DliNBAN /// HOC TAP THEO PHlTONG PHAP TlJDINH HUOiNG VA QUAN DIEM VAN DUNG TAI TRUCJNG DAI HOC Ndl VU HA N O I Nguyen Thi Quynh Trang * Tdm tat PhUdng phdp hgc tap tu dinh hUdng cho phep ngUdi hgc phd[.]
DliNBAN /// HOC TAP THEO PHlTONG PHAP TlJDINH HUOiNG VA QUAN DIEM VAN DUNG TAI TRUCJNG DAI HOC Ndl VU H A N O I Nguyen Thi Quynh Trang * Tdm tat: PhUdng phdp hgc tap tu dinh hUdng cho phep ngUdi hgc phdt huy tdi da ndng lUc hgc tap c^a minh mdt mdi trUdng hgc tap vd nghiin cUu khoa hoc sdi ddng Bdi viit ldm rd nhiing vdn de ly ludn vephUdngphdp hgc tap tu dinh hUdng vd nhUng thdch thUc van dungphUdng phdp hgc tap tu dinh hUdng trUdng dqi hoc, tU dd dUa quan diem van dungphUdng phdp hgc tap ndy tqi TrUdng Dqi hgc Ndi vu Hd Ndi Tii khda: phUdngphdp hgc tap tU dinh hUdng; TrUdng Dqi hgc Ndi vu Hd Ndi Ngdy nhdn bdi: 10/12/2017 Ngdy sUabdi: 04/01/2018 Ngdy duyit ddng 15/01/2018 Abstract: Self- directed learning allows learners to maximize their learning abilities in studying and researching The article clarifies theoretical issues about self-directed learning the challenges applying self-directed learning in the universities and giving the attitudes in applying this method at Ha Noi university of Home Affairs Keywords: self-directed learning method Ha Noi university of Home Affairs Nhfli^ van de chung ve phuong pliap hpc tdp tu dinh hfldng Tfl dinh hfldng la tfl xac dinh muc tilu, Ifla chpn ndi dung, k l hoach, phfldng phap thflc biln phu hpp d l theo dd md hanh ddng PhflOng phap hpe tap tfl dinh hfldng (HTTDH) la qua trinh hpe tdp ngfldi hpc quylt dinh tfl nhu cdu, sd thich va dieu kiln hpc tap efla chinh mmh Trong dd, ngfldi hpe chu dpng xac dinh myc tilu hpc tap, tfl Iflc xay dflng k l hoach hpc tap, tfl thflc hiln ke hoach hgc tap va danh gia kit qud hpc tap Day hpc theo qua trinh HTTDH cho phep ngfldi hpc dfldc hpc theo phfldng hfldng chien Iflpc, k l bo^ich hpc tap chinh hp xdy dflng dfla tien nhu cdu, ndng lflc va dieu kiln rieng cfla ban thdn minh Qua trinh HTTDH giflp thuc day tinh chfl dpng, tich cflc hpc tap efla ngddi hpe HTTDH rat thich hdp van dung dao tao dai hpc nham dap flng myc tilu ea the hda qua trinh day hpc vd tao dilu kiln cho ngfldi hpc dflpc ren luyen nhflng ky nang hflu ich d l tfl hpc vd hpc tap sudt ddi Khi boat ddng HTTDH dien pham vi nhd trfldng, theo chfldng trinh ddo tao cu thi, thi ngfldi hpc phdi tfl xdy dflng phflOng hfldng hpc tap cfla ca nhdn bao gdm; myc tilu hpc t | p (hay myc tilu phan dau ciia * ThS, TrUdng Bai hgc Ngi vu Hd Noi - Phdn hieu Qudng Nam 82 I Tap chi Khoa hpc Npi vu VX DliNDAN i ca nhan), cde chfl d l cy the cfla npi dung hpc tap, eac ndi dung tfl chpn, chien thudt hpc tap, ke hoach hpc tdp dfla trln nhu cau, trinh dd, dilu kiln va phong each hpc tdp cfla chinh hp Trong dd myc tilu hoc tdp id ylu td cdt Idi, la tieu chi d l ngfldi hpe Ifla chpn ndi dung hpc tap vd xdy dflng k l hoach hpc tap Ngudn gde efla HTTDH dflpc khdi ngudn tfl quan diem cua triet gia Hoa Ky John Dewey Theo dng, ngfldi dflpc sinh vdi mdt tilm nang khdng gidi ban ebo sfl tang trfldng va phdt triln Theo dng, gido due la phflong each dl tao dilu kiln cho sfl tang trfldng vd canh bao rang cac giang viln phdi Id ngfldi hfldng dan nhflng khdng can thilp vao cung khdng kiem sodt qud trinh hpc tdp [6, tr.l26] Xu hfldng HTTDH xuat hiln d Hoa Ky vao gifla nam 1970 Lflc ndy cung da cd nhieu cdng trinh nghiln cflu chi rang, HTTDH la chia khda td chflc hogit ddng day hpc trfldng dai hpc Theo quan dilm cua Knowles, ly ty hpe la mpt qua trinh tfl nhien, dd HTTDH gifl vai trd cdt loi [7, tr.28] Kl tfl thdi dilm dd, HTTDH da trd mdt tinh nang ndi bat cfla ly thuylt gido dye d^i hpe Mdt sd nha giao dye cho rang, giao due dai hpc ddng nghia vdi vi|c hpe tfl djnh hfldng Theo quan diem cua Candy PhiUip, mdt qua tiinh HTTDH gdm bdn npi dung: (1) Quyln tfl chu cd nhdn; (2) Ngfldi hpc tfl quan ly viec hpe tdp cua chinh minh, (3) Ngfldi hgc kiem soat vile hpe cfla chinh minh, (4) Hpc tap Id mdt qua trinh tfl hpc [3,tr.71] Trai vdi quan dilm cua PbiUip, nha gido due hpc Stephen Brookfield da phi binh cdnh bao vl sfl nguy hilm cfla HTTDH Tuy nhiln, tac gid Id mpt nhflng ngfldi flng hd hang hai nhat, cho rang HTTDH nham de eao danh dd efla ngfldi hpe, mang tinh nhdn ban va ed vai trd quan trpng gido due dai hpc Theo qua dilm cua (Brookfield, 1993), vdi each ndy, ebo phep sinh viln dat dflpc quyln tfl ehfl bgctdpU, tr.l7] Vdi phfldng phap HTTDH, ngfldi day chi cd tham quyen tg.p trung vao cde chu dl va nhilm vu ma ngfldi hgc da xdc dinh Dieu ed y nghia ddi vdi vi?c hpe cua ngfldi hpe va ngfldi day phai chap nhdn rang sflc m^nh eho sfl tang trfldng va phdt trien hpc tap nam tay cfla ngfldi hpc Trong HTTDH, giang viln ed vai trd giflp ngfldi hpc tfl xdc djnh muc tilu hpc tap, phfldng phdp hpc tap cung nhfl cdch thflc td chflc hpc tdp phfl hpp dfla trln nang Iflc gidi h?n eua hp Nhfl vay, qua trinh HTTDH, cae nha giao due pbai xac djnh dflpc cdc vdn dl sau: (1) Hpe tdp la mdt qud trinh dien tich cdc liln quan din vile gidi quyet nhu cau cfla ngfldi hpc va mdi quan tdm; (2) Mdi quan he gifla ngddi day va ngfldi hpc dflpc ddc trflng bdi cde mdi quan be ung hd va hpp tdc; (3) Muc tilu cua hpe tdp nham phdt triln ndng lflc cfla ngfldi hoc, dd chi cd ngfldi hpc mdi quylt dinh din vile quan ly cdng vile hgc tip cfla bp Nhfl vay, quan diem HTTDH Id quan dilm hfldng den gid tri mang tinh khac bilt d l giao dye dai hpc cam kit cung cap hfldng din cd hi?u qua mdi trfldng dai hpc Cy the hon, ehfl trpng HTTDH tflc Id ehfl trpng quyln tfl ehfl ca nhan ngfldi hpc, trach nhilm cd nhan ngfldi hpc, va phdt trien ca nhan ngfldi hpe Id hiln thdn cfla mdt sd nguyin tac cd ban nhdt cua giao dye dai hpe Cac trfldng dai hpc tfl ehd dp ddt vile hpc tap cua sinh 83 I Tap chf Khoa hpc N6i vu DliNDAN JSy viln ebuyen sang ho trp dinh hfldng vile hpe eua sinh viln Sfl thay ddi ndy thi hiln rd nhat d vile sinh viln nIn chju trach nhilm vl vile hpc cfla minh Hpc tdp tfl dinh hfldng cho phep ngfldi hgc phat huy tdi da khd nang hgc tap efla minh mdt mdi trfldng hpc tap va nghiln cflu khoa hgc sdi dpng Theo quan dilm efla Halpern (1994), HTTDH rat phfl hpp vdi gido dye dgi hpc vi kinh nghilm hay trdi nghilm eua ngfldi hpc trfldng dai hpc Id mdt giai doan quan trpng sfl phdt triln cua ngfldi trfldng thdnh Theo quan dilm cfla Bond (1988), md hinh hpc HTTDH da lam thay ddi chflc nang cfla trfldng dai hpc, tflc Id trfldng dai hpc chi chia si mdt Ipi ich chung myc tieu phdt triln cfla sinh viln va tfl chu hgc tap Tflpng tfl nhfl vay, Knapper vd Cropley cho rang, hgc tap dinh hfldng phu hpp vdi nguyen tac hpc tap cfla ngfldi trfldng va hgc tap sudt ddi nen dflpc dp dyng pham vi cac cd sd giao dye dai hpc, vi sinh viln se tiep tyc sfl dyng eac ky nang hpc t | p sudt ddi Uln tuc sau tdt nghilp [2, tr.7] Trong HTTDH, sinh viln se cd cd hdi bay td mong mudn hpp tde nhilu bpn viec Idp k l hoach, td chflc, chia se tdi nguyin hpc tap, y tfldng hgc tap va ddnh gid cua cac khda hpe, nhfl dflpc ung hd cac tai Ulu gido due dai hpc Tfl md hinh hpc tap ndy dflpc dp dyng cho den nay, nd da trd md hhih hpe tdp hilu qua, dflpc eac trfldng dsii hpc khuyen khich sinh viln phai chiu trach nhilm eho vile hpe tap cua hp, vd ciing phdn dnh gia tri gido due tfl efla triet ly hoc tap sudt ddi Theo cac nhd giao due, HTTDH la mgt gidi phap hpp ly cho cac vdn dl trfldc mat ma 84 I Tap chi Khoa hpc Npi vu cae trfldng dai hpc phdi ddi mat cung nhU hfldng giao due dai hoc vao tinb thfle tinham cung cdp nhflng kinh nghiem gido dye chat Iflpng eao cho ngfldi hpc Md hinh ed sflc hdp ddn ddc bilt ddi vdi cac nhd giao due ngfldi mong dpi sinh viln cua minh phdi tidi cflc tham gia vao tat cd cac khia cgjib cfla qua trinh gidng d^y va hpc tap HTTDH Id binh thfle "Tfl tue hpc t|p cua ngfldi hpc" Id mdt thudc tinh cd nhan va la kit qua dfldc tinh Ifly mang tinh tinh tien qua trinh day va hpc: ngfldi hpe tfl tiic qua trinh hpe tap efla minh trln cd sd cdng chfl ddng hdn, it phy thudc vdo sfl ho trp efla ngfldi day bdn Tinb tinh tiln the hiln d vile ngfldi hpe cang cdn ft sfl iing hp hoac hd trp cua ngfldi day Qua trinh hpe t^p c£ia ngfldi hpc cang lau dai, cang tich luy dflOc nhieu kinh nghiem se dan din hogit ddng hpc cfla hp cdng cd bilu qua sfl cd lap, va tfl dd thich nghi dl ddng vdi nhu cau cua ban thdn cflng nhfl nhflng yen cau khat khe cfla vile hpc tap sudt ddi Nhflng thach thflc dp dung phfldng phap HTTDH trfldng dai hpc Ap dyng phfldng phap HTTDH se gap phai nhflng khd khan bflde dau thay ddi thoi quen eua ngfldi day Giang viln cd xu hfldng theo thdi quen cfl dan den vi|c hp khd hoa nh|p, nguy hilm hon nfla Id hp ed the trd ngfldi "mfl quang" dan den ehdng ddi trfldc sit anh hfldng cfla phfldng phdp HTTDH Giang vien thilu nhflng ky nang gidng day hp can d l thflc hien nhflng nghilm mdi ma HTTDH dat mdt each hieu qua Mdt nghiln cflu cua Knapper vd Cropley eho thay, nhilu ngfldi sd cdc giang viln budc dp dung phfldng phap HTTDH, hp thfldng tranh xa VX DliNDAN I nhflng thao lu^n ve ky thuat giang day mdi, hp tin rang ehi vdi nhflng each Idm theo truyin thdng thi hp mdi du kha ndng di truyen dat kiln thfle tdi da cho sinh viln Vdi quan diem nay, giang viln se chdi bd sfl edn thiet phai dfla mdt chien Iflpc rd rang dl bien myc tieu giao due cua minh trd bien thfle, di tfl dd tfl hp hinh ky nang giang day ma hp can cd ti-oi^ HTTDH [7,tr.57] Trong HTTDH, phfldng phap giang day cLia giang vien phfl hpp vdi dac dilm efla sinh viln Ndi nhfl vdy ed nghia Id giang viln phdi dfla vdo dac dilm sinh vien - mflc dp trfldng thdnh, ky vpng, nen tang, mflc dp quan tam tiong hpc tap eua sinh viln de cd phfldng phap gidng day phfl hpp Day la cd sd d l gidng vien xem xet xay dflng mdt chiln Iflpe giang day thich hpp Theo quan diem cfla Cranton (1992), phfldng phap giang day phdi dflpc kit hpp vdi kieh ban tfl hpc cua ngfldi Ong vilt: "PhflPng phdp day hpc phai dap flng nhu cau thflc te va trflc tilp cfla sinh viln PhflPng phap giang day giflp ngfldi hpc cd nhflng phan flng rich cflc vd linh hogit vdi nhflng tinh hudng thfle tl"[4, tr.42] Vdi nhiing suy nghi cflng nhfl thdi quen truyen thdng, gidng viln khdng thflc sfl tin vdo HTTDH Dilu dan din thieu sfl cam kit trd nIn rd rang cae boat ddng gidng dg.y cua hp Gidng viln se cam thay khd chiu chuyin viec chuyin quyen quyet dinh vile hpc tap cua sinh vien tfl tay minh sang ngfldi hgc HTTDH ddi hdi ngfldi d^y phai thich nghi vdi nhflng tinh hudng cy thi ngfldi hpc dat Tdi Ulu giao dye d&i hpc cung phdi thilt k l I ^ de trd thdnh phflong tiln day dfl vl kiln thfle, hap ddn ve cdc tinh hudng thflc te d l ngfldi hpc dflpc trai nghi?m bieu qua Tai lieu hpc t4p phdi giup ngfldi hpc thich nghi vdi tinh hudng ey t h i dan din vile pha v5 cac tdi lieu hpc tap dflpc thilt k l theo Idi truyen thdng Dilu dan din vile cdc trfldng dai hpe khd chap nhdn HTTDH ddi hdi cdc trfldng dai hpc phai thay ddi thilt k l tdi Ii|u hpe tap de dap ling ylu cau cd ngfldi hpc vd ngfldi day Ddy Id viec lam rdt tdn kem Hien nay, bin canh nhflng giang viln cd y thflc hpe tdp ndng eao trinh dp, vdn cdn mdt bd p h ^ gidng vien tfl bang Idng vdi kha nang hiln cd, cho rang nhflng kiln thflc va phflcmg phdp day hpc ma hp dflpc tiep nb^in trfldng dai hpe cflng vdi thdm niln kinh nghilm se giup hp hodn tdt tbiln chflc ngfldi thdy qud trinh dg.y hpe cua minh Trong bdi cdnh ddi mdi giao dye biln nay, dd cd quan nilm mdi ve ddi mdi phflong phap day hpc, viec thfldng xuyIn ndng eao trinh dp, clip nhat nhflng kiln thfle va phfldng phap mdi bang eon dfldng tfl hpc ed y nghia sdng cdn vdi vile boan thiln vd phdt triln nghe nghilp cua giang viln Ap dyng HTTDH la mdt qua trinh ebuyen tfl qud trinh gido due dp d^t, truyin dat tfl bin ngoai sang vile dl cao qud trinh hoat ddng cfla ban thdn ngfldi hpc Ngfldi day tfl chd Id ngfldi truyin dat kiln thflc trd thdnh ngfldi hfldng dan, td chflc, trpng tdi, cd vdn eho ngfldi hpc tiln hdnh cac ho^t dpng hoc de dat dfldc myc tilu gido dye da xdc djnh Nhfl vdy, tfl chd la chuyin gia ve vile d^y, giang viln trd thdnh ehuyin gia vl vile hpe, thdy hpc Cu t h i hPn, qua trinh day hpc la qua trinh ngfldi day giflp sinh viln cfla minh tfl tim hieu each hpc nhfl till ndo, tflc la giflp sinh viln y thflc vl nang Iflc cua chinh minh, tfl ve tfl efla minh Giang viln tiln hdnh cac boat ddng 85 I Tap ehf Khoa hoc Npi vu DliNDAN /// giflp sinh viln tfl danh gid dflpc cdc qua trinh, edeh thflc vd sdch Iflpc hpc tap cfla hp, giup hp tfl xdc dinh dflpc cdi dac trflng, cai bat biln efla de hp cd the flng dyng vdo cdc tinh hudng hpc tip mdi Thfle chat cfla qua trinh hpc Id qud trinh hpc cdch hpc, dd nhan manh din hpc each tfl hpc; vd vdn dl dat la giang viln khdng thi khdng trdi qua qud trmh tfl hpc dd cfla sinh viln ma hp cdn phdi cd mdt sfl trdi nghilm thuan thuc qua trinh dd, phai biet mfldi day mdt, cd nhfl vay thi ap dung HTTDH mdi dat dflpc hieu qua cao Viec ngfldi hgc quen vdi phfldng phap hgc tap truyen thdng, cd tfl tfldng ngai hpc, Ifldi hgc, Ifldi tfl duy, sang X%a anh hfldng rat Idn din dp dyng HTTDH Cd rat nhieu nguyen nhan khach quan khiln sinh viln Ifldi hgc nhfl chflong trinh gido dye d^ii hpe cdng kinh, ndng vl 1^ thuylt; eac gid hgc trln Idp qua dai vd nhdm chdn, thdi gian tfl hpc, tfl nghiln cflu cfla sinh viln rdt it; khdu kilm tra, qudn ly d bde dai hpc vd cflng ldng llo Ngodi ra, cac If khdc cung dflpc dfla d l bien minh eho sfl Ifldi bilng cua sinh viln, dd la ed nhieu boat dpng ngoai khda ben le, ban rdn vdi cdng vi|c lam tbim, thdi gian qua ban hep Mac dfl cd nhilu khd khan dp dyng, nhflng HTTDH eho phep sinh viln tfl cflu cbinb minh, trfldng dai hgc va giang viln phai tfl ddi mdi chinh minh d l thfch flng Ndi ve vai trd nay, Noddings (1984) cho rang, HTTDH cho phep ca ngfldi day va ngfldi hgc tdi da hda ca hdi vd dieu kiln de thay ddi chinh hg Trong dd, ngfldi hpc phai cd kha nang de xay dflng eho minh mdt ly tfldng dao dflc hoc dai hpc nhfl mdt tieu chuan dfla vao dd hp cd the danh gia chinh minh Quan dilm v^n dung hinh thflc 86 I Tap ehf Khoa hpc Npi vu HTTDH tai TrUdng Dai hpc Ndi vu Ha Ndi Cung nhfl cac trfldng dai hpc khdc cd nfldc, ddi mdi phflPng phap day hpe Id ylu eau tat ylu khdch quan d l ndng cao chat Iflpng d^y, hgc hiln Tuy nhien, cd nhflng giang viln nhdn thflc sai lam vl ddi mdi phfldng phdp gidng day, hgc t|p Sinh viln chdm chap, thy ddng, Ifldi hpe, y lai Id mdt thflc tl Tac gia thiet nghi, van dung hinh thflc HTTDH d Trfldng dai hpc Npi vy Ha Ndi la mpt nhflng giai phap de khac phyc dieu ndy Theo tdc gid, d l van dyng hilu qua hinh thflc can thdng nhdt cdc quan dilm sau ddy: ThU nhdt, can xac dinh day dai hpc la giflp dd sinh vien tilp xflc tri thfle khoa hgc, xac dinh va phdn loai tri thflc khoa hgc phu hpp vdi yeu can eua ngfldi hpc, giup hp hilu dflpc day dfl ndi dung tri thfle qua ho§it dOng cua ngfldi hpc d l biln kiln thflc khdch quan thdnh sd hflu efla minh Khdng nhflng thi, ngfldi day cdn giflp ngfldi hpc van dung tri thflc khoa hpc da nam vflng flng dung vdo thflc te mdt each ed hi|u qua Cdt Idi cfla HTTDH la giang viln cbuyin tfl vi quylt dinh sang bd trp vile hpc cfla sinh viln NgUpc lai, sinh vien chuyen tfl vai trd thy ddng tilp nhan kiln thflc sang chfl ddng quyet dinh vile hpc efla chinh minh D l thich flng vdi phfldng phap HTTDH, ngfldi d?y phdi ren ky nang Idp k l hoach hpc tdp d l hd trp sinh viln Ngfldi day phai cd ky nang tfl Idp kl hogich hpc tap dfldi sfl ho trp efla gidng vien Th^ hai gidng viln hd trp ngfldi hpc Idp k l hoach hpe tap, hg phdi xac dinh dflpc cdc van dl; Sinh vien cd nhflng ngudn Iflc gi thdi diem hien tai (ngudn lflc bao gdm nang lflc tri tue, ky ndng hpe tap, kha nang tdi ehinh, quy thdi gian, hodn cdnh gia dinh ) Can cfl VX DliNDAN i vao ngudn Ide do, giang viln hd trd sinh vien xac dinh muc tilu hpc tdp phfl hpp Dfla tren ngudn Iflc va myc tieu hpc tdp cfla sinh viln da dflpc xdc dinh, ngfldi day hd trp ngfldi hpe Ifla chpn phfldng phdp hpc tap vd Ifla chpn cde hinb thfle td chflc hpc tap phfl hpp ThU ba, can phai gido due tinh than tfl hgc eho ngfldi hpc Chia khda de van dyng thdnh cdng HTTDH chinh Id tfl hpc, tfl nghiln cflu cua ngfldi hpc Ddy la each thflc ma ngfldi hpc biln kiln thfle khoa hpc sd hflu cua minh mdt each tdt nhat De van dyng thdnh cdng phflcmg phap HTTDH, ca ngfldi day, ngfldi hpc vd nbd qudn ly giao dye phai cd tdm t h i tfl hpc, ddy la yen td dau tiln, vd ciing quan trpng Tam t h i tfl hpe Id ylu td hodn toan chu quan xudt phat tfl ddng eo, y chi, hflng thfl k l hoach ey the cfla ngfldi tU hpc, nhflng khd khan phai vflpt qua Do dd tam t h i khdng thi thilu HTTDH, gdp phan hinh ky nang hpc tap sudt ddi Theo quan dilm cua trilt gia Hoa Ky John Dewey, d l hfldng dan boat ddng tfl hpc hieu qua, ngfldi d^y pbai la mdt chuyin gia v l tfl hpc, tfl nghiln cflu Theo dng, ngfldi day phdi gidi quyet dflpc cac van de tiep can ca nhan, ddng ca hda, tinh f thflc hpe tap, mac dfl khdng pbai luc ndo cung dat den sfl tinh t l can thilt [6, tr 87] Gidng viln giup sinh vien nhan thay dflpc y nghia eua vile tfl hpc cung nhfl giflp ngfldi hpc hinh nhflng td chdt dap flng ylu cdu ve tfl hpe nhfl: ngfldi hpc phai tfl d^t dfldc mdt each ed y thflc muc dich hgc, phai cd nang lflc tfl dpc lap, biet each tfl td ehfle, tfl kiem soat ban than Bin canh dd, giang viln cdn phai giup smh viln nhdn thflc dflpc tfl hpe la mdt nhflng ky nang edt loi de thdnh cdng hpc tap mdi trfldng dai hpc Tfl hpe hieu qua phai dfla tren mdt ke ho^ch hpc t | p khoa hpc, xac dinh dflpc khoi kiln thfle edn phai trau ddi, phdn bd thdi gian cho tflng loai kiln thflc ey the d l khdng lang phi thdi gian eung nhfl cae ngudn Iflc hpe tdp khac ThU tu, can van dyng tdi da cdng ngbl thdng tin HTTDH Cdt loi cua cdng nghe tiidng tin HTTDH Id diln toan ddm may Mdt flng dyng cdng nghe dien toan dam mdy vao HTTDH, sinh viln se dfldc tilp can vdi cae tbdng tin hp can mpt each nhanh nhat, ddy du nhat di phyc vy eho cdng viec cfla hp Chi can cd mang internet, diln toan dam mdy si giflp ngfldi day va ngfldi hpc ldm vile mpi ndi, mpi lflc Giang viln, sinh viln va nhd quan ly giao dye cd the truy edp dfl Ulu d bat ky dau Bang each sfl dyng diln toan dam may, Trfldng Dai hoc Ndi vy Ha Npi cd tbI md rdng quy md hgc t^p cho sinh viln cung nhfl dap flng ky vpng efla gidng viln, sinh viln vd nhd qudn ly flng dung md hinb hpc tap ndy TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Barnet,R.(1994) The Limits of Competence: knowledge, higher education, and society (Buckingham, Open University Press and The Society for Research into Higher Education) Brookfield, S (1990) The Skillful Teacher (San Francisco, CA, Jossey-Bass) Candy, RC (1991) Self-direction for Lifelong Learning (San Francisco, CA, Jossey-Bass) Cranton, RA (1992) Working with Adult Ieflr«er5 (Toronto, Wall & Emerson) Christopher Knapper, A J Cropley (1991), Lifelong Learning and Higher Education, Nichols Publishing Company p.182-185 87 I Tap chf Khoa hpc Npi vu ... trinh dien tich cdc liln quan din vile gidi quyet nhu cau cfla ngfldi hpc va mdi quan tdm; (2) Mdi quan he gifla ngddi day va ngfldi hpc dflpc ddc trflng bdi cde mdi quan be ung hd va hpp tdc;... ddng nghia vdi vi|c hpe tfl djnh hfldng Theo quan diem cua Candy PhiUip, mdt qua tiinh HTTDH gdm bdn npi dung: (1) Quyln tfl chu cd nhdn; (2) Ngfldi hpc tfl quan ly viec hpe tdp cua chinh minh,... HTTDH dflpc khdi ngudn tfl quan diem cua triet gia Hoa Ky John Dewey Theo dng, ngfldi dflpc sinh vdi mdt tilm nang khdng gidi ban ebo sfl tang trfldng va phdt triln Theo dng, gido due la phflong