Hoat dong khai mo cua ngtfdi Hoa d vung thtfdng du mien Bac Viet Nam dtfdi thdi ky Le - Trmh (the ky XVII - XVIII) TRAN XUAN THANH* T rong hai the ky XVII-XVIII, ben canh cdc boat d^ng bufin bdn cua Hoa thtfdng tai khu vtfc dfi thi thi mpt Itfe Itfgng ldn ngUdi Hoa dd tdi khai mo vd thu gom khodng sdn tai nMlu khu vtfc vung thfldng du m i l n Blc ^^$t Nam, gdy nMlu tdc d | n g tdi ddi song vd bO mdt vung bi&n viln eua Dai Vi&t Cdch ddy hon ntfa t h l ky, gido stf Phan Huy Le da cfing b l tdp hop bdi vilt eua minh vl tinh Mnh khai md dtfdi trilu Nguyen, tiong dd ed dl edp nMlu tdi boat dOng khai mb eiia ngtfdi Hoa Trtfde dd, gido stf Ddo Duy Anh cung eung edp m$t s l thfing tm vl tinh hinh khai md dtfdi thdi L& - Trinh Trong bdi vilt ndy, tde gid ke thtfa k&'t qud ngM&n cuh eiia hai nhd si3f hgc ldn, egng vdi viec tham khdo them cdc b$ cMnh sd khde, de chu trpng ve boat d | n g khai md ctia ngtfdi Hoa tr&n lanh t h l ^^$t Nam, mfit s l db'i sdch cua chinh quyln L& - Trinh nhkm han e h l ede tdc d$ng ti&u cde cua hoat d^ng ndy dfi'i vdi xa hgi Ddng Ngodi thdi ky ndy Stf xuSit h i g n vk qua t r i n h khai m o c u a ngi:fdi Hoa & vung ihvlpns du m i l n B^c Vi$t N a m Du khfing dtfdc phan anh mgt cdch trtfe ti&'p qua eae tdi U&u bi&n m&n stf chinh thflc song ehung ta cb t h l Met rang cdc hoat dbng khm md cua ngtfdi Hoa fien d vung thtfgng du m i l n bac Viet Nam cb t h l dien manh me ttf khoang nda cufii eua t h l 1^ XVII Thdi 1^ dau, p h l n ldn cdc md d khu vtfc ndy diu cde thu linh dia phfldng tu khai thdc Trong suit thdi L^ Tran, cae tu trUdng cua cdc chau rmen nui pMa blc thddng dem cae Ioai kim loai quy dang len trilu dinh Dai Vi&t d Thdng Long Vdo dau th&' ky XV, sau kM tM&'t lap dfldc chinh quyln db hfi d Viet Nam, trieu finh nhd Minh da cho tMit lap cdc hoat dgng khai thdc khodng sdn Mm loai Day cb the dflpc xem nhd mgt sd Mgn ddnh dd'u stf cd mdt rat sdm eiia ngtfdi Hoa ngdnh cfing ngMep khai khodng cua Viet Nam Thdng 10 nam 1409, nhd Minh cho ddt cue Khai thde vdng d tran Thdi Nguyen, thufic phu Thai Nguyen, cue khai thae vdng tran Gia Huhg, thugc chdu Gia Hdhg vd cue khai thdc vdng d trdn Quang Oai, thufic chau Quang OM*^*; d i n ndm 1416 lai cho ldp cue khai thde vdng tai trail Vpng Giang, Dien Chdu, tran Ldm An, phu Nghe An*^* Tuy vdy viee khm • Ths Trin Xufin Thanh, H^i Khoa hpc Lich sfl Viet Nam 64 khodng vdi quy mo ldn ciia trilu Minh khfing ton tai dtfde ldu K l ttf sau kM Viet Nam gidnh dugc dge lap ndm 1427 eho den the 1^ XVIH, vi$c khai thde khodng san mbt phan vdn nhd ntfdc quan ly song phan ldn lai trd lai vdi vai trb cua ngfl&i Hoa vd cdc thu Iinh dia phflOhg i^Udi Vi§t Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 412015 h l n so vdi cde md eua n g i ^ Vi&t^^* Den aioi t h l 1^ XVII, Ddng Ngodi da c6 74 md vdi 11 loai khodng san dddc khai thdc, cung cap cho nha nddc lay ngtqren lieu d l due tiln, ldm dd gia dung vd xuat k h ^ Itfy nM&n nhd nddc quan Iy tat ca cdc mo ldn mfit cdch gidn ti&p bdng cdch giao cho cae quan lai pM&n trdn, tho ti dtfde quyen Deh thdi ky L&- Trinh, chinh quyln eho khai thde C!Jae Hoa thddng ed goe gdc tif phdp ngddi chu md ttf bd vfi'n thue i^tfdi vung Van Nam hay ttf cde vdng md khdc d khai thdc, tao dilu M&n cho stf tham gia bien gidi da tim cdch vfldt bi&n mfii kM viec vdi ttf cdch tu nhdn ciia cdc quan lai trilu tMet lap cd sd tai Viet Nam gdp dilu kien finh, tho tu dia phtfdng vd ddc biet la cdc d l ddng '\^&c ndy cho thdy ehle ehan Id hp thddng nhdn Hoa Miu NgUdi Hoa ddgc da cd mdt dong dao tai cdc vung nui cao ph6p ddhg khai thdc bdi life Itfgng ndy gidu khodng san ma nhd Thanh dd gidnh mdi dli vln thu& nhdn cfing eiing nhtf trtnh dtfde vao nhiihg thdi ky khde dg, Mnh ngMem to chtfc cae trtfdng md Dii cdc t h l ky XVH - XVEI Diln hinh Id vigc dtfdc coi la mgt bign phdp tdo bao eiia sdp nhap md d i n g Tu Long eiia Viet Nam ehinh quyln n h i m thde day ngdnh khM vdo Trung Quoc vbng ba ehue ndm (tit mo phdt trien nhUhg chfnh sdch ndy cuoi the' ky XVH den nam 1728) Trung ciing tao filu Men cho hdng van phu mb Quic ciing da tra cdc md dong NgdU DUOng, Trung Hoa sang khai mo k h i p Ddng Ho Diep, Phfi Vien, da hi cM&'m gifl vdo dau Ngoai Theo Ngb Thdi a tM Hoa Kilu d the ky XVH Cdc vimg dat khdc nhU Tung Ddng Ngodi cd d&'n 5, van, Hpi An eiing Lang, Hodng Nham, Hgp PM, L& T ^ J ^ dlh 6000, ngoM d cdc thdnh thi khdc Tuy Phu, NgMem Chau hdu du& cua khbng ke heV^' Khbng eo s l Ueu cu t h l v l Hoang Cbng CSilt nhddng lai, dd hi s ^ Hoa Miu d vimg bi&n gidi pMa blc nhdng nhdp vdo Tnmg Quoc'^* theo Ngd Thdi Si tM so 5, van The le khai thde hay che ehuy&n loi ngtfdi ndy, "phln ldn ldm nghe khai md", vd da s l hp Id thtfdng nhdn va phu mb d aia nhd nddc dfi'i vdi cde hoat dfing khai mo miln Van Nam, Quang Tdy, Trilu Chmi, eua ngtfM Hoa ed le dtfdc gM lai sdm nhA TMeu Chau qua bien gidi din ngu d sdu Id ndm 1720 kM chinh quyln Le - Trinh dp trail Lang, Thai, Tuy&n, Hdng, Cao, Quang dung cae mtfc thue sua't dtfde dp dung cho d l "khai md ldy dia"^*' Nhuhg thd md cdc Hoa thflOhg dang tien hdnh khai thdc Trung Quoc cd tay n ^ l cao, cd Mnh tai cde mo dong tai Dang Ngodi Tat ea cdc ngMem khai thdc vd ldm vipc theo phtfdng bien phdp nhdm loai bd UU t h l eiia thdc khai tiide ti&'n bfi hon: "C^ stf phdn nhtfng nhd khM thdc ngtfdi Hoa hi xem Id ebng, hgp tdc gian ddn tiing khdu eua lufin tron thue, r^uy&n nhan ciia cde vu qud trinh khai thdc Chinh vi vdy ma ndng chay mau tdi nguyen quoc gia vd dia cde ric sua't lao dbng cde md eao hdn roi chinh tri Ngay ttf dau the ky XVI, nhd nddc da quy dinh cdc thifa ty eb nMgm vy Trdn Xudn Thanh - Hogt d$ng khai md cua ngudi Hoa d vung thuang du 65 giao quyln khai thdc vd thu thue hdng ndm lufin cMlm uu thfi' Nhdhg eo sd khai thde blng M&n vdt Nhd ntfde khfing cam cdc ttf nhdn mde dd nMeu nhUhg khbng t h l thda ty tham gia vdi ttf cdch ttf nhan vdo canh tranh dtfdc vdi ede trtfdng mo ed q i ^ vi&c san xuat Mm kM md hg cd nM6m vu mfi Idn cua ngddi Hoa Thay dtfdc filu nay, gidm sat Mai d i n niia sau the ky XVIII, hai ndm 1739-1740, chinh quyen Le vi$c nhtfdng quyln khai thdc dtfdc dU tien - Trinh da ban hdnh mgt sb' bi&n phap eho cac vi&n chtfc cap cao dtfge phdi tdi vdi n h i m ban ch&' vai trb dia ngtfdi Hoa nhtfng ttf edeh nhd quan ly vd gidm sdt bfi phan k i t qua khfing nhtf mong dgi Du cM trtfe qudn ly khodng sdn tai cdc phu huyen cb tilp gidnh dtfde phan it eae mo d l khai md, nham muc fi'eh khfii phue lai ky nghfi thdc, nhflhg vdi td each Id nhd thau lai hay khai thdc md dd phai tam ngdhg tror^ mfit vdi ctfdng vi Id nhuhg ngtfdi thg, ngtfdi Hoa thdi gian cMfi'n tranh vd bao dam thu v l n thu dtfde ldi nhuan tfl vfi'n Miu bilt sau dugc nMeu thue eho nhd ntfdc rfing ve hg thong cdc h i m md khu vtfc Thtfdng du "Vi&t Nam") Cde khu khai thde ciia cdc quan dtfge miln mgi loai t h u l thdi ky diu Cdc trtfdng md ngfldi Hoa quan ly (thtfdr^ la ttf din ndm), h i t thdi han hoat dgng theo mfi hinh tdOng ttf nhtf d ndy se ddng thue theo ty lg khai thdc Van Nam, md m l i ddn vi san xult ldn gim (thtfdng Id 20%) Trong llnh vtfc khai md nMlu tau (vi tri) khai thdc, dddc cMa nhd ding, c h l d& ndy cbn khm theo mfit thtf thdnh nMeu tikm Tgi&'ng), ngddi dtfde thue dddc ban hdnh ndm 1720 ddnh tr&n chuyen nhtfdng thtfdng cho cdc nha khai vipc giao dich Tdt cd cdc nhd buon, ngodi thdc nhd thau lai cdc tikm ndy Mbt cd sd cdc loai t h u l phdi tra d l dtfde quyln mua (3 sfl dung ttf chuc deh hm trdm nhan eong, n&n bac), d l qua thue' quan n^i dia (6 quan ldm thdnh nMeu nhdm, thay phien fi, 10 quan vl), cbn phai npp cho nhd nddc ngdy d&m, mli nhbm gim nhilu dfii dam 30% so Itfdng Mm kM mua vdi gia dddc ah nMem cdc cfing vi&c khde nhfl tach dinh Id 15 quan/100 can T;y suat ciing qudng, chlng dd dfldng h i m , thbng kM, dtfde dp dung eho ede Hoa thtfdng, nhdhg dung bdm ldm can efing trtfdng Sau khai thay vi Mgn vdt hg phai trd blng tiln mdt thdc la ngMen qudng, rda, Ifla chpn vd T i t nM&n, nhffhg Hoa thtfdng cM dtfde nMlu giai doan pha che' khdc'^' ph&p giao dieh vdi cdc thtfdng gia dia Cb t h l t h i y vdi stf xua't M&n cua cac cd phtfdhg sau kM da giao dich vdi sd quan ly sd khai thde eb quy mb ldn ddi hbi sfi' von ding Ld nhflhg ngtfdi n l m tay cfing dau ttf quan trgng, da xuat Mgn nhuhg ed nghe khM md tiln bfi hon v l ed ky thudt vd nhdn lam ehii mfit sfi' vfi'n, ddhg ldnh t l chtfc, vdi mfit dfii ngu thg ldnh nghi, truhg vd ehiu trdch nM&m vdi k i t qua hoat chuyen ngM6p, ngtfdi Hoa ngdy edng md d^ng, ldm dn ciia eo sd minh Dong thdi, rgng dia bdn boat dfing vd ngdy cdng ddng mfit gidi lam cfing ttf do, thodt khdi mgi vai trb quan trgng boat dgng khai md nM&m vu bb huge mang mdu sic phong cua Viet Nam luc b i y gid Vi vdy ma d thdi Men, cdng ed cho duhg*^' Dilu ndy kV cde doi tddng boat dfing khai md duge hodn toan trdi ngtfgc vdi nhffng ngtfdi thg dfi'i xfl binh d i n g nhtf tM ngtfdi Hoa khai mo Vi&t Nam, mdc du ngdy cdng xult 66 Men dbng dao nhifl^ v l n gdn bd, rdng huge vdi rupng dat mpt phln'^*'' Sd phat trien ngdy cdi^ ldn manh cua eae trtfdng md Hoa thtfdng cM phli da kMin ngtfdi Viet lo i^ai Tuy nM&n, nhflhg Men phdp chifti du manh dtfge trieu dinh Viet Nam ban hdnh ndm 1767 nhdm true xua't nhijfng hgUdi Hoa khfing chiu nhdp qufi'c tich Viet Nam Cling khbng the ngdn can dUdc ldi t h l cua ngtfdi Hoa cupc dua tranh p h l n cdc md khodng san gidu cd Sang dau th&' ky XVIII, nhu vdo ndm 1717, so Iddng nhan cbng khai md d Ddng Ngoai dd tdng len mpt cdch ddng k l kMen ehinh quyln nha L& - Trinh phai quy dinh ban e h l vl so lUdng cfing nhdn ldm viec cde trUdng khai md: "Lue dy, cdc md vdng, bae, dong, tMec d ede tran phan nMlu mp ngtfdi nhd Thanh khai quat de lay, phu md quin tu mfii mfit nMlu Trilu dinh e r i n g se sinh sd bie'n dpng, ben dinh the le: sfi' phu moi md, nMlu nhd't ngtfoi, thfl din 200 ngfldi vd it Id 100 ngudi, khong md ndo dupe dung qua so da dinh Tfl day, s l phu ldm d trudng xUdng khai mb mdi cb ban che*^"* Hoat dpng khai thde manh me nhat eua ngudi Hoa tai cde md d Dang Ngoai luc phai nhac d&'n md dong Tu Long Md dong Tu Long gidu cb ciia tran Tuyen Quang vfi'n Id mpt "kho cua" tr&n eUdng vtfc Viet Nam Tfl thdi Hau Le, md ddgc to chtfc khai thde tr&n quy mb ldn, gdp nguon thue ddng ke cho trilu finh Vung niii eb md dong Tu Long thufic tong Tu Long, Chdu Vi Xuyen, Phu Yen Binh, Trail Tuyen Quang; sau ndy thufic tong Phuong Dp, tinh Ha Giang Ndm giiia hai Idu vtfc sfing Lo va sfing D l Chu Id nhflhg day nui cao, quay quan lien lae hhtf Mnh r i n g n&n gpi Id "Tu Ngliien cihi Ddng Nam A 4/2015 Long" Khfing cM cb cdc md dong, Tu Long cbn cb ca md bac, dd nam chdm (sdt tfl) va ngdn sa Thdi Hau Le vi&c khai thdc md bi tha noi eho ttf nhan vd trilu finh khbng thu dtfpc thul Md d cde vung bi&n gidi cb qua nMeu ngtfdi Hoa (Trieu Chau) sang khai thdc ldm mat I n dinh trdt td dia phtfdng vd that thodt tdi nguyen khfing ke xiet CM dddi thdi Bao Thdi (Vua L& Du Tfing), trieu finh An Nam mdi b i t dau luii tdm d&'n nguon tdi nguy&n phong phu tfl khai thae md*^^' Theo eac gM chep ciia Le Quy Don tM d khu vtfc md Tu Long gom nMlu loai md khodng san khdc dd ed cae md bac la Long Sinh, Thuy Dpng vd Minh Trilu edn md dong thi nli tie'ng nhat la cdc md Na Ngp vd Bdn Gia Trong db, rieng khu vtfc md Na Ngp cd tdi 26 cda h i m nhd Phtfdng Hodng, TM&n Nguy&n, Tu Bao, Mdu Huhg Dddi ndi Id cdc lb a hai b&n ed ddo ranh thodt ntfdc, tr&n nui co chua thd Phdt va mie'u Quan Thdnh, phia dudi nui la quan xddng, kho tdng, p h i xa va chd bua O pMa b&n trdi lai cd ngoi nudc; mbt dai nui ddi vd thdng d pMa ben trdi bm vdo; phia ngodi lai cb ngbi nUdc Nudc cdc ngdi cung tu vdo pMa trUde roi lai cung xuat Qudng d i n g d day moi ndm luyen dupc 45 van edn Ben eanh mb Na Ngg till md Bdn Gia cung khd noi ti&'ng Theo L& Quy Dfin tM vdo thdi Bao Thdi s l lupng thd lam thu& d md Bdn Gia cflng Ien tdi hdng van ngtfdi''^', Ddnh gid v l chat Itfdng d i n g d Tu Long, Phan Huy Chu cho bilt: "trong eac mo dong ntfdc ta, cM ed dong Tu Long la dong tot nha't, tien te cua nhd ntfdc deu d dly md ra"*i«' Theo Alexander Woodside, v6i san lugng trung binh ttf 220-280 tail moi nam vdo cuoi the ky XVIII, md Tu Long o6 Iran Xudn Thanh - Hogt dong khai mo cua ngUdi Hoa d vdng thugng du the dtfge xem nhu Id mfit nhiing md ding eb san Itfgng ldn nhd't d chdu A