Một số quan điểm về phụ nữ trong lịch sử tư tưởng trước mác

N g h i e n citu Gia d i n h va G i a i So - 1 Mgt so quan diem ve phu nu lich su( tu tudng truac IVIac Tri/dng I r a n Hoang Phuc Trung tam Ly luan chiinh tri - Dai hoc Quoc gia TP Ho Chi Minh Tom t a t : Nghien ciiu ve vai tro phu nU co vi tri dac biet quan trong giai doan hien Bdi le, sU nghiep binh dang va tien bo cho phu nii luon luon la mot tieu chi cua phat tnen ben vUng va la cac muc tieu ciia thien nien ki Bai viet tap trung tim hieu cac quan diem ve phu nil lich sii tU tUdng trUdc chii nghia Mac xuai hien d ca phUdng Dong va phUdng Tay Nghien cUu vai tro phu nil trcng lich sii tU tUdng phUdng Tay, tac gia nghien cUu theo hUdng chieu dai cda lich sif ttr co dai den giai doan can hien dai phUdng Dong, tac gia tim hieu quan diem ve phu nut theo khong gian van hoa vdi cac ton giao va he tu tUOng Idn chi phoi tai khu vUc A Dong Tii k h o a : Phu lui; Binh dang gidi; Vai tro cua phu nii: Lich sir ill Lu'dng Dat van de Trong dieu kien hien nay, de phat huy vai trd phu nu bdi canh mdi va thtrc hien su nghiep binh ding gidi, nghien ctru eac quan diem ve phu nu lich sir tu tudng la viec lam can thiei, bdi qua trinh hinh nen cac quan diem ve phu nil, dac biet la giai doan trudc chu nghia Mae ddi, phu thudc \'ao nhieu yeu id va hoan canh lich sii, va bi 24 Nghien ctiru Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 21, so 2, tr 23-36 chi phdi bdi nhieu nguyen nhan d ci phuang Tay lin phuang Ddng Quan niem ve vai tro ngirdi phu nufd phu'dng l a y d phuang Tay cd dai, nhung bing chtrng ve than phan ngudi phu nu cdn chua that diy dii, song dieu khdng the phii nhan la phu nil ludn chiu thiet thdi va khd khan vdi chiic nang lam me Tuy cd vai trd rai quan trgng cudc sdng nhung phu nir vin bi gat khdi cdng ddng vl "phu ml khong theo cdcli tuduy lao dgng cua ngicdi ddn ong" Do vay, ngudi phu ntr ching gianh dugc chut quyen lgi nao Xa hgi cdng dan dugc ly hda bing mgi each da lam cho ngudi phu nil khdng dugc ddng vai trd gl xa hdi (Bili Thi Tinh, 2009:85) Trong thdi kl nay, quan diem ve vai trd phu nu' chiu inh hudng nhieu til cac triet gia nhu Xdcrat, Platdn va Arixtdt Xdcral la mdt triet gia ndi tieng Tuy nhien, each nhin nhan ve phu ntr ciia dng cdn han che Theo dng, phu nil la yeu dudi, kem han nam gidi Den phtil cudi ddi, Xdcrat udng can chen thudc ddc, mdt mdn de ciia dng la Apdldddrtit dang khde, thel Idn mdt tieng lam tai ci giat minh, Xdcrat van binh tinh, ndi: "Cdi gi la vdy? Thdy khong eho phu nil vdo day Id de trdnh cdi canh ndy, ngUcri ta can phdi chet tinh " (Will Duranl, 2000:12) Dudi anh mit ciia mdt Iriei gia nhu dng thi phu nil yeu dudi, khdng the chiu dung dugc cinh tugng dau khd Itic tii' biet nen dng khdng cho hg vao nguc thai Phu ntr khdng dugc ddi xii mgt each binh ding nhu nhu'ng mdn de nam gidi ciia Xdcrat, hg khdng dugc cd mat gid phtil thieng lieng, gid phut vinh biet thay minh Mdt nhiing mdn de uu lti eiia Xdcrat la Platdn (427- 347 trudc Cdng nguyen), ngudi dua de an xay dung mdt qude gia ly tudng dau tidn Irong lich sir nhan loai, qua cai chet ciia thay minh, da trd nen thd ghet tu tudng dan chii, thil ghet quan chiing, them vao dd la su thti ghet phat sinh ttr giai cap quy lgc ciia dng Do dd, dng chii truang cin phii tan diet che dan chii va thay vao dd la mgt chinh the nhung phan tu quy tdc va phan tii sang sudt lanh dao Platdn thudng ndi ring: "Toi cam on trdi dd cho toi ldm mot ngudi Hy Lap chd khong plidi Id mot ddn mgi rg, mgt ngu'di ti( chit khong phdi mgt no le, mgt ngudi ddn ong chd khong phdi mgt ngudi ddn bd " (Will Duranl, 2000:16) Ong tu hao ve dan tde Hy Lap, dng de cao va khao khat tu Nhung dng cho ring ntr gidi khdng thdng minh, khdng the trd mdt tridi gia sang chdi nhu nam gidi ndi chung va nhu dng ndi rieng Neu nhu thay dng cd cai nhin mang nang cim tinh Tritdng T r a n H o a n g Phiic 25 ddi vdi phu ntr thi dng mang nang ly linh De'n lugt Arixtdt, hgc trd eiia Platdn, quan diem vd ngtrdi phu ntr trd ndn tieu cue Trong lac pham The'gidi eiia Sophie, gidi thieu quan diem ve phu nil cua Arixtdt, tac gii Giditexin Gaado viei: "Khdng may Id cdch nhin ciia ong de chiu nhu ci'ia Platdn Arixtdt co xu liudng tin rdng pint nil khdng hodn tliien theo mgt nghia ndo Mgt phu nil Id mot "ngid/i ddn dug khdng hodn elu'nh " (Josletn Gaarder, 2006:149).Dirng ve gdc sinh hgc ciia hai gidi, Arixtdt cho ring: viec sinh sin, phu nu' ihu ddng va tiep nhan nam gidi ehu ddng va tac lao, vl dua tie chi thda ke cae dac diem cua cha Phu nil la dai, tiep nhan va nudi hat gidng niy m i m , dan dng la "ngudi gieo hat" Hoac theo ngdn ngil ciia Arixtdt, ngudi dan dng cung ca'p hinh thiic, cdn ngudi phu ntr cung ca'p phan chai Theo dd, quan diem ve phu ntr ciia Arixtdt dugc Gaarder nhan dinh: "That nggc nhien vd ddng tide mot ngidfi tlidng minh nhu Arixtdt lgi cc') tlie sai ldm de'n vdy ve mdi quan he gida hai gidi tinh " Gidiiein Gaarder da If giii quan diem chua dting ciia Arixtdt: "thu nhdt Arixtdt khdng co nhieu kinh nghiem thue tien ve eugc sdng eua phu nil vd tre em thd hai, no eho thdy rdng nam gie'd duoe phep thdng tii edc linh vife triet hoc vu khoa hoc thi cd the ddn den sai ldm den mde ndo" (Jostein Gaarder, 2006:149-150) Tuy vay, U Durang vfin nhan dinh y\rixtdi la "nggn dudc van minh cho nhan loai soi chung" Nhil'ng nen van minh ke tiep deu mang mdt mdn ng linh than ddi vdi dng Tu tudng eiia Arixtdt da ngu tri lich su van minh nhan loai hang chuc the ki trudc bi lu md bdi nhiing chtrng minh khoa hgc Tdm lai, /Xrixtdt la ngudi lap dai quan niem trgng nam khinh nu Ci ba triei gia ndi tieng nhai Hy Lap thdi cd dai, da "he thdng hoa" chung vdi mdt quan diem ciia hg ve phu nil Quan diem "theo bdn chdi, phu nUkhdng ed y ehi, dd khdng the tu lap" ciia Arixtdt da inh hudng den nhieu nha tu tudng lich su ma quan diem ay vSn cdn tdn lai cho den tan (Will Durant, 2000:65) Sang thdi trung cd, \'d'i su ddi ciia dao Kitd, ngudi ta hy vgng ring long bac va tinh yeu thuong eiia ngudi va tinh ddng loai ciia tdn giao se xda bd sir bai binh ding giua gidi nam va nu, khdi phuc cho phu ntr nhan phim ma thdi ky La Ma de nen hg Tuy nhien su that da hoan toan ngugc lai y thuc he dao Kitd khdng nhung khdng mang lai anh sang 24 Nghien cUu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen , so 2, tr 23-36 chi phdi bdi nhieu nguyen nhan d ci phuang Tay lin phuang Ddng Quan niem ve vai tro ngirdi phu nufd phu'dng l a y Ci phuang Tay cd dai, nhirng bing chiing ve than phan ngudi phu nu' cdn chua that day dii song dieu khdng the phii nhan la phu nil ludn chiu Ihiel thdi va khd khan vdi ehiic nang lam me Tuy cd vai trd rat quan trgng Irong cudc sdng nhung phu nil vin bi gat khdi cdng ddng vl "pliii nil khong theo cdch tu lao dgng ciia ngudi ddn dng" Do vay, ngudi phu ntr ching gianh dugc ehiit quydn lgi nao Xa hdi cdng dan dugc ly hda bang mgi each da lam cho ngu'di phu nil khdng dugc ddng vai trd gi xa hdi (BHi Thi Tinh, 2009:85) Trong thdi kl nay, quan diem vd vai lid phu nu' chiu inh hudng nhieu til cac triei gia nhu Xdcrat, Platdn va Arixtdt Xdcrat la mdt triet gia ndi tieng Tuy nhien, each nhin nhan ve phu nil cua dng cdn han chd Theo dng, phu ntr la yeu dudi, kem han nam gidi Den phtil cudi ddi, Xdcrat ud'ng can chen thudc ddc, mdt mdn de ciia dng la Apdldddrtit dang khde thel Idn mdt tieng lam tai ci giat minh, Xdcrat vin binh tinh, ndi: "Cdi gi la vdy? Thdy khong cho phu nil vdo ddy Id de trdnh cdi ednh ndy ngUdi ta cdn phdi chdt tiong tinh " (Will Duranl, 2000:12) Dudi anh mil ciia mdt triei gia nhu dng thi phu nil yeu dudi, khdng the chiu dung dugc cinh tugng dau khd Itic tii biet nen dng khdng cho hg vao nguc thai Phu ntr khdng dugc ddi xii mdt each binh dang nhu nhtrng mdn de nam gidi ciia Xdcrat, hg khdng dugc cd mat gid phtil thidng lieng, gid phut vinh biet thay minh Mdt nhung mdn de uu lti ciia Xdcrat la Platdn (427- 347 trudc Cdng nguydn), ngudi dua de an xay dung mdt qude gia ly tudng dau lien lich sii nhan loai, qua cai chet ciia thay minh, da trd nen thti ghet tu ludng dan chu, thil ghet quin chiing, them vao dd la su thil ghet phat sinh til giai cip quy tde ciia dng Do dd, dng chu truang can phii tan diet che dan chu va thay vao dd la mdt chinh the nhtrng phan lir quy tdc va phin tii sang sudt lanh dao Platdn thudng ndi ring: "Tdi cdm an trr'n dd cho tdi ldm mgt ngmri Hy Lap ehu khong phdi Id mot ddn mgi rg, mgt ngudi tu chu khong phdi mot no le, mgt ngudi ddn dng cliU khdng phdi mgt ngudi ddn bd " (Will Duranl, 2000:16) Ong tu hao ve dan tdc Hy Lap, dng de cao va khao khat tu Nhung dng cho ring nil gidi khdng thdng minh, khdng the trd mdt tridi gia sang chdi nhu nam gidi ndi chung va nhu dng ndi rieng Neu nhu thiy dng cd cai nhin mang nang cim linh TrUdng T r a n H o a n g Phiic 25 ddi vdi phu nu thi dng mang nang ly tinh De'n lugt Arixtdt, hgc trd ciia Platdn, quan diem ve ngudi phu nil trd nen lieu cue Trong tac phim The gidi eiia Sophie, gidi thieu quan diem vd phu nQ cua Arixtdt, tac gia Giditexin Gaado viel: "Khong may Id each nhin ciia dng de chiu nhu ciia Platdn Arixtdt cd xu hud'ng tin rdng phu nU khdng hodn thien theo mot nglua ndo dd Mgt phu nu Id mot "ngUdi ddn dng khdng hodn chinh " (Jostein Gaarder, 2006:149).Dirng ve gdc sinh hgc cua hai gidi, Arixtdt cho ring: viec sinh sin, phu nu thu ddng va tiep nhan nam gidi chii ddng va tac tao, vl dtra Ire ehi thda ke cac dac diem cua cha Phu ntr la dai, tiep nhan va nudi hat gidng niy mSm, dan dng la "ngudi gieo hat" Hoac theo ngdn ngu' cua Arixtdt, ngudi dan dng cung ca'p hinh thtrc, cdn ngu'di phu nu cung cap phin chai Theo dd, quan diem ve phu nCr cua Arixtdt dugc Gaarder nhan dinh: "That nggc nhien vd ddng tie'e mot ngUdi thdng minh nhu Arixtc'it lgi ed the sai ldm Jen vdy ve men qiian he giila hai gidi tinh" Gidiiein Gaarder da li giii quan diem chua dting ciia Arixtdt: "thd nhdt Arixtc'it khdng co nhieii kinh nghiem thue tien ve eugc sdng eiia phu ml \d Ire em thii hai, nd cho thdy rdng nam gidi duac phep thdng tri edc linh viCc triet hoc vd khoa hoc thi cd the ddn den sai ldm de'n mde ndo" (Jostein Gaarder, 2006:149-150) Tuy vay U Duiiing vSn nhan dinh Arixtdt la "nggn dudc van minh cho nhan loai soi chung" Nhung nen van minh ke tiep deu mang mdt mdn ng tinh than ddi vdi dng Tu tudng eiia Arixtdt da ngu tri lich su van minh nhan loai hang chuc the ki trudc bi lu md bdi nhung chting minh khoa hgc Tdm lai Arixtdt la ngirdi tap dai quan niem trgng nam khinh nu Ci ba triet gia ndi tieng nhat Hy Lap thdi cd dai da "he thd'ng hoa" chung vdi mdt quan diem cua hg ve phu nu' Quan diem "'theo bdn ehdi phu nUkhdng cd y chi, dd khdng the tu lap" cua Arixtdt da anh hud'ng den nhieu nha tu tudng lich sii ma quan diem ay van cdn ton tai cho den tan (Will Duranl, 2000:65) Sang thdi trung cd, vdi su ddi cua dao Kitd, ngudi la hy vgng ring long bac va linh ydu thuang ciia eon ngudi va tinh ddng loai cua tdn giao se xda bd sir bai binh ding giil'a gidi nam va nu, khdi phuc eho phu nu nhan phim ma thdi ky La Ma de nen hg Tuy nhien su that da hoan loan ngugc lai y thuc he dao Kitd khdng nhirng khdng mang lai anh sang 26 Nghien ciiru Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 21, so 2, tr 23-36 cho phu nil ma eon "gdp phin khdng nhd vao su ap hire" Nha thd va truyen thd'ng Do Thai chdng ddi nil quydn da ddng vai trd kim ham cdng cudc giii phdng phu nil, hg vin dat phu nil d vi liT le thudc Theo hg, xac thit la dang nguydn riia va mgi ngudi phu nil dugc xem la "cam dd dang sg nhit" cua quy du Nha thuyet giao Giang Crixdtom da phan ring: "Trong cde lodi dd tliii, khdng ed ndo ldm hgi bdng ddn bd " Va theo Tdmal thi "ddn bd chi Id mgt sinh linh nhdt thai vd khdng hodn chinh, mgt thu ddn ong dd clang" (Bui Thi Tinh, 2009: 86-87) Do vay, dan ba phai sdng vinh vien dudi su ehi phdi cua dan dng va tu than hg khdng cd mdt quyen luc nao ci Khit khe hon, luat Giao hdi khdng thua nhan mdt che tai sin hdn nhan nao khac ngoai che ciia hdi mdn Su ngan ca'm cang lam cho phu nu mat hei nang tu chii va hoan loan bat luc cudc sdng Chiu inh hudng eua giao hdi, nhieu hoang de thdi Trung cd cdn ap dung lual cam ly hdn Xa hdi phong kien thay the xa hdi chiem hull nd le nhung than phan ngudi phu nil cdng khdng sang sua hon ma van ed phan bap benh Vdi che phu quyen, che da thd ngu tri, ngudi phu nu tuyet ddi phu thudc vao cha, chdng Hg cd the hi gi ep hoac rudng bd idy y va khdng cd mgt chut quydn nao Ngudi chdng cd toan quyen ddi vg Sd phan cua phu ntr cung gin vdi eac vdng dat phong kien Hg trd nd le cua dat dai va chu dai Day la thdi kl cay ding nhat cua than phan ngudi phu nu, bdi vl "gia tdng nlntng eugc hdn nhdn Id gia tdng ddt dai" (Bdi Thi Tinh, 2009:87) Den thdi Phuc hung, cdng vdi su lien bd cua thdi dai, than phan phu nu bit diu cd mdt sd budc chuyen bien tich cue Cdng hien Idn cua thdi kl Phuc la quan niem ve ngudi ndi chung, vd phu nil ndi ridng da the hien rd linh nhan dao, nhan van cua nd; vdi quan diem nay, mdt sd phu nu da dugc dua len nhu'ng vi tri eao xa hdi Cd the ndi, thai ki Phuc da md cho phu nu mdt luang lai ldi dep han Dac biet tu the ki XVin, cac nha triei hgc Khai sang nhu Mdngxtetkia, Vdnte, Didard, Cdndarel da ban ve luang lai cua ngudi phu nu, hg khing dinh phu nu hoan toan cd quyen binh ding vdi nam gidi Vdnte Idn an manh me su ddi xu bai cdng vdi phu ntr Trong dd, Didard cho ring tinh trang thua kem eua phu nu la xa hdi gay nen Ong thdng cim va xdt thuang cho than phan ngtrdi phu nu' Cdndaret lai mong mud'n phu nu tham gia vao ddi sdng chinh tri Ong cdn cho ring phu nil cd the lam mgi viec, tham chf cai quin mdt de che Tdm lai, cac nha triet hgc Khai sang ddu cd chung lieng Tnidng T r a n H o a n g Phiic 27 ndi benh vue quyen cua phu nu Theo hg, linh trang thap kem cua phu nu la su bai hgp If cua nen giao due gay chu khdng phii lu nhien hay dac diem sinh hgc VI vay, de khic phuc linh trang dd can phii trang bi cho phu nu "mdt trinh hgc van vung chai" Vao the ki XVIII, phu nu bit dau duge quan tam nhung phan Idn sd hg vSn khdng duge di hgc Ngudi ta vin tri tu tudng phu nu "chi dugc sinh vl dan dng" Do dd, viec giao due hg cung chi nhim phuc vu dan dng Rdi cue, nhung dieu ma mdt mia the gidi mong ude vin cdn rat xa vdi, chua cd co sd hien thuc Trong Cach mang Phap 1789, phu nu da tfeh cue cudc dau tranh chdng che phong kien ed hu Nam 1787, each mang Phap da thiet lap mgt so quyen cho mgi "cdng dan" Nhung cdng dan hau nhu luc nao cung dtrgc hieu la nam gidi Chfnh each mang Phap da nhen nhdm nhu'ng y niem dau lien vd phong trao phu nu Mdt nhung ngudi da'u tranh manh me nhit cho quyen phu nu each mang Phap la Olympo Gu Nam 1791 - hai nam sau cudc each mang, ba cdng bd mdt ban tuyen ngdn ve quyen phu ntr Bin luyen ngdn ve quyen cdng dan da khdng cd mdt didu khoin nao ve cac quyen tu nhien cua phu nu Olympo Gu ddi phu nu dugc hudng tai ci cac quyen cua nam gidi Song, vi lgi ich va han che ve nhan thuc cua gidi cam quyen nen nhtrng ddi hdi ciia Olympo Gu khdng dugc thtrc hien, mgi hoat ddng chi'nh tri cho phu nd deu bi cim Den tan the ky XIX, phong trao ddi binh quyen cho phu nu mdi thuc su bit dau, khdng chi d Phap ma cdn d phin cdn lai cua chau Au Tung ft mdt, cudc da'u tranh bit dau cd ket qui Nhu d Na Uy ching ban, den tan nam 1913 phu ntr mdi cd quyen biu cu Va phu nu d nhieu noi tren the gidi vin cdn nhieu dieu phii da'u tranh Tdm lai, cudc Cach mang Phap 1789 khdng lam thay ddi nhieu cho than phan ngudi phu nd Tuy cd tham gia each mang nhung nhung dieu ma phu nu gianh giat dtrgc eho minh cdn qua ft di, chi la viec bai bd quydn trudng, thiei lap su ly hdn Dieu co ban la hg vin bi qua gin bd vdi gia dinh, khdng tao cho minh mdt vi trf rieng biet de cd the ddi hdi nhdng quyen ve kinh te, chfnh tri, xa hdi Phu nu cd ich sinh de cai, cham sdc tie tho va ndi trg Cudc sdng cdn lai cua phu nd chi la hy sinh va xa hdi thi vSn miet thi hg Va ehdng mue, tu tudng lien bd ve phu nu cdng tiep tuc xuai hien Dac biet, dd la tu tudng cua cac nha xa hdi chu nghia khdng tudng Mdt nhung quan diem bat hgp If da tdng ngtr tri lich su xa 28 Nghien ciiu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 21, so 2, tr 23-36 hdi sudt thai Trung cd de'n thdi Can dai nhu da tung dd cap d tren la cd xa hdi, dan ba can phii le thudc vao dan dng Bien hd cho su bat hgp If dd, cac nha tu ludng cua giai cap bdc lot da vien din "gia tri khdng diy du" ciia ngudi phu nu nen su le thude cua hg la dl nhien Trai ngugc vdi cac quan didm dd la quan didm ciia cac nha tu tudng lien bd, dac biet la cae nha tu tudng xa hdi chu nghia khdng tudng The ky XVIII, Giang Melie va Phrangxoa Mdrenly, dua tren triet ly ve "quydn binh ding tu nhien" khing dinh ngudi la sinh vdn cd binh ding, dd la su "ban phat cua tu nhien" Mgi su bat binh ding dang didn la chfnh ngudi Trong Nhiing di chiic cha toi Giang Melie cho ring ddi sdng vdn cd mdi quan he phu thugc giua ngudi vdi ngudi va dd la didu kien de xa hdi tdn tai Nhung su phu thudc ay khdng ddng nghia vdi viec dem lai dac quyen cho nhdng ngudi nay, cdn nhdng ngudi khac chi cd cac nghia vu, tai hga va dau khd Trong dd, S Phurid cho ring: "gidi phong phu ml Id thude mdc dip tu mgi xd hgi" (Dang Quang Thanh, 2000:187) Td dd, du dinh ve xa hdi tuang lai, S Phurid cho ring phu nd se dugc bio ve che hdn nhan va gia dinh, quy dinh tudi kei hdn va hdn nhan tu Tdmadd Campanenla eung la ngudi tan quyen tu ly hdn, ddng thdi len lieng cham dut che da thd Tuy xuat than tu cac ting ldp xa hdi khac nhau, d nhdng qudc gia khac nhung cac nha tu tudng xa hdi chu nghia khdng tudng ddu cd cdng mdt diem xuat phat: long nhan dao cao ci Hg cam ghet va len an che ap btrc, bai cdng, hg da'u tranh cho quyen lam ngudi cua quin chung lao ddng Long nhan dao da hudng cac dng ldi ngudi phu nu, trudc hdi long nhan dao ay la su thdng cim cho than phan ngudi phu nd bi ap buc Nhan thuc su khdng gidng gida nam va nu ve phuong dien sinh hgc va xa hdi, cac nha xa hdi chu nghia khdng tudng mong mud'n thay ddi than phan phu nu nhung cac dng chi dung lai d mtrc keu ggi ma chua cd ly luan giii phdng ngudi phu nu mdt each loan dien ma trudc hei giai phdng hg khdi "xieng xfch" tu gia dinh Tdm lai, quan diem ve vai trd ngudi phu nu phuang Tay trudc Mac cdn nhieu han che Quan diem cua cac triet gia Hy Lap cd dai: Xdcrat, Platdn va Arixtdt chua thiy dtrgc vai trd ngudi phu nu xa hdi, eon mang tfnh ky thi va xem nhe vai trd ngudi phu nd Hg mang tu tudng trgng nam khinh nu Dac biet tu ludng ciia Arixtdt cd inh hudng lau dai de'n thdi Trung cd va inh hudng tdi giao hdi Than phan ngudi phu nu bi xem nhe Triidng Tran Hoang Phuc 29 che phong kie'n lac hau Vao thdi Phuc hung, mdt so lu tudng tie'n bg xuai hien, dae biet, td the ki XVIII, cac nha triet hgc Khai sang da nhin tha'y nhdng bai cdng vdi ngudi phu nd Tuy nhien, nhieu han che, cac dng vin chua lam xa hdi thay ddi nhieu vd vai trd phu nu Nhdng nha xa hdi chu nghia khdng tudng da cd phan tien bd nhin thay vai trd cua ngudi phu nu Bdi le, cae dng trudc hdi la nhdng nha nhan dao chu nghia Tuy nhien, de thay ddi each nhin nhan cua xa hdi ve ngudi phu nd ddng thdi nang cao vai trd phu nd thi cac nha xa hdi chu nghia khdng ludng van chua thuc hien dugc Quan niem ve vai tro phu nOr d phiTdng Dong Truydn thuyet xa xua tdng md la mgt sd xa hdi d phuang Ddng theo che miu quyen Rai nhieu truyen thuyet da ca nggi chien cdng cua cac nhan vat nu anh hdng nhu: cac nd than sinh sdi Dudc-ga, nd than vui ve va nudi dudng Latxkomi truyen thuyei An Do, Nu Oa than thoai Trung Qude, lich su Viet Nam nhu me Au Co, Ba Trung, Ba Trieu, Qua nhieu the ki, nhieu hinh tugng phu nd nhu vay van la nhdng nhan vat quan trgng kho tang van hda dan gian d phuang Ddng cung nhu Viet Nam Phuong Ddng chiu inh hudng nhieu bdi cac tdn giao va he tu ludng Nghien ciixi vai trd phu nu theo quan diem d phuong Ddng ciin phai cd each nhin loan dien theo chieu dai lich su vdi nhdng diem cdi ldi nhai Cu the vai trd ngudi phu nu d phuang Ddng chiu inh hudng cua he lu tudng Nho giao cua Trung Qud'c, Phat giao cua An Do va Hdi giao d Tiung Ddng Nhu'ng he tu tudng va tdn giao tae ddng den vi the eua ngudi phu nd sudi hang nghin nam qua khu, d hien lai va tuong lai Quan niem ciia Nho giao Khdng gian Ddng A gin lien vdi he tu tudng Nho giao cda Trung Qud'c ve quan he xa hdi ndi chung va van de phu nd ndi rieng Theo Nho giao, phu nd tha'p kem hon nam gidi, nam gidi la be tren va phu nd cd than phan be dudi Phu ndphii phuc tung ngudi cha, ngudi chdng, trai ci va vua Giai cap thd'ng tri phong kien da su dung cac phuang lien khae de bie'n he tu tudng Nho giao trd y thdc va hanh vi cua mgi ngudi va de til quyen luc ddi vdi phu nd Nho giao chua thuc su thda nhan dung mdc vai trd phu nd lich su ma cdn gdp phan trdi budc ttr va kim ham su phat trien cua phu nd qua thuyet "lam tdng", "tu due" va "phu nhan nan hda" 30 Nghien ciJru Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 21, so 2, tr 23-36 Thd nhdt, theo Nho giao, phu nd" phai giu dao "tam tdng" Day la sgi day vd hinh rang budc ngudi phu nu Ngudi phu nd bi dat sau canh cua gia dinh quan niem "khue mdn bit xuat" Theo "lam tdng" cua Nho giao, ngudi phu nu hoan toan d dia vi phu thudc nam gidi, hg phii "tai gia tdng phu, xuat gia tdng phu, phu tu tdng tu:" {tam dich: d nha theo cha, lay chdng theo chdng, chdng chei theo con) Theo lac gii Phung Thi Kim Anh (2004:24), "lam tdng" "dd day vi tri ciia ngudi phu nil xudng ke no le, no le khdng chi ve kinh te, chinh tri, vdn hda, md no le cd ve tinh cdm vd tinh due" Tham chf chdng chet, vi dim bio chd "tidi", ngudi phu nd gda phii chap nhan thu liet thd chdng sudt ddi, neu di ngugc lai hg se trd ngudi dan ba ldi tiei Truang Vinh Ky trich ldi cd nhan Nho gia, Minh Tdm Bicii Gidm phan ndi ve phu hanh thudc thien thu' hai muoi, da viei: "Trong ddn bd gda, cd ngudi ngheo kho, cd nen lay chdng lgi mia chdng? Vd trUdng hgp ndy cdu trd ldi: sU ddi ret Id sU rd't nhd, chd dieii ldi tiet Id dieu rdt Idn " (Trucmg Vinh Ky, 1996:289) Thu hai, Nho giao cho ring phu nd can trau ddi "tu due" Quan niem ve "tu ddc" lin diu lien dugc gidi thieu sach Nu gidi cua ba Ban Chieu, mdt phu nd' trf thdc am hieu kinh dien Nho gia thdi Ddng Han (25220) Cudn sach Nu gidi cua Ba Ban Chidu la quyen sach "due ket hon 40 nam kinh nghiem lam dau, ket hgp vdi hgc van vd kinh sir" gdm bay chuang, dd cd sau chuang danh ndi vd quan he gia dinh, chi co chuang bd'n "Phu hanh de Itr" giii thfch ve "tii due" "Tu due" cdn goi la "nu hdu tu hanh" gdm: thu nhai, Phu due la "thanh nhan trinh tinh, tiet nghia te chinh, hanh su cd liem si, ddng tinh cd phap do", "phu due khong can phai ed lai nang gl khac ngudi"; thtr hai, Phu ngon la "lua ldi ma noi, khdng ndi ldi ac, ma sau ndi cdng khdng ghet ngudi", phu ngon thi khdng can mdm mep lanh lgi; thu ba, Phu dung la "lim gdi sach se, an mac sach se, thudng xuyen lim ggi, khdng cd cau ghet", phu dung thi khdng cin nhan sic xinh dep; thii tu, Plni cdng la "chuyen tam canh ciii, khdng thich dua gidn, nau nudng sach se de mdi khach khua", phu cong thi khdng cin kheo leo han ngudi (Liru Cir Tai, 2001:135-136) Do la bon tieu chuin quy dinh vd hanh vi dao diic va hanh vi sinh hoat cua phu nH trd chuan muc ve cai dep ciia ngudi phu nu Viec trau ddi "tii diic" yeu ciu phu nu phii thuc hien sinh hoat thudng d gia dinh Vi vay, thoat nhin "tu due" cd ve nhu la nhiing pham chat tdt dep cua phu nir can phii khing dinh va phat huy, nhung "tii dd'c" sich cua ba Ban Triidng Tran Hoang Phuc 31 Chieu lai gidi han bd'n cai khdng can: "tai nang, lanh lgi, xinh dep, kheo leo han ngudi" va dat "td ddc" didu kien "la'y chdng lam gieng mdi cua vg" va "lam long" lam tidn de Ihl cd the "tu due" cung chfnh la "cdng cu nd le hda tinh thin cua phu nd", la "gdng xieng" trdi budc phu nd Mdt diem khae xuat hien Nil gidi la quan niem "phu nu lay yeu dt lam dep" Ba Ban Chieu cho rang: "Am duang khac tfnh, nam nd di hanh, duong lay cuang lam due, nu lay nhuge lam dep" "Mdm yeu la tien de cua nhu thuan" Nhu vay, "phu nd lay yeu dl lam dep" la yeu ciu tfnh each phu nu phii nhu nhuge, khoan dung, phuc tung, ddi vdi chdng phii tdn kfnh, vang ldi, nhudng nhin, khuat phuc Trong hang nghin nam sau Nil gidi cda ba Ban Chidu da trd sach giao khoa giup cho phu nd Trung Qud'c thudc ting ldp tren ''tU minh tu dudng, tu minh rdng bitgc, tu minh nhugc hda minh " (Luu CuTai, 2001:137-138) Theo logic dd, ngudi dan ba phii chuydn tam vao cdng viec cua gia dinh, giu gin pham hanh, cham lo sic dep de phuc vu chdng va gia dinh chu tat; hg phii chap nhan che da the va phai sudt ddi chung thuy, giu gin tiei hanh vdi mdt ngudi dan dng nhai la chdng Cd the ndi, "tu ddc" cdng vdi "lam tdng", gdc gidi dugc coi la cap "quy tdc dgo due khde khe, chat hep ddi vdi ngudi phu ml, theo quan diem ludn ly dgo due ciia Nho gia, che'dg phong kie'n " (Dang Thi Van Chi, 2008:870) Thuba, Nho giao chu truang thuyet "Phu nhan nan hda" (tgm dich: phu nu khd day bio, giao huan) Qua thuyei "phu nhan nan hda", vi the va vai trd cua ngudi phu nd cang bi thap Khdng Tu (Khdng Td, Chu Hy tap chd, 1992) cho ring: "Duy nU tu du tieu nhdn, vi nan dudng dd Can chi, tdc hdt ton, vidn chi, tdc odn "(tgm dich: chi cd gai va bgn tieu nhan la khd cim hda {hodc} chi cd dan ba va bgn tieu nhan la khd nudi day He minh gan gui thi hg khinh nhdn, cdn neu minh xa each nghiem nghi Ihl hg oan ghet) Theo dd, xa hdi phong kien chu truong cac ddi tugng bi giao due dd la tre con, tieu nhan hay phu nu Ihl cOng phai can nhieu each, dd cd ci roi vgt (Dang Canh Khanh, 2003:350) Ngudi phu nu theo nam thang bi thap ve vi the va cdn phii ddi mat vdi bao luc gidi Cho ldi nay, dugc hdi nguydn nhan ding sau van de bao luc gia dinh d Trung Qudc thi 338 ngudi la can bd phap luat d Bic Kinh ddng y tri ldi tu tudng "phu nhan nan hda" gay chu yeu Ndi tdm lai, thuyet "tam tdng", "id due" va "phu nhan nan hda" la nhdng rao cin ddi vdi ngudi phu nd, la ly thuyet gdp phan tao ndn su bai 32 Nghien cLiru Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 21, so 2, tr 23-36 binh ding gidi xa hdi phuang Ddng, tu nd khd cd thd dugc chap nhan tdn tai xa hdi He qui lit yeu hang nghin nam cua nd la gia dinh gia trudng Trong ddi sdng gia dinh, dan dng la ngudi lanh dao quyet dinh, phu nu la ngudi thuc hien cac quyet dinh ciia dan dng theo ldi "phu xudng, phu tdy" Dan dng kiem soat va chi phdi toan bd cac ngudn luc, lgi fch cua gia dinh va kiem soat ci bin than ngudi phu nu va cac hoat ddng cua phu nu Trong he thdng tdn ti trat tu cua thidi che gia dinh gia trudng, dan dng la ngudi cap tren va thdng tri, phu nd la ngudi cap dudi va bi thd'ng tri Tac gii Didm Ai Dan de cap den van de bat binh ding gidi ddi vdi phu nd quyen sach Gia Giao Tiling Qudc Co da cho ring: khdng the ne tranh ring gia giao thdi trudc cdng cd nhung han che thdi dai ciia nd, cd mdt sd ngi dung ciin ba va phuong thuc giao didu cin phii gat bd Ong kei luan: "Gia gido thdi cd coi trgng gido due ludn ly gia dinh nhung lgi hdm chda su de nen nhdn cdch dgc lap ciia em, nhdt la hdng logt rdng buoc quy phgm ve dgo due cd tinh dp che'ddi vdi phu ml, deu Id nliilng dieu cdn len dn " (Diem Ai Dan, 2001:198) Theo lac gii Tran Nho Thin (2010:23), xet td quan diem gia tri, Nho giao khdng phii la he gia tri thuin nhat Cd nhdng yeu td tfeh cue cd the ke thda nhu nhan each dao due cua nha Nho, song cdng cd nhdng yeu id tidu cue khdng the khdng phe phan, nhai la "cluing bi xd hgi nam quyen lgi dung de khdng che, ddn dp phu nil hay giai cap thd'ng tri phong kie'n lgi dung de dp ddt deli thdng tri tren xd hgi" (Trin Nho Thin, 2010) Quan niem cua Phdt gido Xa hdi An Do trudc Phat Giao xuat hien la mgt xa hdi chia nhidu ding cap va thu bac Td the ki II trudc Cdng nguyen den cudi the ki II sau cdng nguyen, Bd lual cd Ma-nu xuat hien d An Do cd dai vdi 2685 dieu hei sue khic Chuang thu nam cua lual cd 169 didu qui dinh each dng xu cua mgi ngudi va cd dd cap ve ngudi phu nd Phu nu khdng the sdng ddc lap vdi dinh kien xa hdi An Do cd dai Dac biet la dieu thu 148 Luat Ma-nu ed doan qui dinh quan he phu thudc cua ngudi phu nd: "Lgi, het thdy thdn ngudi ml khdng cd chd he thugc thai mang tieng xdn Thdn the ngudi ml nhd thdi theo cha me, tre thdi theo chdng gid thdi theo con" (Hda thugng Thfch Thien Sieu, 2001: 687) Luat Manu ghi nhan quan he phu thudc cua ngudi phu nu gin vdi hoan cinh, dia vi cua hg Trong gia dinh hg vd'n di la ngudi phu thugc, quan he hdn nhan, tham chf da lam me, ngudi phu nd van quan he le thudc TrUdng Tran Hoang Phiic 33 vdi cai, dac biet la trai Quan he phu thudc keo dai hei vdng ddi ngudi phu nu, hg "khdng bao gid duge ddc lap" (Dinh Nggc Bio, Nguydn Thu Ha, 2008) Lich su Phat giao da cd hang nghin nam nhung tinh than cdi ldi vin la td bi Tu xuai hien, Phat giao chu truang xda bd mgi bai binh ding xa hdi, vay Phat giao khdi xudng tinh thin chdng sinh binh ding, dd cd quan niem so khdi ve binh ding gidi Quan niem truyen thdng Phat giao cho ring tat ea phu nu, vd lao hda, cung chia se sue manh \'di cac nd than (Nguydn Kim Hoa, 2004) Dieu cd the dugc If giii lich su An Do Cac van ban cd Xiuba Xalral da cho tha'y phu nu la dau hieu cua diem lanh Bdi le, ngudi An Do cd cd su lien tudng tich cue va manh me gida ngudi phu nd vdi nang sinh sin, su Idn manh thinh x'lrgng va diem lanh Ngudi ta lin ring tai ca: cung dien, chua Phat, d An Do cd dugc diem lanh may trang trf bing hinh lugng ngudi phu nd Td the ki X, cac van bin Xiuba Boracasa yeu ciu kien true su va nhOng nha nan tugng ddn chda khing dinh phai cd hinh anh phu nd tren cac buc tudng cua ddn Hg cho ring ngudi phu nd phuong Ddng mang minh niem tu hao rieng ve sdc manh co the Sir deo dai, mem mai, uyen chuyen la nang vugt trdi cua ca the dan ba so vdi co the dan dng Ngay tu khdi thuy, ngudi sang lap dao Phat la Dire Phat Thfch Ca Mau Ni, cdn ngdi dudi gdc cay bd de de tim nhdng giai phap cdu gidp chung sinh dau khd, Ngai khdng he cd y mudn bat phu nd lam nd le cho nam gidi (Dang Cinh Khanh, 2003:341) Tdm lai, Phiit giao cd each nhin cdi md va thoang ddi vdi ngirdi phu nu Ddc Phat eho ring mdt ngudi gai cd trf tue va dire hanh khdng nhdng khdng kem ma cdn uu viet hon trai Khac cac quan niem lieu cue cua Nho giao vd hdn nhan thiet thdi cua phu nd, Phat giao cho phep gda phu dugc lai gia ddng thdi cung cho phep ngudi phu nd ly di dan dng Nhin chung, giao ly eua Phat giao cd each nhin nhan cdng bing vdi vi the ngudi phu nu, d gde gidi, cd the nhan thay tinh thin binh ding gidi so khai Phat giao Quan niem cda Hdi gido (Islam) Trung Ddng, Hdi giao cd lac ddng sau sic den vi the ngudi phu nu tu xa xua Theo Hdi giao, phu nd cd rat nhieu quyen Hdi giao thue thu khdng chdng lai phu nu Nguyen nhan cin trd chfnh ddi \di phu nu la cac 34 Nghien ciiru Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 21, so 2, tr 23-36 "truydn thd'ng va phong tuc" gin lien vdi tdn giao Nhu'ng yeu id thudng bi nhim lin vdi bin than giao ly Hdi giao Cu the la quan niem ve phu nd da bi ddng nhai giua luat Xaria va Hdi giao Da sd phu nu tai cac nudc Hdi giao ddu mud'n bai bd luat Xaria (Martina Sabra, Nguydn Khic Due, 2009:68-69) Luat Xaria ed inh hudng den nhieu qud'c gia Hdi giao Tien trinh binh ding cho phu nu gap rit nhieu khd khan Cac qud'c gia Hdi giao deu thd'ng nhai ciu true xa hdi vd phan cdng lao ddng gidi: nam gidi lam viec ngoai xa hdi, gid cae trgng trach cac bg may nha nudc cdn phu nd ngoai chuc nang sinh de phii quan xuyen, lam viec gia dinh, phuc vu chdng va cac vidn khae Chuc nang tren ket hgp mdi trudng lam viec chat hep la gia dinh da lam eho vi the ngudi phu nu thap kem so vdi nam gidi Bdn canh dd, nhu'ng dieu khoin qui dinh Luat Xaria rai khic Luat Xaria nghiem cam phu nd phd dien than the, ngoai tinh, chua hoang, tham chf la lai xe, v.v cdng vdi nhdng hinh phat het sdc ghe sg ddi vdi phu nd vi du nhu: nem da den chet ddi vdi phu nu' ngoai tinh (Martina Sabra, Nguydn Khic Due, 2009:69) Ngay nay, cac dieu qui dinh bai binh ding nhu vay vin cdn tdn tai mgt so nudc Cu the la van de da the hdn nhan va gia dinh hay vide ngudi phu nd phii dung mang che mat Them nua, each hieu giao ly Hdi giao qua kinh Coran eung cd phan phuc tap Trong kinh Coran cd doan ndi vd che hdn nhan: "Hay lay nhiing phu nU hgp phdp cho anh, lay de'n hai, ba hodc bd'n ngu'di, mien Id anh ddi xU vin hg ngang " (Dd Trgng Quang, 2006:69) Su ghi nhan lam xuai hien nhieu tranh luan trai ngugc Cd y kie'n cho ring dd la nhung ndi dung cd xdy cho tinh trang da the Y kie'n khae lai cho ring day chi la trudng hgp ngoai le (Hd Anh Hai, 2009:66) Thuc le, lai cac qud'c gia Hdi giao, tinh trang da thd trd nen phd bien nam gidi de xin ly di han phu nu Nam gidi chi cin nhic lai ba lin cau "tdi bd cd" la dtrgc loai nguyen Nhin chung, nhung tae ddng cua luat Xaria he tu ludng Hdi giao de'n vi the ngirdi phu nu vin cdn ton tai den Arap Xedt, phu nu bi coi nhu tre con, mdi xuit hien tai nai cdng cdng ddu phii cd dan dng di kem Ngudi phu nu phu thudc mdt each triet de vao chdng va cha Nhung ngudi theo chu nghia truyen thd'ng va nhdng ngudi bio thu ve tdn giao va van hda d Trung Ddng va chau A da lgi dung dinh kien tren de chdng lai viec phu nd lam viec nha may xuat khiu, dac biet la TrUOng T r a n H o a n g Phiic 35 cac cdng ty da qud'c gia, bdi vl didu dd mang lai cho ngu'di phu nd nhieu tu ca nhan han va giii thoat hg khdi che gia trudng (Nguyen Phuang Thio, 2004:46) Ket luan O phuong Tay, quan diem ve vai trd ngudi phu nu trudc Mac chiu anh hudng cua cac nha tu tudng Hy Lap va La Ma thdi cd dai Ngudi phu nu bi danh gia thap, bi cdt chat vai trd sinh hgc Quan diem ay ve phu nd cdn inh hudng den tan Han che eua nhung quan diem ay mdt so nguyen nhan tao ndn Mdt la, han che nhan thuc cua thdi dai nen cac nha tu tudng phuang Tay cd dai chua thay dugc het vai trd gidi cua ngudi phu nu Hai la, nhung nha tu ludng phuong Tay cd dai dung uen lap trudng cua giai cap minh xem xet than phan va dia vi cua phu nd Den thdi kl Trung cd, cdng vdi che phong kien, giao hdi da cd mdt each nhin tieu cue ve vai trd ngudi phu nd Cac nha triet hgc thdi kl Phuc xuai hien da tao mdt so tin hieu tfeh cue cho van de phu nu Sang the ki XVIII, mac dd cae nha xa hdi chu nghia khdng tudng Anh va Phap da tien bd thdng cim cho than phan phu nd nhu'ng hg chua lim giai phap khoa hgc phd hgp cho van de phu nd phuong Ddng, quan diem trudc Mac ve ngudi phu nd chiu nhieu anh hudng bdi cac he lu tudng va tdn giao, dd cd Nho giao d Tiung Qud'c, Phat giao d An Do va Hdi giao d Trung Ddng Ngudi phu nu quan diem Nho giao bi han che va xem thudng Quan diem Nho giao nhin chung mang tinh trgng nam khinh nd Ngirdi phu nd phai giu dao "tam tdng" va trau ddi "td dire" Ben canh dd, Nho giao chu truong thuyet "phu nhan nan hda" Day la nhdng sgi day vd hinh rang budc ngudi phu nu Van de phu nu tu tudng Phat giao mang tfnh ehiit cdi md \'a tu bi Nhin chung, Phat giao chda dung linh than binh ding gidi so khai Ngudi phu nd quan diem Hdi giao cd rai nhieu quyen nhung thuc le lai bi rang budc bdi cac "truyen thdng va luat le" nen roi vao trang thai phu thudc va tu bi han che Ngudi phu nu le thudc vao gia dinh va phai gid gin phim hanh Ngay nay, tai mdt sd qudc gia Hdi giao, phu nd cdn bai binh ding so vdi nam gidi Tdm lai, cac quan diem trirdc Mac ve ngudi phu nd chua the hien dugc su thd'ng nhai gida tfnh khoa hgc, tfnh each mang va tfnh nhan van cao ci VI vay, cac quan diem dd khdng giup tim nguyen nhan bai binh ding 36 Nghien cuu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen , so 2, tr 23-36 cua phu nu va de dudng xda bd su bai binh ding iy.B Tai lieu tham khao Bui Thi Tinh 2009 Phu mlvd gii/i H.: Nxb Chi'nh tri qud'c gia Tr.85, 86, 87 Diem Ai Dan 2001 Gia gido Trung Qude Cd Nxb Tre TP.HCM Tr 198 Dang Canh Khanh 2003 Gia dinh tre em va sif thda keede gid tri truyen thdng H.: Nxb Lao dgng xa hgi Tr 350, 341 Dang Quang Thanh (Chii bien) 2000 Tinh yeu hon nhdn vd gia dinh: mgt sdvd'n dehien Nxb Tre TR Hd Chf Minh Tr 187 Dang Thi Van Chi 2008, \'dn de phu ml tren bdo ehi tieng Viet trude ndm 1945 H.: Nxb Khoa hgc xa hpi Tr.870 Dinh Nggc Bao Nguyin Thu Hii 2008 "Vi tri than phan ngudi phu nu An Do qua Luat Ma-nu" Tap ehi Nghien cifii Dong Nam A, so 10 nam 2008 Do Trong Quang 2006 "Quyen phu nu d cac nudc theo dao Hdi" Tap chi Nghien eiui gia dinh vd gidi, so nam 2006, tr 69 Hoa thugng Thich Thien Sieu 2001 Ludn Dgi Tri Do Tap Nxb TP Ho Chi Minh TR Ho Chi Minh Tr.687 Ho Anh Hai 2009 "Tuc da the ve mat tdn giao" Tap ehi Nghien cim tdn gido, sd nam 2009, tr 66 Jostein Gaarder 2006 The gidi eiia Sophie H.:Nxb Tn thuc Tr.l49, 150 Khdng Tu, Chu Hy tap chu 1992 Lugn Ngu H.; Nxb Van hgc Tr.655 - 656 Luu Cir Tai 2001 Lich sd tuyen chgn ngudi dep Nxb Tre TP Ho Chi Minh Tri 35, 136, 137, 138 Martina Sabra, Nguyen Khac Diic (dich) 2009 "Nhirng bai dong ve vai tro ciia ton giao ddi sdng phu nu Hoi giao" Tap chi Nghien ciiu ton gido, so nam 2009, tr 68-69 Nguyen Kim Hoa 2004 "BieJu tugng nir than tdn giao Ddng - Tay" Tap ehi Khoa hoc ve phu ml, so nam 2004 Nguyen Phuong Thao 2004 "Gidi va van de viec lam cua phu nu'" Tap 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Manu ghi nhan quan he phu thudc cua ngudi phu nu gin vdi hoan cinh, dia vi cua hg Trong gia dinh hg vd'n di la ngudi phu thugc, quan he hdn nhan, tham chf da lam me, ngudi phu nd van quan he le... /Xrixtdt la ngudi lap dai quan niem trgng nam khinh nu Ci ba triei gia ndi tieng nhai Hy Lap thdi cd dai, da "he thdng hoa" chung vdi mdt quan diem ciia hg ve phu nil Quan diem "theo bdn chdi,... nang ly tinh De'n lugt Arixtdt, hgc trd ciia Platdn, quan diem ve ngudi phu nil trd nen lieu cue Trong tac phim The gidi eiia Sophie, gidi thieu quan diem vd phu nQ cua Arixtdt, tac gia Giditexin