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Le Thi Qui Due Gido due truyin thong dMiin Dien GIAO DUG TRUYEN THONG O MIEN DIEN TRirOC THE KY XIX Le Thi Qui Bite* rrudc khi tra thdnh mpt tinh cita An Dp thupc Anh (1886), a Mien Dien da tdn tgi mp[.]
Le Thi Qui Due Gido due truyin thong dMiin Dien GIAO DUG TRUYEN THONG O MIEN DIEN TRirOC THE KY XIX Le Thi Qui Bite* r rudc tra thdnh mpt tinh cita An Dp thupc Anh (1886), a Mien Dien da tdn tgi mpt nen gido due truyen thong lau ddi Vdi he thong, ehuang trinh vd phuang phdp gido due, nen gido due truyen thong dy mang nhitng ddc trung cua mot quoc gia lay Phdt gido Idm quoc gido Vdi sit ton tgi Idu ddi ve thoi gian, rpng khap ve khong gian, nen gido due dd phdn dnh chdn thuc cuoc song cua nguai ddn Mien Dien, tao nen nhirng dnh huang, tdc dpng quan trpng den cu ddn, ten gido ciing nhu xd hpi cua ddt nuac ndy qua nhieu the ky Tir do, no gop phdn ddng ke viec dua Miin Dien tra thdnh mpt quoc gia phong kien hiing mgnh a khu vuc Dong Nam A truac the ky XIX, Bice tranh se duoc nhdn dien thdng qua bdi viet Tir khda: Mien Dien, giao due truyen thdng d Midn Dien He thdng, chuong trinh, npi dung vii phu'ong phap giao due truyen thing d Miln Dien Trude ngudi Anh thuc hien ehinh saeh giao due d Midn Dien (nam 1854), giao due ciia dat nude dugc thyc hien dudi hai hinh thiic: gido due nhd chiia vd gido due tgi nhd Trong dd, nam gidi duge giao due cae nha ehiia, cdn nil gidi - chi dupe phep den cac den midu nliiing djp dac biet - dupe giao due tai Ur gia' Trong hai loai hinh tren, giao due nha chiia ddng vai trd chu dao nen hgc van traydn thong ciia Midn Dien * He thong gido due: he thong giao due nha chiia d Mien Dien tap trung cac kyaung - trudng hpc tang vien Hpe sinh cac kyaung dugc gpi la kyaung-tha Nha ehiia d Mien Dien nhidu the ky khdng chi la noi sinh boat van hda tam Imh cua ngudi dan ma cdn la truong hpe chinh, giao due em ngudi Mien va cac tpc ngudi theo Phat giao kliae tai Miin Dien^ Ndi each kliac, kyaung dam nhan hai vai trd, vira la tnrdng hpc vira la cac ngdi chiial Vi vay, nd thu hiit sy tham gia hgc tap cua ca nhiing cau be klidng hoac chua cd y dinh tr^d thanli nha su Tuy nhien, ben Fumivall J S (1931), An Introduction of the *ThS., Dai hoc Su pham, Dai hoc Hu^ Political Economy of Burma, Burma Book Club, ' Harvey G E (1945), Britisl, Rule in Burma 1824- Rangoon, Preface, tr.249 1942, Faber and Faber, London, tr.46 'TheoHaivey G E, Tldd 54 Nghien cicu An Dp vd Chdu A Sd 03 - 2014 canh tinh thdng, mue dich chung cua giao due nha ehiia vin cd dinh hudng cho ngudi hgc sau trd nha su Do do, npi dung giao due cac kyaung se gdp phin true tiep vao muc riau xay dyng nhiing ky nang toan dien de ngudi hpc trd mot nha su thuc thu tuong lai"^ Mien Dien, moi lang ban hay thi deu ed trudng hpe nha ehiia (kyaung), dpc lap vdi sy kiem soat ciia chi'nh quyen tmng uong^ Vi vay, chuong trinh giao due ciing nhu chit lugng cua ngi dung kien thiic dugc truyan day d day la khong hoan toan ddng nhit mgt so hpc sinh chi den Idp vao ban ngay, cung cd nhieu ngudi d ban chiia Sau mpt hoac hai nam, nhung hpc sinh d han chua se dugc lam le thu phong tam thdi - trd ngudi moi tu (Samanera) Sau 20 mdi, neu quyet dinh tiep tyc d lai eliiia, Samanera se dupe lam le thu phong chinh thuc da trd thinh nhd su that su (Upasampada) * Chuong innh gido due: Sau hoan chuong trinh tiau hgc d cac kyaung vdi nhung budc chuin bi ban diu cho euge sdng tu hanh, ngudi hgc se chuyan len giai doan tmng hpc (ko-yin) Bae hgc vin Theo truyan thdng, dp tudi di hgc cua dugc tien hanh d cac kyaung, song chuong fre em Mian Dien la tir tudi va ket thiic tii trinh giang day dugc ning cao hon Mac du 16 dan 20 tudi - ngudi hpc hoan chuong trinh chu yeu vin lian quan den tdn chuong trinh giao due co bin Sau do, hp giao, nhung ngudi hpc se phai nghian cim CO the lua chpn mpt hai dudng: mpt each nghiem tuc cac van bin Phat mpt Id, trd ve cudc sdng binh thudng cua giao, ciu kinh, nghien ciiu tiang Pali (da ngudi din; hai la, riap tuc cuoc sdng \x\ hgc dpc va viet kinh) ciing nhu thuc hanh an tai chua vdi tu each la mot nha su thyc su^ kieng sau moi buoi chiau** Day la giai doan Trong qua trinh hpc dd, ngudi hpc se tam ma ngudi hpc phai tir bd tit ci nhiing ham dimg den trudng de tham gia vao cdng viec muon trin tiic, mgt budc chuin bj quan ddng ang nhu thu hoach lua vao miia trpng va day khd Idian cho cudc sdng tu vu^ Dieu mpt phin tha hien quan diem hanh sau nay'\ Theo quan niem ciia ngudi gin lien giiia hoat dpng hgc tip vdi lao Mian, mpi tre em nam Mian Dien deu la dgng san xuit cua nan giao due truyen mpt Diic Phat tiam in Trai qua nhiau kiep thdng - phil hpp vdi mot dat nude liy ndng tai sinh, luin hdi, neu luon cd gang phin nghiep lam nan ting nhu Mian Dien Ngoai diu theo dudng cua Diic Phat, diia tre se trd Phat Ca hai bic tieu hgc vi * Khammai Dhammasami (2004), Between Idealism tnmg hgc deu dugc tian hanh ddng thdi d and Pragmatism - A study of Monastic Education in thi va ndng thon Mien Dien Tuy Burma and Thailand jrom the Seventeeiilh centuty lo nhien, sau giai doan ko-yin, neu mudn tiep the present, St Anne's College, tr.59-60, 'Harvey G E (1945), Tldd '' Lily T K D, "Colonial education in Burina and Malaya: The move away from Indian education policy", Malaysian Journal of Hutoiy, Politics and Strategic Studies, tr 106 ' Harvey G E (1945), Tldd " Candy J (1958), A Histoiy of Modern Cornell University, New York, tr 59-61 'Candy J (1958), Sdd, tr.59 Burma, 55 Le Thi Qui Biic Gido due truyen thdng a Mien Dien tuc dudng hgc hanh, ngudi hgc se phai dan cac Uudng chiia d thi de tham gia vao bac hpc cao hon Bdi nhiing nha su giao vien du kha nang day bic hpc thudng tap d diy theo yau ciu ciia vua Mien Dien C) do, ngudi hgc se nghien ciiu cac van ban ve nhiing tu tu'dng cua Phat giao hoan toin bing tiang Pali Vdi nhung ky nang va kien thuc ve tdn giao dugc trang bj kha hoan chinh d bic hgc nay, ngudi hpc neu quyet dinh tiap tuc su nghiep giao due ciia minh d trudng chua thi dan tudi 20, ngudi hpc se dugc lam le thu phong chinh thiic da trd mpt nha su Hoac vdi cac kian thiic hgc dugc cac trudng chiia - chu yeu thian ve tdn giao va xi hpi hon la yeu td kinh te, ngudi hpc se cd dupe nhung nen tang dao due can thiat da trd ve cudc sdng ciia nhiing ngu'di din binh thudng vdi tu each la mgt vien cua cpng ddng Cung xuit phat tu' mdi lian he mat thiat gitia hoang gia vdi Phat giao ndi chung vi cac trudng chiia d Mien Dien noi riang, hau het nhiing ngudi nam cac vi tri quan trpng bg may hanh chinh ciia Mien Dien luc bay gid deu xuat thin la nha su Ben canh do, chuong trinh giao due truyan thdng d Mien Dien cdn bao gom giao due nghe nghiep, giao due cho nii gidi (d muc nhat dinh) va giao due tha chat Mpt hpc ciia nhirng hpc sinh cac kyaung dien nhu sau: 4''00 - 4'^30: tluic day Trude 7''00: tham gia cac mdn tha thao de ren luyen sue khoe nliu boi lgi, cudi ngya T'^OO-8^00: tu hpc 9''00 - ll'^OO: thuc hien nhiem vy ciia ngudi tu hanh Trude li^QO: nghi ti-ua 12''00 - 16''00: hgc nhiing mdn hgc cac nha su giang day 18''00-20''30:dnbai 2l''00:nghingoi"'Nhin chung, mac dii cic mdn hgc tha tuc duoc dua vao chuong trinh hgc cic kyaung nhung so lupng ciing nhu pham vi giang day cua chiing rit han che Npi dung giang day cua cac trudng chua chu yeu vin la nhiing van ban lien quan dan Phat giao, nham muc dich phat trian dao diic va tinh than cho ngudi hpc, djnh hudng cho hp trd nhung nha su tuang lai * Noi dung gido due: giao due tmyln thdng o Mian Dien dong nghTa vdi viec nghien ciiu ve dao due, giao ly Phat giao, ve dac diem, su phat trien ciia dao diic va tinh than" Do dd, nen giao due Phat giao (nha chua), npi dung chu yeu la "nghiep" (kamma), ran day va nhiing gi xay sau hanh dpng cua ngudi Nghiep day hanh dpng nao la tot, la xau va viec chiu trach nhiem ddi vdi nhung hanh dgng Theo quan niem cua nhiing phat tiT Mien Dien, ting Idp cao xa hpi la nhung ngudi da tich liiy dupe nhieu nghiep tdt qua Idui, vi dia vi xa hpi vol nhung dac quyen hien tai ciia hp li su phan anh ket qua ciia nghiep tot Trai lai, nhung ngudi d nhiing tang Idp thap ban la '"LilyT K D, Sdd, trl07 " RahulaW (1956), History of Buddhism in Ceylon, M D Gunasena, Colombo, p 290 Nghien cicu An Dp vd Chdu A S6 03 - 2014 khdng tich liiy dugc nhiau nghiep tdt, hoac giy nhung nghiep xiu Vi vay, de ed dugc dia vi cao xa hgi, ngudi cin phii tang cudng nghiep tdt cua bin than, thdng qua Ngii gidi (Five Precepts), sy hao phdng, tdn trgng ddi vdi Sangha (tang doan - cong ddng nha su Mian Dien), giao vien va ngudi ldn tudi Die biet, d Mian Dien, nhiing ngudi dugc xem la tich luy nghiep tdt nhiau nhit, ban ca nhung tang Idp eao xa hgi the tuc la cac vien Sangha Hp la tim guong ve mpt cuoc song mau myc, kien thiic uyen bae va Tam tang kinh (Tripitaka), la nhiing giao vien Iy tudng mat cua ngudi din Mian Dien Cac mdn hpc lien quan den Phat giao thudng dugc giang day d bac tieu hgc cac kyaung d Mien Dien bao gom: - Nhiing bai tho md ta ve chien thing eua Diic Phat ddi vdi Mara "ma quy" Trong dd, da cap den chian thing ciia Diic Phat ca ben lan ban ngoai bin thin Ngai Cac khd tho ve nhiing chian thing dd li nhiing bai hgc ve dao Phat diu tien cua ngudi Mien Dien - Kinh Mangala-sutta (Kinh Diem lanh - Phudc diic - Hanh phiic): la mot bai tdm tat rd ring va diy dii ve nliiing luan ly eua dao Phat, cho ea nhan va xi hgi Ba muoi tam diau phudc diic kinli Mangalasutta la mgt hudng dan thiet yau cho dudng ddi Bit diu la "lanh xa ke xau ac" vdn la can ban cho cac tian bg luin ly va tam linh Hanh tri theo nhiing ldi day bai ke la dudng chic chin dua den ddi sdng hai hda va tian bd cua ci nhan eiing nhu ciia xa hpi, qudc gia, va nhin loai - Kinh Singalovada-sutta: la nhung ldi khuyan cua Diic Phat danh cho nhiing ngudi dan dng tre, dugc tha hien bing nhung doan tho bang tieng Mian Kinh Singalovada-sutta dupe chpn de giang day nham giiip hpc sinh y thiic va trich nhiem va nhiem vu eua ban thin doi vdi nhung quyat dinh da lya chgn - Lokaniti: 6e cap dan nhiing quy tac va nguyen tic dao diic ngudi tu hinh - Shin kyint wut: da cap dan nhiing quy tac, quy djnh ddi vdi mgt Samabera - ngudi mdi tu - Parritta: la mgt tip hgp gdm 11 bai dian thuyat dugc lua chgn kinh dien Pali Nghien c\m Parritta nham ngan chan ma quy va dem lai phudc lanh Ddng thdi, no trang bi cho ngudi hpe nang thyc hien cac nghi le hp dugc thy phong Be viec tim hieu, hpc tap, tiep thu nhiing npi dung cua cac vin ban Phat giao tren dugc dian thuin lgi, eac kyaung tha sau vao hpc d kyaung, diu tien, hp se dugc day dpc va viet chii Mien Dien Mpt dieu dang lmi y la cac trudng chiia md eho tit ci nam gidi Mian Dien, sd do, khdng phai cung tham gia vdi mong mudn cd dugc sy giii thoat, eiiu roi tim hdn cua ban than ma cd nhieu ngirdi vao hpc don giin chi la de tim kiem CO hgi dugc giao dye Vi vay, ngoai cac mdn hpe lian quan dan Phat giao, cac kyaung cdn phai xiy dung mot ehuang trinh giing day dd, bao gom mpt so mdn hpe the tuc co bin, nham dap iing nhu 57 Le Thi Qui Biic Gido due truyin thdng a Mien Dien ciu cua ca tdn giio va xi hdi Su thay doi khdng diln ddng bd cac kyaung tran khip Mian Dien Nd dugc bin than cac su UTJ tri dong thdi la hieu trudng cac trudng chiia thuc hien cho phu hgp vdi nhu ciu cua hpc sinh moi trudng O bac tiau hpc, mdn sd hpc dupe dua vao giing day vdi muc dich dao tao cho ngudi hgc cd kha nang tinh toan am lich de xac dinh ngiy thing tian hanh cae nghi la cung nhu ljch gieo mua vu ndng nghiep Vi vay, ngoai nhiing van ban lien quan dan Phat giao, cac mdn hpc co ban ciia kyaung dugc tha hien cdng thiic R's (read, write, arithmetic - dpc, viit, sd hpc) Din bic tmng hgc, ngudi hpc se cd ca hpi dugc tim hieu nhiing van bin quan trpng ciia Phat giao bao gdm: ngii phap Kaccayana, Abhidhamma tthassangaha va Patimokkha Trong dd, ngu phap Kaccayana cung cip kian thiic ve ngii phap Pali, Abhidhamma tthassangaha li su torn tit cua Vi dieu phap, va Patimokkha de cap dan Luat tang Trong tiang Mian, ba van bin dugc gpi ngan ggn la Thatda (ngir phip), Thingyo (tdm tit) vi Vinee (ky luat)'^ Chuong trinh giang day cung cip cho ngudi hpc nhiing diau kien can thiat cho viec hpc d bac cao hon Nhieu mdn hpc tha tuc dugc dua vao chuong trinh giing day d bac trung hgc, ngoai R's cdn ed eac mon thien vin hpc (astrology), y hpc (medicine), toin hpc (mathematics), phep thuat (magic) va phip luat (lawY^ '^ Khammai Dhammasami, Sdd, tr.45 '^ Bode (1995), "Buddhism and law The View from Mandalay" Journal of the International Association ofBuddhist Studies, Vol, 18, No l,tr.50-52 58 Nhung sd lupng kyaung cung cip nhiing mdn hpc la rit ban ehd (chi cd trudng Lokuttara d Toungoo va trudng Bagaya d Amarapuran) Doi vdi nhirng ngudi cd kd hoach d lai liu dai cic kyaung se dugc cung cip mpt chuong trinh hpc mang tinh chuySn biet, tip tmng ehu yau vio giio phap (Dhainma) va gidi luat (Vinaya) Nhiing ngudi theo dudi chuong trinh niy ddi hdi phii trii qua mpt qua trinh ren luyen nghiam khac va tinh than Ddi lai, sau hp cd CO hpi trd thinh nhiing ngudi lanh dao cua Sangha Thien van hpc va y khoa vin tiep tuc dugc nhan manh chuong trinh giing day d bie hpe niy Ngoai cac kien thiic tren, cac trudng hpc thi cung cap nhiing kien thiie ve le nghi hodng gia, xdy dung vd cdc hoat ddng sdn xudt khdc'^ Day dugc xem la nhiing men hgc rit cin thiat cudc ddi cua mgt nhi su Mien Dien Trach nhiem ciia cac nha su, la xay dung chua chian, cac trudng hgc nha chiia - kyaung ciing nhu phuc vu hoang gia Nau cac nha su khong dugc tim hiau nhiing mdn hgc tren thi hg khd cd the cd dugc nhiing kien thiic va ky nang can thiet de hoan vai tro cua minh Tru'dc ngudi Anh xim luge Mien Dien c6 mot ddi sdng cung nhu co ciu kinh ta rit don giin Trong mpt td chiic xa hpi nhu vay, cac kyaung nhan thiy rang khdng cin thiet da dua giao due nghe nghiep vao npi dung giing day chinh thiic d cac trudng hpc Thay vao do, ngudi hgc se tu tim hiau '^ Candy J, Sdd, tr.60 Nghiin ciru An Dp vd Chau A So 03 - 2014 thdng qua viec hgc ngha tai cac co sd ngha khie (nhu hinh thiic hgc viec hien nay) Tre em Mian Dien thudng giup cha me, hp bing nhiing cdng viec tran cac canh ddng hoac cae xudng san xuit nhu: xudng ren, xudng sua chiia binh xe, xudng moc, xudng to, xudng det Ddi vdi nhung nginh ngha doi hdi ky thuat cao hon nhu son mai, nghe thuat cham khie gd, nga, lam dao kiam, diau khac, kian tnic, ngudi hgc se dugc tiap can thdng qua viec hgc nghe vdi nhiing ngudi thp lanh ngha'^ Trude tha ky XIX, cuoc song cdng ddng xa hgi Mian Dien da cung cip nhung diau kien thich hgp da nien Mian Dien ed tha ren luyen va the chat Hiu nhu mgi nien Mian Dien liic biy gid dau thao cic mdn boi lgi, cudi ngua, dau kiem, dau vat, dim bdc kiau Mien "* Mian Dien khong cd nang dpc viit, song hg la nhung ngudi cd giao due Ngay tir nhd, hp da dupe day lam nhung cdng viec gia dinh vdi muc dich chuin hi nhiing nan tang cin thiat de trd mdt ngudi npi trg thuan thuc lip gia dinh * Phuong phdp hpc tap - ddnh gid: Tnrdc tha ky XIX, giao due nhi chua d Mian Dien thudng dupe gin lian vdi tan gpi li trudng hpc vdi phucmg phdp nghiin cmi van bdn khdng chinh thuc Bdi cac kyaung, hoat dpng giang day dugc tiln hanh ma khong ed bat cii mgt giao trinh giang day chung hay mpt hinh thiic kiam tra danh gii tip tmng nio Tit ca dau nam tay eac su tru tri (abbot) ciing dong thdi la hieu trudng cua trudng hgc nha ehua Diau dd cd nghTa la cac kyaung dugc hoan toan tu viec thiat ke giao trinh va danh gia hpc sinh cua minh Ddng thdi, d dd, cac hpc sinh khdng dugc khuyan khich bing cac phin thudng mang tinh vat chit ciing nhu khdng cd bing cip nao dugc trao Mien Dien cd ciu ngir: "Mot nguoi dan dng thdt hpc gidng nhu mdt nguoi mil, mpt ngu&i phu nit khong biet theu thiia Id mdt nguoi vd dung" Dieu Nhung hpc sinh cac trudng chua niy cho thiy ngudi Mian da cao mpt ngudi d Mian Dien (kyaung-tha) thudng hpe mpt phu nil ehu toan viec npi trg hon la mgt vin ban nhieu lan dudi su hudng din ciia ngudi phu nii biat dpc viat Hp quan niem mpt hoac nhiau giao vian khac eho rang, vdi phu nu, nhiing nang nhu dpc dan nim viing nd Sau qua trinli "ddo viet chi cd tinh chit trang tri chii klidng xdi" va nim vung cac vin bin do, ngudi phai la dieu thiet yau cupe song Vi hpc dupe gpi li Kyangyipauk Mpt vay, d Mian Dien, ty le ve trinh dp vin hda nhung dac tnmg cua phuang phip nghian ciia phu nii la rit thip Nhung mot dieu ciiu van bin khong ehinh ihiic nen dang luu y d diy li, du phin ddng nir gidi giao due truyen thdng d Mien Dien la viec khdng cd hinh thiic kiam tra danli gia chinh thirc nio dupe ap dung cho cae trudng chua '^ Union of Burma Rangoon (1956), Octennial report on Education in Burma (1947-1948 to 1954-1955), toan qudc Vi vay, tiiy thupc vao su tr.2 lya chpn eua moi kyaung, se cd nhirng each "* Union of Burma Rangoon, Tldd " Union of Burma Rangoon, Tldd, tr.3 Le Thi Qui Bijc Gido due truyen thdng a Mien Dien danh gia hoe sinh khac nhau: nguffi hpc dirge giao vien danh gia nhir mpt zaf-so'^; hoac dupe giao vien giao nhiem vu giang day mpt so van ban ep ban cho eae idp nho hon; hoae dupe yen can viet mpt cuon sach hay mpt bai iuan bang tieng Pali ve mpt van ban dp nguai hpc hoac giao vien lua ehpn; hpac nguai hpc dupe yeu can thuyet giang vao nhiing trang tron Qua mot cae hinh thtie do, ngudi hpc se chung td dupe khit nang tiep thu cita ban than doi vdi cae van ban Phat giao Den the ky XVII, giao due truyen thdng Mien Dien chiing kien mpt su' thay ddi mang tinh budc ngpat Dp la su chuyen ddi tir phuang phdp nghien ciru khong chinh thuc (nhu da de cap d tren) sang phuang phdp ddnh gid chinh thuc vdi eac giao trinh ehung va cae ky thi tap tnmg Nhung van de la, chii the thuc hien su thay ddi khdng phai la cae su tru tri - hieu trudng cae kyaung hay eae vien lanh dao ciia cpng ddng Phat giao - Sangha ma la qudc vuang Miin Dien Thalun (16291648) Su thay ddi xuit phat tir ySu to chinh tri Trpng sudt thS ky XVI - XVII, nhiSu qude gia d khu vue Ddng Nam A dju tien hanh ehien tranh md rdng lanh thd nhSm cung ed dS ehe cua minh Ci Mien Dien, viee xay dung mdt qudc gia manli bit dau tir the ky XVI vdi eupc chinh phuc ciia vua MiSn Tabinsheweti (1530-1551) d eac khu vuc Pegu, Arakan, eac bang ngudi Shan, Martaban, Prome, Ayuthaya Den " Tliuat ngu dung d l clii nguai gioi nhat mot lop iioc dua tren su danh gia ctia giao vien 60 dau the ky XVII, Thalun len ngdi vua d Mien Dien (1629-1648), vdi mong mudn tri va md rdng de ehe duac xae lap tir thdi Vila cha Nyaungyan (1599-1605) Dh hoan muc tieu dd, ve mat quan su, Thalun cho xay dung mdt luc luong quan dpi vdi sd lupng ldn Ket qua la, nam 1635, live luong quan dpi Mien Dien tang 20 lan, tir 20.000 ngudi len 400.000 ngudi Trong dan sd Mien Dien luc dd ehi ed khoang trieu ngudi Dieu cd nghia la 1/5 dan sd Mien Dien dang tai ngfl" VS mat xa hdi, Thalun chp xay dung rit nhidu tang vien d Pegu, sau tai Ava De xay dung lite lugng quan dpi ciing nhu eac edng trinh ndi tren, mpi nien trang kien eua Mien Dien deu phai tham gia Trong do, tat ca eac vien eiia Tang doan dju duge mien nghia vu quan su va lao dieh Dp vay, dudi thdi eai tri eua Thalun, mdt sd lugng rat ldn nien MiSn Dien lai dung nSn giao due nha chiia dl bude ehan vao Tang doan, tranh viec lao dieh nang n6 Tmdc tinh hinh dd, mpt bien phap hieu qua de han ehS tinh trang la vua Thalun phai lenh ap dung cae ky thi - kijm tra chinh thue nham loai khdi Sangha nhihig vien khdng dii trinh dp, qua dd, bd sung ngudn nhan luc dap iing nhu eiu eila dat nude liic biy gid Thep quy dinh nay, nhirng ngudi vugt qua ky kiSm tra chinh thire mdi dugc lam le thu phong, trd thanh vien ctia Sangha Nguge lai, hp phai trd ve eupc sdng thd tuc dd thuc hien nghia vu cua ngrrdi dan binh thudng Khammai Dhammasami, Tldd, tr.65 Nghien cicu An Dp vd Chdu A Sd 03 - 2014 Tuy nhien, ddi vdi Sangha, hanh ddng tren eua vua Mian dupe xem nhu mpt su can thiep qua siu vao boat dpng giao due vdn liu hoan toin cac ting vien kiem soat Do dd, chu truong ap dung ky thi chinh thiic cua Thalun da khdng dugc Sangha chip nhin Dan thdi trj vi eiia vua Bodawpaya (I782-18I9), mpt lin niia, viec ap dung cac ky thi chinh thiic dugc nha vua dua vdi hoan cinh vi mue dich tuong ty nhu dudi thdi vua Thalun Dudi thdi Bodawpaya, ky thi tip trung duge mang tan la Pathamapyan Nim 1784, ed 12 vi giam khio dugc chi dinh tham gia vao Hgi ddng danh gia thi sinb^** Do khong nhan dugc su ung hg cua gidi su tang, vua Mian budc phil lenh cho moi su try tri d cac trudng ehua phii cu it nhat mgt hgc sinh tham gia vio ky thi Pathamapyan Vdi kinh nghiem tir su that bai cua Thalun, Bodawpaya da thuc hien mgt sd bien phap da thu hiit ngudi hpc tham gia vio ky thi chinh thiic Thi sinh tham dy ky thi niy dugc ggi la Pathamasar taw pyan - "thi sinh tuyet voi ciia ky thi hodng gia "^' Ddng thdi, vua Mian edn khen thudng cho cac thi sinh tham gia vao ky thi ci ve vat chit lin dia vi xi hpi Trong dd, Sangha lai tiep tuc tha hien su phan ddi cua minh, bdi hp muon giu lai hoan toan sy tu quan ly giao due Hon nira, hp cho rang, cac ky thi chinh thiie vdi eac bing cap cling nhu nhiing phin thudng vk vat chit dugc trao ^" Khammai Dhammasami, Tldd, tr 85 ^' Khammai Dhammasami, Tldd cho thi sinh se lam hong tim hdn tre tha ciia hpc sinh - nhiing ngudi mdi tu^^ Trong Phat giao vin la qudc giio cua Mien Dien, cpng ddng Sangha vin cd vai tro vd cung quan trpng ddi sdng tinh thin ciia ngudi din thi su phin ddi cua hp di trd mpt trd lye qua ldn h-ong viee ap dung ky thi chinh thiic cua eae vi vua d Mian Dien Nhu vay, tir tha ky XVII cho dan tnrdc Anh kiem soat hoin toin Mian Dien, hinh thuc giao due truyan thdng cae tang vien vin duge tri kha manh song song vdi su phit trian ban cha cua hinh thuc giao due nha nude kiem soat Anh hiTtfng va tac dpng cua nen giao due truyen thong d Mien Dien Sy ton tai hang ngan nim ciia he thdng giao due nhi ehiia thdng qua cac kyaung ed y nghia rit quan trgng doi vdi ngudi dan, Phat giao, xa hgi Mien Dien ciing nhu cac giai doan phat trian va sau cua quoc gia - Ddi voi ngudi Mien: trudng hgc nha chua la noi cung cip kien thiic, co hgi hgc tip rgng rai cho nam gidi Mien Dien Dd la ly giii thieh tai trude thyc dan Anh xim luge Mian Dien, dit nude la mpt-trong nhiing qudc gia cd ty le ngucri biet dpc, biet viat cao nhit d khu vuc Ddng Nam A"^ Nhiing du khach phuong Tay den Mian Dien deu in tugng bdi sy tdn tai cua mpt nen giao due phd bian eho dong dao nam gidi d dit nude niy Dieu dang ndi la he thong giio due iy cdn ton tai kha " Khammai Dhammasami, Tldd, tr.89 ^ Tran Khanh (chii bien) (2012), Lich su- Dong Nam A tap TV, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi Ha Noi, tr.249 Le Thi Qui Diic Gido due truyen thong a Mien Dien lau tmdc he thdng giao due ciia phuang Tay - nai ma cac nude thuc dan ludn tu hao vdi truyen thdng van hda, tu cho minh cai quyen di "khai hda vdn minh " eho cac dan toe khac tren the gidi, cd cae nude Chau A - ddi Nam 1569, Ralph Fitch da den tham Pegu va ke rang "ngudi Mien Dien di hoc cho den ndm 20 tudi hoac nhieu hon the nira"^'' Ve trudng hpe nha chua, San Germano den Mien Dien nhiing niim 1783 - 1806 da md tii eae tang vien "nhu nhirng trudng hpc vd that su Id nhirng truang hpc nhdt tgi vuang qudc ndy nhiem vu gido due duoc thuc hien hodn todn bai cdc nhd su"^\ Nam 1931, J S Fumivall, mdt sii gia ngudi Anh nghien eiiu ve Mien Dien da viet rang: "Mpt trdm ndm truac day, Tong doc ngudi Anh dau tien da tudng thuat rdng: "hdu hit mpi ngudi (a Mien Dien) deu cd the dpc vd viet Mac dil bdn bdo cdo cd phdn ndo co y thdi phdng su viec, song chac chdn rdng, ty le nguai ddn cd the dpc vd viet (a Mien Dien) cdn cap han nhieu so vdi nude Anh " Vdi ndi dung giang day tap trung nhieu vao van de dap dire, giap due nha chiia khdng chi day eho ngudi Mien eai chir, each de tdn tai ma edn day hp each dd sdng nhu mdt tlianli vien cpng dpng - Ddi vol Phdt gido a Mien Dien: ndn giao due truyin thong Mign Dien chii ydu gan lien vdi he thong giao due nha ehiia U Kaung (1963), "A Survey of the history of Education in Brnma before the British conquest and after" Journal of the Burma Research Society, vol XLVI, December, tr 17 ^' U Kaung, Tldd ^' Fumivall J S, Sdd, tr.x Day chinh la dieu kien thuan Ipi de Phat giao cd the an sau bam re ddi sdng tinh than ciia ddng dao nhan dan Mien Dien tii' rat sdm Ndi dung giao due ehii ylu la tim hidu kinh didn Phat giao lam eho ngudi dan tham nhuan nhiing tu tudng, giao ly cua dao Phat, gdp phan quan trpng vao viec cung ed vi tri eiia Phat giao vdi tu each la qudc giao d Mien Dien - Ddi vai xd hpi Mien Dien: eac trudng chiia la spi day ket ndi va tri nhung gia tri van hda quan trpng - duac tidp thu va giu gin tir nhirng gia tri van hda eiia hai njn van minh lang gidng An Dp va Trang Quoc - nhung nen van minh phat tridn rue ro tren thd gidi, dae biet sau MiSn Dien bi ngudi Anh thdn tinh hpan toan nam 1886 Kyaung la mpt thuc thd dai dien cho ca hai ttu edt xa hdi Midn Dien la tdn gido (Phdt gido) vd gido due Vdi su ton tai eua he thdng eae kyaung ma eac gia tri van hda tniySn thdng eiia ngudi Midn Dien khdng hoan toan bi mit di Do dd, nd co vai trd quan trpng viee lam giam bdt nhirng tae ddng, nhung cii sdc ve su khac biet van hda xujt hien qua trinh Anh sap nhap Mi6n Dien vao lanh thd An Dp thupc Anh - Su dnh huang cua nen gido due truyen thdng Mien Dien thdi ky Mien Dien thupc Anh Nen giao due traydn thong ciia Mien Dien da tao nen nhilng thuan Ipi nhjt dinh eho viec ap dung ehi'nh sach giao due ciia chinh quyen thuc dan vao thupc dia Viec nir gidi dupe giao due (du chi la tai nha) Cling da tao dieu kien de Anh cd thd kdt hop nen giao due clip nil gidi vap he thdng Nghien ciru An Dp vd Chdu A So 03 - 2014 giao due thupc dia cua Anh d Mien Dien sau cudc sdng Sy t i c ddng cdn keo dii den Ban canh dd, nhung khd khan ma nan eac giai doan phat trian vh sau eua qudc gia giao due truyan thdng Mian Dien dem lai niy, dac biet dudi thdi thuoc Anh Tai lieu t h a m khao cho chinh quyan thupc dia cung khdng nhd Do cai tri d mgt dat nude m i trinh dp van hda ciia ngudi dan thude vao loai cao nliit d View khu vuc vdi sy tdn tai l i u ddi cua he thdng International Association of Buddhist Studies, giio due nha chua nen trai qua g i n mpt tha Vol 18, No ky kiam soat va cai tri Mien Dien, chinh Bode (1995), "Buddhism and Law: The from Mandalay", Journal of the Candy J (1958), A History of Modern quyan thupc dia Anh da phii nhiau lin thay Burma, Cornell University, New York doi chi'nh sich giao due Su tdn tai liu dii Fumivall J S (1931), An Introduction of the Political Economy of Burma, Burma Bock Club, Rangoon, Preface ciia cac kyaung eiing nhu viec phin ddi ehinh sach giio due thupc dia cua cdng ddng su tang d Mien Dien da can trd rat ldn doi vdi viec md rpng he thdng giao due cua chinh quyan thuc d i n , tir toe dp, quy md phit trien he thdng trudng lop cho dan sd lugng hpc sinh Nhu vay, cd the thay, sudt thdi gian dai trude Midn Dien bi Anh s i p nhap, giao due truyan thdng Mian Dien d i dupe hinh Nan giao due i y phii hgp vdi cudc sdng xa hpi Mian Dien n g i y Mpt eupc sdng don gian v i g i n lien niam tin ciia ngudi vao ddi song Phit giao Giira cudc song va giao due d Mien Dien cd mdi lian he r i t g i n giii Ndi each khae, eupc song i y la giio due Su tdn tai l i u ddi eiing nhu nhung gi ma nan giao dye tmyan thong d Midn Dien lam dupe da tao nan nhiing t i c dgng, anh hudng to ldn ddi vdi xa hgi, P h i t g i i o ciing nhu ngudi d i n Mien Dien Trude Mian Dien trd thinh thupc dia cua thyc dan Anh, nan giao dye vdi cac kyaung - trudng hoc nha chiia d thue sy la mot su chuin bi cin thiet va hieu Hat^ey G E (1945), British Rule in Burma 1824-1942, Faber and Faber, London Khammai Dhammasami (2004), Between Idealism and Pragmatism - A study of Monastic Education in Burma and Thailand from the Seventeenth century to the present, St Anne's College Tran Khanh (chu bien) (2012), Lich sir Ddng Nam A tap IV, NXB Khoa hpc xa hpi, Ha Ngi Lily T K D, Colonial education in Burma and Malaya: The move away from Indian education polic, Malaysian Journal of History, Politics and Strategic Studies Rahula.W (1956), History of Buddhism in Ceylon, M D Gunasena, Colombo Union of Burma Rangoon (1956), Octennial report on Education in Burma (1947-1948 to I954-I955) 10, U Kaung (1963), A Survey of the history of Education in Burma before the British conquest and the after Journal of the Burma Research Society, vol XLVI, December q u i cho tha he tre M i i n Dien budc vao 63 ... ngudi hgc se dugc tiap can thdng qua viec hgc nghe vdi nhiing ngudi thp lanh ngha''^ Trude tha ky XIX, cuoc song cdng ddng xa hgi Mian Dien da cung cip nhung diau kien thich hgp da nien Mian Dien... de trd mdt ngudi npi trg thuan thuc lip gia dinh * Phuong phdp hpc tap - ddnh gid: Tnrdc tha ky XIX, giao due nhi chua d Mian Dien thudng dupe gin lian vdi tan gpi li trudng hpc vdi phucmg phdp