THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
MOT SO QUAN DIEM VE DUNG DO, DOI THOAI VA H^P TAG GIUfA CAC NEN VAN HOA, VAN MINH B UI MINH PHUONG'' toan clu hoa dang lam cho Quamd'itrinh quan he cua cac nen van minh tren the gidi phflc tap hdn bao gid bet Cung tfl dd cae quan diem ve dung do, dd'i thoai hay hdp tac gifla cae nen van minh cd dieu kien phat trien nd rd va theo nhieu khuynh hfldng khac Cac cudc ban thao ve md'i quan he gifla cac nen van minh da va dang la chu de gay nhieu tranh cai Tat nhien, nhflng quan diem khac van tim dfldc chd minh mdt chd dfla de tdn tai Bai viet lam rd cac xu hfldng nghien cflu tren thdng qua nhflng tac gia tieu bieu nhat cho de'n thdi diem hien tai Ngay nay, nhflng nghien cflu ve cae nen van minh dang tap trung lam rd md'i quan he gifla sfl khac biet, tham ehi dung gifla cac nen van minh va xung dot va chien tranh cua cac qud'c gia dan tdc Cudc tranh cai ve van de thflc sfl bung nd vao nam 1993 sau bai viet "Sfl dung cua cac nen van minh" ciia S Huntington tren tap chi Foreign Affairs (xem: 8) Huntington da khang dinh, ngudn gd'c cd ban eua cac xung dot tren the gidi nay, tfl chien tranh lanh ket thuc, se khdng edn la he tfl tfldng hay kinh te nfla Ranh gidi quan trgng nhat chia re loai ngfldi va la ngudn gd'c eua cac xung dot se la van boa "Sfl dung gifla cac nen van minh se trd nhan td' chi phd'i chinb tri the gidi Ranh gidi gifla cac nen van minh se la chien tuyen tfldng lai" (8, tr.8) Mau chd't luan thuyet cua Huntington la tdn giao - diem khac biet ldn nha't gifla cac nen van minh Van minh theo quan niem cua dng la sfl khac ve gia tri va niem tin Cung chung mgt ddng chiy "dung van minh khdng the boa giai" xuat hien hai nhanh khac Mgt nhanh, chu yeu eua cae tac gia phfldng Tay vfla quan niem dung van minh la khdng the hoa giai nhflng cho rang cud'i cflng nen van minh phfldng Tay vdi nhieu flu the bdn, nhieu tiem lfle hdn se thang va trd nen van minh phd quat Dien hinh cho khuynh hfldng ed Francis Fukuyama (xem: 1) Cung cd khuynh hfldng nhfl vay, nhflng it mang mau sic chinh tri bdn la Ronald Inglehart vdi cud'n sach ve "Hien dai boa va hau hien dai hoa Thay ddi van boa, kinh te va chinh tri d 43 xa hdi (1999)" va bai viet '' ThS., Vien Thong tin KHXH (•) nidt so quan diem ve "Sfl dung cua eae nen van minh hay la bien dai boa van hoa the gidi" Mgt nhdm tac gia thfl bai ban den dung van minh dfldi khia canh to' cao ba quyen van boa bay cdn ggi la chu nghia de qud'c van hoa cua cac nfldc ldn, dac biet la My va cac nfldc phfldng Tay Cac tac gia nhan thay tinh hinh ciia toan elu hoa hien nay, cle nfldc ldn dang dfla vao sflc manh kinh te, chinh tri, quan sfl cua minh va ca sflc manh mem la nhflng boat dgng van boa dang dfldc hd trd b i n g dieu kien vat chat de md rdng va khang dinh tinh flu viet ciia nen van minh phfldng Tay Dung van minh d day dfldc giai quyet tbed kieu ke manh se thang, dan den sfl suy yeu rdi tieu veng ciia eae nen van minh khac Tieu bieu cho xu hfldng la cac cdng trinh: "Chu nghia de qud'c van boa cud'i the ky XX" (1993) cua Jemes Petras, "My hoa hay toan clu boa nfldc My" (1999) cua Elena Korjakina, "Thii ban ve dung van hoa quan he qud'c te" (2004) ciia Gua Jiemin, "Sfl dung thflc sfl gifla cac nen van minh" cua Ronald Inglehart, "Dd'i thoai van minh t l m nhin toan clu hoa kinh te" (2004) cua Wang Jian, v.v Thdng qua cic bai viet tieu bieu tren cac tac gia cung da cd nhieu quan diem phan dd'i Huntington ve ly luan "sfl dung gifla cac nen van minh" Dac biet nhieu tac gia khdng ddng y vdi khai niem "van minh", dfldng bien gidi gifla cac nen van minh va nhieu van de khac treng luan thuyet ve sfl dung gifla cac nen van minh cua Huntington Cung vdi cac tiep can phe phan nhfl tren, nhieu tac gia da luan giai 43 nguyen nhan cua sfl dung gifla cle nen van minh, nhfl gifla nen van minh phfldng Tay va the gidi Hdi gia-o khdng phai la dan chu ma la gidi tinh; gifla phfldng Ddng va phfldng Tay khdng chi la khac biet ve van hoa ma cdn cd nguyen nhan tfl kinh te, chi'nh tri; sfl dung khdng chi gifla cac nen van minh ma cdn ndi bd cua mdt nen van minh; thflc chat cua sfl dung la xung dot gifla cac nen van minh xfla va nay, tflc xung dot ciia van minh ndng nghiep vdi van minh cdng nghiep va dfla toan clu boa den ke't qua la nen van minh cdng nghiep se thay the nen van minh ndng nghiep, v.v Cd the thay, chinh Huntington da khdi len nggn liia nghien cflu ve md'i quan he gifla cac nen van boa, van minh tren pham vi toan the gidi, dng da danh trung diem yeu cua ly thuyet: van boa khdng chi la mieng da't cua hdp tac va boa bdp; dd la mieng dat tfl nhien cua xung dot, dung Va vi the nd da lam tdn khdng It giay mfle va nhieu eugc hgi thao ban ve van de Thiet nghi dieu dd la vd cflng cin thiet de canh bao, dfl bao cho cac nha nfldc dan tdc quan he qud'c te khdng the xem nhe nhflng nhan tdvan boa, van minh Chinb xu the dd, nay, ngfldi ta nhan manh den ngoai giao van boa va nd dang trd "mdt" ciia cac nha nfldc, dfldc Cdi la cai "di trfldc, ve sau" quan he gifla cac qud'c gia tren the gidi Nhdm khuynh hfldng thfl ba cd le la hdp ly hdn ca vi nd cd y nghia nhat ciia thdi dai nay, dd la: tim dfldng dung dan de giai quyet cac dung dd van minh Cd the rut mdt sd' diem 44 chu yeu ndi dung cdng trinh eiia cac tac gia theo khuynh hfldng nay: Thfl nhat, thfla nhan dung gifla cac nen van minh nhfl la tat yeu ciia thdi dai Thfl hai, nha'n manh t l m quan trgng va hau qua cua dung dg van minh thdi dai toan elu hoa Thfl ba, dung van minh la van de phai giai quyet va cd the giai quyet theo phfldng cham dd'i thoai va hdp tac Thfl tfl, giai quyet dung van minh dfla tren nhflng dac diem cua mdi nen van minh, ddng thdi khdng tach rdi nhflng van de kinh te va chinh tri Nhflng ndi dung chung tren day hang loat cdng trinh, tieu bieu la: "Dung hay la hdp nha't" (1996) cua Wang Jisi va Zdu Sicheng, "Dung hay la ban boa tau cua cac nen van minh qua trinh bien dai boa toan the gidi" (1995) cua V.G Khiro, "Toan cau boa van boa va sfl dd'i thoai gifla cac nen van hoa" (2003) ciia U Makbraid, "Cac pbUdng dien van minh ciia mdt nen van hoa" (2001) cua Yakovets Yu v., "Dd'i thoai, chfl khdng phai la sfl dung gifla cac nen van minh" (2000) ciia Mahdi Elmandjra, Dung gifla cac nen van minh khdng chi cd y nghia tieu cflc, thdng qua dung giup cac nen van minh cd nang lfle phan tfl, tfl nhan thflc dfldc sau sac hdn ve chinh ban than minh va tim each dieu chinh cho phu hgp mdt the gidi ma dung ve van hoa, van minh dan den ddi dich gifla cac qud'c gia, dan tgc Sfl khac biet gifla cle nen van minh cd tinh ta't ye'u khich quan cua nd, khdng the dung sflc manh de chinh phuc va tieu diet, cung khdng the dung Thdng tin Khoa hge xa hdi sd 11.2009 mdt thfl van minh de thd'ng tri loai ngfldi Ngoai ra, dung gifla cac nen van minh cd the tri sflc sd'ng va thuc day dung hdp giua chung Dung la the hien tinh da dang va can sfl kich thich, canh tranh cua cac nen van minh Dung gifla cac nen van minh thuc day van hoa cac nfldc, cac dan tdc hieu biet lan sau them, bd sung cho Tuy nhien, eung cd the lam can trd mfle khac tinh ddng nhat van hoa, lam gay g i t them mau thuan qud'c gia, tham ehi dan phat chie'n tranh Ddng nhat van hoa ddi hdi sfl thich flng, khoan dung va boa hdp lan gifla cac he thd'ng van hoa khac nhau, dd la mdt qua trinh lau dai, tham chi la quanh eo Hien nay, h l u he't cac nha nghien cflu ve van hda, van minh tren the gidi deu cd mdt mong mud'n danh thflc nhan to' tich cflc, hfldng cac nen van minh tren the gidi den md'i quan he dd'i thoai, hdp tac lan Nguyen nhan cua dung dd gifla cac nen van minh ve dai the da dfldc lam rd, nhflng tai cac nen van minh lai phai ddi thoai, hdp tac vdi nhau? Da cd nhieu nha nghien cflu di tim cau tra ldi va cd the ghi nhan nhfl sau: ThQ nhdt, xua't phat diem lay dung lam cd sd de luan giai cho dd'i thoai va hdp tac Nhieu tac gia cho ring, sfl khac biet gifla cac nen van boa khdng chi dfldc xem nhfl mgt nguyen nhan gay cac md'i quan he xung dot, chung cdn cd the' la ngudn gd'c cua nhflng the nghiem ve tinh bd sung Cac nen van hoi khac cd nhflng cdng eu tri tue, bieu trflng va sinh tdn dem lai mdt quan niem rieng ve hien thflc ca nhan, lich sii va vu tru, nhflng chung khdng cin mdt mdt so quan diem ve quan niem khdng cd ti'nh tham thau Di nhien, viec lam giau lln chi cd the thflc hien dfldc cac dang phai khac thfla nhan ban chat cd gidi ban ciia ehung Dd'i thoai la sfl thfla nhan nhflng quan diem khac va nhflng kinh nghiem khac sfl trung thflc va cd' ket ciia chung Nd cung ngu y ve sfl bdi nhap nhflng yeu td' cd gia tri tfl nhflng truyen thd'ng khac ma khdng sd bi mat ban sle ciia minh Mdt dam bao cho boa binh gifla cac nen van boa va van minh la boa binh gifla cac tdn giao Tat ca cac tdn giao ldn tren the gidi deu keu ggi boa binh, tinh yeu, sfl bai hoa, ldng trac an, cdng ly, ldng nhan tfl, long khoan dung va sfl diu hien Cac tdn giao khdng cbi phai ran day ve tinh phi bao lfle ben cac cdng ddng cua chung, ma edn phai thflc bien mdt cudc dd'i thoai than tinh thflc vdi cac tdn giao khle va sfl bao ve tfl tdn giao - phap ehe tdn trgng sfl tfl ve Ifldng tam eiia mdi ngfldi va ehe phep bat ky tdn giao nao cung cd quyen boat dgng tren lanh dia lich sii cua cac tdn giao khac Va eae tdn giao se cd the dat dfldc sfl nhat tri ve mdt he thd'ng eae chuan mfle dao dflc chung dem lai mdt nen tang eho boa binh the gidi, md eiia cho nhflng thoa fldc lien van hoa va ehinh tri rdng rai dfla tren nguyen tae phi bao Iflc Ddng tinh vdi quan diem nay, tae gia Guo Jiemin da vie't bai "Thii ban ve dung van hoi quan he qud'c te*' (2004) r i n g dung dd van boa ed the tri sflc sd'ng van boa, thuc day dung hdp van hoa Dung van boa la the hien tinh da dang van hoa, phat trien van hoa cin sfl kich thich, canh tranh va giao phong cua cac nen van hoa khac Dung van boa lanh tinh thuc day van hoa cac nfldc, cac dan 45 tdc hieu biet lan sau them, bd xung cho Cle nen van boa khac vfla md ngd, va dap, dung lln nhau, vfla giao lflu, hdi nhap, thu nap lan nhau, day la quy luat quan trgng cua sfl phat trien van boa cac dan tdc (xem: 2) , ThQ hai, hoa binh, dn dinh hdp tac de cflng phat trien dang la xu the tat yeu ciia thdi dai Mdt nhflng ngfldi nhiet ung hd va luan chflng cho de an dd'i thoai gifla eae nen van minh phfldng Ddng va phfldng Tay la cflu Tdng thd'ng Iran M Khatami Vdi nhieu bai viet (Trong ngfldi ket tu ca tam hdn phfldng Ddng va ly tinh phfldng Tay (2001), Dd'i thoai gifla cac nen van minh: kinh nghiem lich sii va trien vgng the ky XX ) va boat ddng thflc tien, dng da hang hai de cao viec cin thiet phai dd'i thoai gifla cac nen van minh vdi muc dich hfldng tdi nen boa binh tren toan the gidi Chang ban, sau Dai hdi ddng Lien Hdp Qud'c thdng qua de nghi cua Cdng hoa Hdi giao Iran ve viec trien khai cudc dd'i thoai gifla cac nen van boa va van minh, Khatami da phat bieu tai "Hdi nghi thfldng dinh thien nien ky" tai Lien Hdp Qud'c, thang nam 2000, luan chflng sau sic cho sfl cin thie't ciia viee dd'i thoai gifla cac nen van minh Theo sang kien ciia Khatami, Lien Hdp Qud'c da tuyen bd' lay nam 2001 la nam Bd'i thogi giQa cde nen vdn minh Sau cac vu khung bd 11/9/2001 d My, md'i quan he gifla phfldng Tay va the gidi Hdi giao bi xa'u di, 2/11/2001, Dai hdi ddng UNESCO da thdng qua Tuyen bd' chung ve sfl da dang van hoa, xem dd'i thoai gifla cac nen van hoa la cai bao dam tdt nhat eho 46 boa binh Can phai nhan manh ring, day la lan dau tien cdng ddng qudc te thdng qua mdt van ban phap quy dfla tinb da dang van hoa len hang "di san chung cua nhan loai", cai cin thiet dd'i vdi nhan loai khdng khac gi "sfl da dang sinh bgc gidi tfl nhien hflu sinh" Trong tuyen bd' cd ndi rang, "viec bao ve tinh da dang van boa la chi lenh dao dflc" gin lien vdi viec "tdn trgng pham gia ciia ca nhan ngfldi" Thdng tin Khoa hgc xa hdi sd 11.2009 la giao lflu, dd'i thoai va bdp tie Lich sii nhan loai da chflng minh r i n g nen van minh nao tfl cd lap minh vdi the gidi cdn lai se tat yeu bi diet vong Ung hd da dang van hoa, khuyen khich cac nen van hoa dd'i thoai, hdp tac nham bd sung, ke thfla nhflng gia tri td't dep cua nhau, nhieu nghien cflu cho rang: Tinh da dang van hoa la mdt dieu kien ciia cudc sd'ng, dd cd cudc sd'ng cua ngfldi VI nhfl thien nhien khdng ngflng tao tinh da dang Chung ta cd the coi Chii de dd'i thoai gifla cac nen van trgng viec bao tdn tinb da dang gid'ng minh dfldc xac dinh nhfl la muc tieu loai hay mdi trfldng vdi tinh each la cac chie'n Ifldc cua UNESCO thdi ky loai vat pham ehung toan clu Tinh da 2002 - 2007 Dieu quan trgng nfla la, dang van boa thfldng ndi len muc tieu day khdng chi la khau hieu chinb tri, ma sfl biet le ve van hoa dang theo dudi, hoac tham chi mdt cfldng linh chinh tri, sfl danh gia cao va bao ve cac nen van ma la mdt tin niem tdn giao - triet hgc boa the gidi dang phai dd'i mat vdi nguy sau sac dfla tren toan bd lich sii quan he cd ddng dang boa Lien quan den van de qua lai gifla cac dan tgc va cac qud'c gia nay, bien xua't hien chii nghia cd Dd'i thoai gifla cac nen van minh trfldc lap van boa - nhflng ngfldi thee khuynh bet la sfl dd'i thoai gifla cac tdn giao hfldng hoan toan bd qua md'i quan (xem: 3) he tac ddng tich cflc tdn tai gifla cac nen van minh va van hoa khac Thd ba, hien dang xuat bien nhflng van de toan clu ddi hdi sfl hdp tac lich sii ma nhan manh phien dien viec giai quyet gifla cac qud'c gia, dan tdc Ben bao tdn tinh dgc dao van boa cua minh canh dd cd sfl le thudc lan gifla cac Chu nghia cd lap van boa cho rang, gifla nen van minh Mat khac, khoang each cae nen van minh va van boa khac cdng nghe gifla cac nen van minh la khdng the dd'i thoai, hdp tac, dd, de mdt gia tang, cac nen van minh cd trinh bao ve van hoa ban dia vd'n edn "chfla bi khoa bgc ky thuat bien dai dang d nhiem" va cdn mang "phong vi nguyen chiem flu the va ddi hdi cac nen van sd", nd phan dd'i cac nen van boa ngoai minh phat trien cham hdn phai hdp tac, lai, hoan toan each ly van boa cua minh hgc hdi Sfl phan hflu tri thflc (division vdi the gidi ben ngoai, tfl cd lap minh df knowledge) la qua trinh khdng the Day cao hdn ciia chu nghia cd lap van cfldng lai mdt the gidi cd phan cflc boa la cbii nghia cflc doan van boa, hg ve mat cdng nghe sau sac Phfldng khdng chi phan dd'i sfl giao lflu, tham hfldng hdp tac gifla cac nen van minh la khao, hap thu va dung hdp lln sfl thu hep khoang each ve trinh phat gifla cac nen van hea ma cdn dung phfldng thflc bad lfle va dd mau de tieu trien cdng nghe diet cac nhan td' van boa "di doan", ThQ tii, quy lu&t tdn tai va phat tham chi cdn tieu diet ve mat vat ehat trien cua cac nen van boa, van minh dd 47 mdt so quan diem ve ddi vdi cac chung tdc va td chflc tdn giao ma nen van hoa "di doan" dang sd hflu (xem: 4, 5) Nhfl vay, cd the thiy hdp tac gifla cac nen van minh la rat cd trien vgng nhflng lai rat phflc tap Nd gia dinh phat trien sfl hdp tac cd thien chi gifla cac nen van minh Cac bd phan cua cdng ddng toan clu, cae qud'c gia va cac dan tdc, tao cd cbe hflu hieu de giai quyet mau thuan tat yeu xuat hien gifla cac nen van minh Sfl giup dd lan nhau, sfl giup dd cac dan tgc va cac nen van minh ngheo, kem phat trien hdn cd sfl binh quyen ve chinh tri, khdng cd cfldng bflc, bad lfle Khi phai trien nen dan chii toan clu bao dam tfl the hien y nguyen ciia cdng ddng; nd gia dinh viec ddc lap thdng qua quyet dinh cd y nghia chung tinh den ldi ich ciia ke yeu lan ke manh, ca da sd' lan thieu sd' Q u i trinh xay dflng cd che hdp tac gifla cac nen van minh la rat lau dai va phflc tap, trai qua cac binh thflc va cac giai dean ke tiep nhau, vdi td'c dd khac d cac bd phan khle tren hanh tinh Hien nay, cd nhflng nghien cflu ve tich hdp van boa, nghia la ket hdp hai boa cac dac diem cua che van boa xa hdi ti'ch cflc P Sorokin da tien doan sfl hinh tfldng lai mdt loai hinh van boa xa hgi tich hdp, thay the cho loai hinh van hoa cam tinb dang thd'ng tri d phfldng Tay va Idai hinh van boa xa hdi ly tfldng boa thd'ng tri d phfldng Ddng Dieu dd khdng cd nghia la nhat the hoa hoan toan loai hinh van boa xa bdi va tam thai d phfldng Ddng va phfldng Tay Loai hinh van boa xa hdi tich hdp la mang tinh hai hoa, nd khdng dung hdp dfldc vdi hinh thflc thd thien, de tien eua sfl banh trfldng quan sU, kinh te, vdi cbii nghia khac ky tdn giao va khat vgng tieu diet "ta giao" Loai binh la phu hdp vdi xa hdi hau cdng nghiep nhan dao dang hinh thanh, la tru cdt tinh t h i n ciia nd Nd cd cai ma UNESCO ggi la "van hoa hoa binh": "hieu biet lan va khoan dung; nhan thflc va thfla nhan tinb da sle thai va da cflc ciia the gidi, quyen binh dang va sfl tfldng tac gifla cac nen van boa, cae dan tdc, cae nen van minh khac nhau; tdi luyen kha nang ngan chan xung dot cdn neu ehung xuat hien (xung dot tat ye'u xuat hien the gidi bien ddi theo chu ky, ed bat ddng ve ldi ich) biet tim eae phfldng phap boa binh, phi bao Iflc de giai quyet chung, khdng dfla tinb hinh den bao lfle, chien tranh Song viec thay the sfl sflng bai chien tranh bang van boa hoa binh la cdng viee keo dai, nd ddi hdi cd sfl thay the cua vai the he va phai khle phuc sfl phan khang ciia cac thii linh, cac nha lanh dao td hdp cdng nghiep quan sfl va viec budn ban vu Chi cd met phdng trao xa hdi dai chung, toan clu hoa va sfl giam sat eua nd ddi vdi gidi chdp bu chinh tri va quan sfl ciia mgi nfldc va mgi nen van minh mdi ed kha nang giai quyet van de toan clu TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Diin dan Merrill Lynch Toan elu hda kinh te va van hda: dd'i thoai vdi tien si Francis Fukuyama (http://www.ml.com), 2004 Guo Jiemin Thii ban ve dung van boi quan he qud'c te, TN 2004 85&86 (Viin Phd dich) Zotov V.D Cac nen van minh the'ky XXI - Xung dot va chien tranh hay 48 Thdng tin Khoa hge xa hdi sd 11.2009 ddi thoai va hdp tac? TN 200612&13 Wang Jian Dd'i thoai van minh tam nhin toan clu hoa kinh te - Kiem ban ve cd sd van hoa ciia hdp tac A Au TN 2004 - 38 (Viin Phd dich) Dragunskij D.V Cudc ndi chien gifla cac nen van minh, TN 2004 - 57 (Ngd The Phuc dich) Ronald Inglehart, Pippa Norris Sfl dung thflc sfl gifla cac nen van mmh, TN 2004 - 58 (Ngd The Ble dich) Fung Ningjun Mgt bai khoa to ldn cd ti'nh thdi dai (Hgi thao khoa hgc d (Tie'p theo trang 33) TAI LIEU THAM KHAO A Jr Chandler Strategy and Structure New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1966 Williamsons Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implication" New York: The Free Press, 1975 Tien Dinh Nhat Kinh te hgc hien dai va cai each kinh te Trung Qud'c, Dai hgc Nhan dan Trung Qud'c: 2004 Nam Kinh ve "Tdan clu hoa va nhflng dung ve gia tri"), TN 2000 - 09, (Nguyin Dai dich) Huntington S.P Sfl dung gifla cac nen van minh?, chuyen de Thdng tin KHXH so I, 1995 Tzvetan Todorov Chung ta cd the khdng cin den nhflng thien than, nhflng khdng the sd'ng thieu nhflng ngfldi khac, TN 2007 ~ 25&26 (Le Sdn dich) 10 Xie Yiaian Phan tich cae quan diem bai "Sfl dung gifla cac nen van minh"?, chuyen de Thdng tin KHXH sol, 1995 Sector", The Economics Transition, 1993, 1(2):135-170 of Kornai Janos Kinh te hgc thieu but (quyen thfldng) Khoa hgc kinh te: 1986 D Van Atta "Russian Agriculture between Plan and Market", in D Van Atta (ed.): The "Farmer Threat", - 24, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993 F von Hayek (1960) Nguyen h cua trat tfl tfl Tam Lien thfl diem: 2003 J Butterfiled "Devolution in Decision-Making and Organizational Change in Soviet Agriculture" in W Moskoff (ed), Perestroika in the Countryside, 19 46 New York: M E Sharpe, 1990 Yingyi Qian, G Roland and Chenggang Xu "Why China's Economic Reforms Differ: The MForm Hierarchy and Entry/Expansion of the Non-State Doan VSn Ban Phan cdng, thu lao tang d i n va che doanh nghiep Mdt khung ly thuyet va phan ti'ch ve doanh nghiep nha nfldc Nhan dan Thien Tan: 1998 ... gifla cac nen van minh ma cdn ndi bd cua mdt nen van minh; thflc chat cua sfl dung la xung dot gifla cac nen van minh xfla va nay, tflc xung dot ciia van minh ndng nghiep vdi van minh cdng nghiep... cd nhieu quan diem phan dd'i Huntington ve ly luan "sfl dung gifla cac nen van minh" Dac biet nhieu tac gia khdng ddng y vdi khai niem "van minh" , dfldng bien gidi gifla cac nen van minh va nhieu... tri, quan sfl cua minh va ca sflc manh mem la nhflng boat dgng van boa dang dfldc hd trd b i n g dieu kien vat chat de md rdng va khang dinh tinh flu viet ciia nen van minh phfldng Tay Dung van minh
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