Vay can b i n g theo may hudng va nhuthenio? -Tap hpp eac y t u d n g cua SV:Trong budc GVtd ehdc nhdm - SV va yeu cau eic nhdm thao luan de dua y t u d n g : -I- Neu ddng co bj leeh t h e o phPang ngang thi cd nhdng trudng hgp n i o , c i c h dieu chinh BUdc 2:Td ehdc dieu khien SV thao l u i n : GV tdchdc eho SV de xua't cae gia thuyet, kiem tra g i i thuyet (thd v i sai) p h i n tich ket qua v i t d dd rut ket luan chung cho e i Idp BUdc 3: Td chde eho SV van dung kien thdc; GV td ehdc cho SV van dung kien thdc g i i i quyet cac van de ve ly thuyet cung n h u thUe hanh qua dd giup SV k h i c sau hon kien thde mdi de thue hien ky nang nghe Hinh i:H)nh ve quy Udc dieu chinh dgng cddien [12] K H O A H O C D A Y N G H E SO 32 thang 5/2016 -I- Neu ddng ca bj lech ddng co cao hoac thap hon so vdi khdp ndi dieu chinh n h u the nao H'inh2: Hmh ve lap ddt gd dong ho so BUdc 2: Td chde dieu khien SV t h i o luan - B e xuat gia thuyet: Trong bUdc GVtd chde nhdm 4-5 HS v i yeu cau cac nhdm thao luan de dua gia thuyet la: ddng cO bi lech theo phuong ngang, dpng co bi lech ddng ca cao hoac thap hon so vdi khdp ndi trUde de giai quyet mdt tlnh hudng mdi sinh va s i p xep kien thdc mdi v i o he thdng kien thdc da ed va chi nao SV tao dupe mdi lien he hdu co gida kien thdc mdi va cu, s i p xep vao he thdng kien thdc da ed tbi lue dd kien thdc mdi se cd g i i tri dng dung va khdng bj lang quen Do vay, phuang p h i p day hpe kien tao ddi hdi giao vien phai cd vdn sdng, kinh nghiem nghe nghiep nhat dinh, kha n i n g dng dung linh boat CNTT v i o eae budc quy trinh day hpc, p h i i la ngUdi ehuyen hda cac tri thdc khoa hpc t h i n h cac tri thdc day hpe vdi viec xay dung cae tlnh hudng day hpc ehUa dpng nhdng tri thde can ITnh hdi, tao ddng nen mdi trudng mang tinh xa hpi de SV kien tao nen kien thde eua m i n h , n h u v i y thi phuang p h i p day hpc kien tao t r o n g day hpc tich hpp mdi phat huy dugc Uu the vUgt trdi eua nd, mdi ed the dao tao nhdng eon ngUdi lao d d n g s i n g tao, gdp phan n i n g eao c h i t lupng g i i o due nghe nghiep ndi ehung va giang day ly thuyet ban dau day hpc tich hpp ndi rieng Q - Kiem tra gia thuye't: Trong budc n i y giao vien cho c i c nhdm hpc sinh thpc hien hai bude: -I- Xie djnh dp lech cua dpng cO hai vj tri k h i c dd + Quan s i t phan tich hinh i n h cua m d phdng ddng CO bj leeh theo phuang ngang thi ed nhdng trudng hpp nao, ddng co eao hoac thap ban so vdi khdp ndi cd nhdng trudng hpp nao - SV c i c nhdm phan tich ket q u i , trinh bay c i c h dieu ehinh dpng CO cac trpdng hgp ddpc cho e i ldp BUdc 3; Td ehdc cho SV van dung kien thdc: dua quy trinh c i n chinh khdp ndi Ke't luan Trong q u i trinh day hpc sddung phuang phap kien tao b i n than SV khdng p h i i l i mpt qua bdng de GV bom day kien thdc vao dd ma la chu the boat ddng tren eosd van dung nhung kien thdc h o i c kinh nghiem da ed tU Ngay nhan bai: 14/3/2016 Tdi lieu tham khdo l.TS.Tran Himg Luang, Dao tgo boi ditdng ndng iuc suphgm ky thugt cho dgi ngu gido vien dgy nghe, Nxb G i i o due 2.Bd Lao ddng Thuang binh v i X a hdi, Tdng Cue day nghe, Nhu edu phdt trien nguon nhdn iite Viet Nam, Nxb Dan tri 3.Bd ke hoach dau t u , b i o e i o t d n g hgp: Quy hogch phat trien nhdn idc Viet Nam 201-1 - 2020 4.Ngan hang the gidi, Bdo cdo phdt triin 2015- Bdo cdo tong qudt VietNam S.Tdng Cue day n g h e - V i e n Nghien cdu Khoa hpc day nghe, Bdo cdo dgy nghe viet nam 2013- 2014 S.Tap chi Khoa hpc day nghe (sd 28, 29)-Tdng cue day nghe Ngay phan bien: 20/5/2016 Ngay dang: Thang nam 2016 So 32 thang 5/2016 K H O A HOC D A Y NGHE [13] ... cac thao t i c t u duy, lam kien thdc bgc Id cac thupc tinh, ban chat, c i c mat manh yeu, t i m mdi lien he gida c i c ye''u td kien thde, tinh he thdng cua chung va kha n i n g vd tan cua kien... de thuc tien d i t Theo Piaget dong hda la q u i trinh SV van dung kien thde eu de g i i i quyet tinh hudng mdi va sap xep kien thdc mdi t h u nhan dupe vao cau true kien thdc hien cd Mudn the... trd eiia eic c i nhan nen SV bj dat tlnh trang cd lap va kien thdc m i ho xay dung dugc se thie''u tinh xa hpi Kien tao xa hoi (Social constructivism) nhan manh den vai trd ciia eae ye''u td van hda,