Người hoa ở philipin dưới thời kỳ thuộc tây ban nha (1565 1898)

NGUdi HOA O PHILIPPIN DUOI THOI KY THUOC TAY BAN NHA (1565 - 1898) D U O N G VAN HUY T hdi ky thudc Tay Ban N h a (15651898) la giai doan q u a n trpng tien t r i n h p h i t trien cua ljch sfl Philippin Ddng thdi, vdi sfl p h a t trien cfla kinh te thfldng mai cua Philippin d i t h u h u t nhieu di d i n v i thfldng n h a n ngfldi Hda den di trfl va boat ddng kinh te tai quan dao n i y Mac dfl q u i t r i n h p h i t trien eiia edng ddng ngfldi Hoa d day cd nhflng m a u t h u a n ve ldi ich kinh te vdi ngUdi Tay B a n Nha, song vj vdi sfl n h a y ben hoat dpng thfldng mai va sflc sd'ng m a n h me cua nhflng ngfldi Hoa di t r u d q u a n dao nay, cho nen, hp da sdm k h a n g djnh dUdc vj t h e cua minh Ben canh dd, sU h i n h t h a n h v i p h i t trien eua cpng ddng ngUdi Hoa d Philippin cung gap ri't nhieu t h i n g t r a m , nhUng hp van la n h a n td' q u a n trpng qua t r i n h p h i t trien kinh t e - xa hdi d Philippin giai doan ThUtfng m a i v a di t r u c u a ngii6i Hoa de'n P h i l i p p i n Vdi vj trf dudng bien khdng qua xa so vdi c i c cang thj k h u vflc duyen hai vflng N a m Trung Hoa va cac cang thj cua N h i t Ban, vay tfl trfldc thflc dan Tay B a n N h a x a m chiem v i thd'ng trj Philippin thi ndi n i y da t h u h u t m a n h me cic thuyen budn cfla eac thfldng n h i n Trung Qud'c, N h i t Ban den budn ban H i n g h o i m a n g den bdi c i c Hoa thfldng v i N h i t thfldng da dUde tieu t h u nhieu tren cic dao ldn cfla q u a n dao Philippin Ngay sau T i y Ban N h a d i t ach thd'ng trj ddi vdi Philippin thi vien Tdng ddc nhiem ky dau tien cua Tay Ban N h a d Manila la Miguel Lopezde Legazpi da viet t h u gfli cho qud'c vUdng Tay Ban N h a Philippe vao 23 t h i n g n a m 1567 d i n h i n xet: "chung toi d phia bdc cua vung ddt ndy, cd the Id phia tdy bdc, cdch khong xa cd mgt sd ddo ldn ggi Id ddo Luzon vd Mindanao NgUdi Trung Qud'c vd ngUdi Nhdt Bdn hdng ndm deu den ddy mdu dich, hdng hod hg mang theo la ta lua, hdng det, chudng, vu khi, ddu tham, ihie'c, vdi in hoa vd mgt so'vat dung nho khde, hg chd di vdng vd nen Ddn cU tren hai ddo ldn ndy la ngUdi Moro (ngUdi Moro thugc bg Igc Islam, hg td phia nam de'n, chu yeu tren ddo Mindanao vd Sulu), hg thu mua nhUng hdng hod ngUdi Trung Quo'c vd ngUdi Nhdt Bdn mang de'n sau cha di cdc ddo khde de bdn"^^\ Khi hoat ' Ths Difdng Van Huy, Vien Nghien cflu Dong Nam A Duang Vdn Huy - Ngifdi Hoa a Philippin dudi thdi ky thugc Tdy Ban Nha ddng thUdng mai dUde t i n g cUdng, cic h o i n g h o i Trung Qud'c dUdc sii dung nhieu cudc sd'ng cua ngfldi Philippin Theo nhfl mpt thuyen vien di cflng Ferdinand Magellan den Philippin la Antonio Pigafetta cho biet: "hdng ndm cd khodng den thuang thuyin Trung Quoc den Mindanao, nhd cua mgt so ngudi Philippin cd the thdy vu vd ta lua, da phdn cd khd ndng Id ngUdi Trung Quoc chuyen de'n"^'^K 21 them: "qudn ddo ndy chdng cd Icii ich gi ddng ndi cd, trd md nhdng tuyen mdu dich vdi Trung Qude vd nhdng qud'c gia Dong An Do khdc"^^\ Ddng thdi, T i y Ban N h a n h a n thi'y r a n g de cd dUdc td lua ciia Trung Qud'c thi khdn ngoan hdn ea la viee md rpng thfldng cang Manila, t i n g cfldng cic boat dpng thfldng mai cua Manila vdi Trung Qud'c Cung vdi do, Tay Ban Nha cung thiet lap tuyen thUdng mai thuyen budm ldn tfl Manila tdi Acapulco eua Mexico de chuyen chd td lua sang chau My Latinh rdi chd sang c h i u Au, va chd bae tfl Mexico tdi Manila Nhflng trfldc 1571, m i u djch gifla Trung Qud'c va Philippin vdi quy md nhd le, chi den t h i n g n i m 1571, sau Tay Ban N h a chiem linh dfldc h i u het eie Viec bae t r a n g dfldc Tay Ban Nha dfla dao ldn cua Philippin, cic boat ddng den Manila vdi so' Ifldng ldn hang n i m da thfldng mai mdi mdi p h a t trien n h a n h tao sfl hi'p d i n ddi vdi cac thfldng thuyen chdng va vdi quy md ldn Nguyen n h a n Trung Qud'c den tfl cac thfldng cang vflng khien cho Tay Ban N h a thue day sfl p h a t duyen hai ddng n a m T r u n g Qud'c, nhi't la trien eiia thfldng mai d d i y bdi Tay Ban thuyen budn den tfl Phue Kien Trong Nha mdi chiem dfldc Manila khdng l i u , tuyen thudng mai T r u n g Qud'c Philippin p h i t hien r i n g Philippin khdng cd tai ed nhieu thUdng thuyen cua Phuc Kien nguyen gi nhieu, lai c i c h q u i xa thupc dja den budn b i n d Luzon theo nhu ldi cua cua T i y Ban N h a d My Latinh, vung n i y mpt t u a n phfl Phuc Kien thdi ky nha vfla khdng cd hd tieu, lai khdng cd hfldng Minh bai bd tflng p h a n chfnh sach Hai lieu, dan sd thUa thdt, vay khdng the ci'm ( n i m 1567) l i Tfl Hpc Ngflng thi k h i i t h i e khoang san hay tien h a n h trdng "chung toi budn bdn vdi Luzon vi d cd trpt nhflng cay hfldng lieu Ve cd ban vflng bgc trdng cua Phdt Lang Cd (Tdy Ban n i y khdng the cung ci'p du cho nhu cau Nha)" Ben canh dd, mdt n h a n v i t khac l i sinh boat ed b a n eua Tay Ban Nha, tdng H i Kieu Vien ngfldi Phuc Kien cung cho ddc Miguel Lopezde Legazpi cam thi'y biet them "di dUdng Men td Phuc Kie'n di khdng vfla long vdi trien vpng xay dflng vi hudng Nam, cd qud'c gia Luzon [ncfi cdng nghiep thupc dja d day Vien Tdng dd] cd nhiiu vdng vd bgc, lUu hdnh bgc dd'e T i y Ban N h a nhiem ky thfl d Manila gid'ng nhu viec lUu hdnh tiin d Trung l i Fracisco de Sande t h a m chf cdn gpi Quoc Bgc cua cdc nUdc Tdy DUdng (chi vflng "cdn coi de'n mdc ngUdi ta phdt Tdy Ban Nha- TG) diu dUdc chuyen tdi dUa bd thi de sdng' Cflng each nhin vdi ddy qua nhdng hoat dgng thUdng mgi Fracisco de Sande, nhUng J u a n Pable bien, cho nen ngUdi Phuc Kie'n budn bdn Carrion la dpi trudng dpi thUdng thuyen nhiiu a Luzoh'^'^\ cua Miguel Lopezde Legazpi cd bd sung Cac thfldng t h u y e n cua Trung Qud'c 22 den Philippin budn b a n thudng theo m u a gid va theo tuyen budn b i n nhi't djnh, ngUdi ta gpi phUdng thflc budn b a n la mua mdu dich Theo nhfl sfl mieu ta cua Tdng ddc T i y B a n N h a d Manila la Antdnio de Morga thi tfl n i m 1596 den 1598 "nhUng thuyin budn de'n td Trung Qude di theo dodn, khodng thdng dUOng lieh cdc thuyin budn kit thdnh dodn khdi hdnh theo gid mua vd thdi tiet ndng, hdnh trinh de'n Manila khodng 15 den 20 ngdy, hg mua hdng hod xong de an todn hg dd quay ve vdo cuoi thdng ddu thdng 6"^^K Va de cd t h e giup dd lan n h a u tren dUdng, nha't la k h i di dUdng bien tfl duyen hai n a m T r u n g Hoa tdi Philippin, day la tuyen dUdng cd nhieu cUdp bien (Wako) va dUdng bien dai khdng cd t r a m dflng c h i n t r e n h i n h t r i n h di bien, nen cac thuyen budn thfldng di theo tflng doan tfl v i i thuyen cho den hdn chue thuyen, theo nhfl ldi ke cua J o h n Saris, thuyen trfldng ciia Cdng ty Ddng An Anh thi "cdc dodn thuyin buon thdnh dodn khdi hdnh td Chuang Chdu, cd la thuyin, thuyin, 10 thuyin hogc nhiiu hOn nda"^^\ So' thuyen T r u n g Qud'c den Philippin budn b a n h a n g n i m cung khdng deu d i n , n i m nhieu t h u y e n n i m it thuyen, theo n h u thd'ng ke cua W L Schurz cud'n The Manila Galleon thi cd khoang tfl 20 den 60 thuyen, n i m 1574 cd thuyen, n a m 1580 cd 40 den 50 thuyen; n i m 1616 chi cd thuyen, nhUng n i m 1631 lai cd tdi 50 thuj'en, n i m sau cd 30 thuyen Cd t i n h t r a n g t h u y e n budn Trung Qud'c den Manila khdng deu d i n nhU vay bdi theo nhflng bien dpng ciia tinh Trung Qud'c, va q u a n trpng hdn l i tinh hinh budn b a n d Manila, n i m nao m i Nghien eifu Dong Nam A 2/2011 ngudi Trung Qud'c thi'y bae d Manila thieu h u t thi n i m dd so' t h u y e n budn den dd cung it di Dieu chi r i n g vj trf quan trpng cua bae d Manila n h u the n i o , nd quyet dinh sfl nhpn nhjp hay thfla thdt cac hoat dpng thfldng mai cua cac thuyen budn ngoai qud'c nhi't l i thuyen budn Trung Qude Ngoai nhflng ly n i y thi nhflng toan cUdp bien hoat dpng quanh khu vflc dao Luzon va gan cic vung duyen hai Trung Qud'c cflng a n h hfldng khdng nhd tdi nhflng boat dpng eua cic thfldng thuyen tuyen thfldng mai Manila Trung Qud'c De t h u i n ldi cho cac boat ddng thUdng mai, cic thfldng doan cua Hoa thfldng can phai cd mpt lflc lfldng cfl trfl d Philippin de phue vu cho cae m u a thfldng mai Nhflng ngfldi Hoa cfl t r u lau d i i d Philippin de mang hang hoa ciia eac thuyen budn Trung Qud'c m a n g tdi di tieu t h u d cac vflng va cae dao khac n h a u eua Philippin Bp p h i n b a n dau chi eU trfl t a m thdi mpt thdi gian n g i n , cd the l i v i i t h i n g den vai n i m , nhUng n h u cau thu mua va tieu t h u h a n g hoa thUdng xuyen nen hp da cU trfl lau dai cflng vdi cic cfl d i n b a n dja, nhflng hp t i p t r u n g chu yeu d Manila va cac dau mdi giao thdng chinh t h u i n ldi cho viec t h u mua va tieu thu Nhflng ngfldi Hoa n i y b a n dau di k h i p ndi t h u m u a nhflng san vat d c i c ndi cua Philippin, sau hp ehu yeu t h u mua bae tfl Mexico chuyen sang de den mua m i u dich hp chuyen cho cic thuj'en budn ve Trung Qud'c Mfla m a u djch, c i c thUdng thuyen T r u n g Qud'c m a n g nhieu h a n g h o i den, hp lai dUa di tieu t h u k h i p ndi ea n i m Bp p h a n ngUdi Hoa n i y la nhflng ngfldi cfl trfl cd' djnh tao nen c i c k h u va Duang Van Huy - Ngifdi Hoa