Hoạt động khai mỏ của người hoa ở đàng ngoài

Hoat dong khai mo ciia ngiroi Hoa 6* Dang Ngoai: Mot so tac dong toi xa hoi Dai Viet va Trung Hoa the ky XVH-XIX Tran Xuan Thanhs Tdm tat: Bdi viit dua mgt so nguyen nhdn nhdm ly gidi su xudt hien cdc hogt ddng khai md cua thuong nhdn vd lao dong nguai Hoa cdc md khoang san a viing thugng du Ddng Ngoai lir cuoi the ky XVII den nira ddu the ky XIX; phdn tich vd ddnh gid mgt s tdc dgng tir cdc hogt dgng khai md cua ngudi Hoa ddi vdi Dgi Viet vd Trung Hoa giai dogn Tir khda: Ngudi Hoa, Hoat dgng khai md Dai Viet, Thd ky XVII-XIX Abstract: The paper explains the occurrence of mineral mining activities of Chinese traders and laborers in the upland of Dang Ngoai from the end of the seventeenth century to thefirsthalfofthe nineteenth century; analyzes and evaluates some impacts of Chinese mining activities on Dai Viet and China during this period Keywords: Overseas Chinese, Mining, Dai Viet, XVII-XIX Centuries Ldi md Nhirng yeu td ve vi tri dia ly, khong gian giao luu kinh te thuan Igi, nguon tai nguyen tho san ddi dao ciing nhu sy cdi md v^ mdi trudng chinh tri va kinh te cua chinh quydn Dai Viet cac the ky XVII-XIX la nhirng dgng lyc manh me cudn hut cac cgng ddng ngUdi Hoa d khu vuc Nam Trung Hoa vugt qua bien gidi, tran vao cae md khoang san d khu vye thugng du Dang Ngoai ciia Dai Viet Hoat dgng khai md d day ciia ngudi Hoa dien mgt each manh me mgt thdi gian dai da tac dgng nhieu mat tdi xa hgi Dai Viet '•'ThS., NCS , Tnitmg Dai hgc Khoa hpc xS hgi va nhan van, D ^ hpc Qu6c gia Ha Noi; Email: iranxuanthanh2@gmail.com Ve su- xuat hien cac hoat ddng khai md cua ngirdi Hoa d Dang Ngoai The ky XVII-XVIII, dudi thdi ky cua cac vua Le chiia Trinh, cac tran Tuyen Quang, Hung Hoa, Lang Son, Thai Nguyen, Cao Bang thugc Dang Ngoai dugc xem la khu vue cd vi tri quan trgng ciia Dai Viet, day ciing la vimg bien gidi tiep giao giiia Bic Viet Nam va Nam Trung Hoa Sy phong phii va da dang ve vi tri dia ly, dja chat thd nhuong da khien khu vuc trd mgt nguon cung cdp tai nguyen day X'lhm nang, tri su sinh ton va phat trien cua cac cgng ddng cu dan d day qua nhieu biin dgng cua lich su Tir diu the ky XV, sau danh bai nha H6, tridu Minh da cho thiet lap cac ThOng Hn Khoa hgc xfi h$l sd u boat ddng khai khoang d Dai V'lct Theo nghien cim ciia Cao Himg Tnmg (2017: 170) xet theo gia\ td khai bao ciia cac phii huyen, d Dai Viet giai doan cd ldi 98 noi cd md vang: phii Thai Ngincn ^c 17 noi phii Lang Son cd chau Quang Oai cd 59 chau Gia Hiiy cd chau Ninh Hda cd chau Qiiy cd chau Ngge Ma ed chau Tra Lung ed 3, Sau Dai Vi?t danh b^i nha Minh hoat dgng khai mo d khu vye chii > cu trieu dinh nha Le quan ly Md hinh quan ly boat dgng kinh le dac thii na\ sau dd tiep tyc dugc tri thdi ky Le Trjnh Chinh quyen cho phep cac quan lai trieu dinh, thd lii dja phuong va dac biei Id cdc thuong nhan ngudi Hoa Iham gia vao cac hoat dgng khai mo Chinh sach t^o dieu ki?n cho hang van phu md ngudi Hoa boat dgng Iren khap pham \ i Dang Ngoai Theo Ngd Thi ST, Dang Ngoai thdi ky cd den van Hoa kieu, sd "phan Idn lam nghe khai md", da sd la thuong nhan va phu md d mien Van Nam, Quang Tay, Trieu Chau, Thieu Chau qua bien gidi den ngu d tran Lang Son, Thai Nguyen, Tuyen Quang, Hung Hda, Cao Bang, An Quang (Dan theo: Phan Huy Le, 1963:56) Ly giai \ e vice cac thuong nhan va phu md ngudi Hoa di dan xuong phia Nam, chiing tdi eho rang eac ylu td chinh tri va kinh te ddng vai gd la lye hut va lyc ddy eac qua trinh di dan Trong dd, nhiing bien ddng va phuc tap \ e chinh tri, xa hgi long xa bdi Trung Hoa ddng vai trd la lyc da\ Nguge lai, ngudn tai nguyen ddi dao cua mien thugng du Dang Ngoai hay nh&ng edi md chinh saeh quan ly cua chinh quyen Dai Viet la sue hut manh me Ben canh dd, ap lyc tir viec gia tang dan sd nhanh chdng tai Trung Hoa SOSO cac the ky XVII-XIX' dan dcnsyg'^ tang nhu cau ddi \ m mgt sd kim I091 nn vang, b^c ddng Cac nhdm phu md ngudi Hoa a thugng du Dang Ngoai ehu yCni cd nguon yoc tu Khai Hda (thugc Van Nam) Quang Tay va Hd Nam (Le Qu> Ddn 2007: 389-390), uong dd cd ngudi Hda Thudng, nguo> Niing, ngudi Rang vang, ngudi Tao ngiroi Ngd Ngan Nhimg ngudi Hda Thudng va ngudi Tao true tiep tham gia khai mo d Dang Ngoai Nhimg ngudi Hoa Thudng "deu la ngudi Hd Nam cd tai biet dugc sae vang, bac, sat, dong di den dau hgp be ban, md phd xa dao Id ndu quang, sieng nSng va lam viec quanh nam, an mac va cat tdc nhu ngudi phuong Bic, khong dem vg eon di theo" (Le Quy Ddn, 2007: 389) Hg "thinh thoang trd ve que, dem theo sd vang bae da khai lay duac Hg d xudng ddng Tu Long udc ba, bon ngan ngudi, ciing d ca Thai Nguyen, Lang Son, Hung Hda nua" (Le Quy Don, 2007: 389-390) Ngoai nhiing phu md cd ngudn gde tir Hd Nam, "lai CO mgt hang phu md ngudi Trieu Chau, ciing hay lam viec khai khan, nhung tinh tinh tham lam han, hay trtuih cudp giet ngudi Hang ngudi d Thai Nguyen rat nhieu, Tuyen Quang, Hung Hda khong cd" (Le Quy Ddn, 2007: 390) Sang th6 ky XIX, cac ITnh vye nhu ddn dien hay khai thac md, ngudi Hoa nhan dugc su ung hg cua trieu Nguygj, Trong hoat ddng khai md, ngudi Hoa duac phep tuyen chgn va thue nhan cdng Nh^ Nguyen ciing tieh cue su dung ngudi Hoa 'Theo David S Landes (2001), dan so Trung Hog tir kho4ng 65-80 trieu d^n vao khoang nam 14% ^, tang dSn I6n 100-150 tri?u nSm 1650, len 200-250 tri^u nam 1750, lin trfin 300 incu v4o cu6i ih^ u XVin v4 Mn 400 tri^u nSm 1850 ^ IfoatdOng hhat mo de phat tridn cac ngh£ diic ddng, luyen thep, Igc dai vang, lam gom su(Chau Hai, 1994: 32-37), due tidn (Nguyen Van Dang, 2001: 36-38), Nhd vay, eac nghe thu cdng dudi trieu Nguyen nhu due tien, luyen gang, lam gom va due ddng rat phat trien Day dugc xem la su eong cua viec van dung chinh saeh "Lai bach cdng" (thu hut tram nghe den vdi minh) ciia trieu Nguyen (Chau Thi Hai, 1998: 170-177; 1999: 68), nhat la boat ddng khai md Nhirng tac dong tdi xa hgi Bai Viet Nhiing uu the ve kinh nghiem, ky thuat khai md va ngudn vdn cua ngudi Hoa da giiip hg trd mgt lyc lugng chi phdi nhieu edng trudng khai md d thugng du Dang Ngoai suot mgt thdi gian dai, dac biet la tir cudi the ky XVII den giiia the ky XIX, NhOng phu md vdn cd ngudn gde xuat than tir khu vuc Hoa Nam (Phuc Kien, Quang Ddng, Van Nam, Quang Tay ), cd kinh nghiem va tay nghe cao nen cd each quan ly va td chirc lam viec hgp ly Vdi "su phan cdng, hgp tac gian don timg khau ciia qua trinh khai thac" ciing nhu cac phuong thirc quan ly tdt ciia thuong nhan va cae phuong thiie khai thac hieu qua ciia thg md, nang suat lao ddng cac md ngudi Hoa linh trung cao hon ban so vdi cac md ngudi Viet quan ly va khai thac (TrSn Thi Vinh, 2007: 221) Hon niia, dudi chinh quyen Le - Trinh, trieu dinh khong tryc tiep quan ly cac trudng mo ma giao cho cac quan lai va thd tu d dia phucmg quan ly Su quan ly cd phin Idng leo cua chinh quyen Le - Trinh cgng vdi chinh sach mien thue narn dau cho ngudi Hoa da tao dieu kien thuan Igi cho hg eac ham md Den nira dau Xhk ky XIX, tridu Nguyen quy dinh ngudi Hoa ddn Dai Viet djnh cu dugc mien nhieu lo?ii thue ndm ddu (Chau Hai, 1994:32-37) 39 Vdi cac chinh sach ke tren ciia chinh quyen Dai Viet, khdng khd dk ly giai tai thuong nhan ngudi Hoa lai cd vai trd Idn gong nen kinh te cdng thuong nghiep cua Dang Ngoai the ky XVII Sau mgt chuyin du hanh den Dang Ngoai vao nam 1688, William Dampier da nhan djnh ring, d vimg chau thd ngudi Hoa nim giii thuong mai, thi d vimg thugng du hg ciing nam quyen khai thac lam thd san (Dampier, 2011:85) Trong Kiin van tieu luc, Le Quy Ddn cho biet, d "chau Son La, cd md Yet Ong d dgng Hieu Te, san xuat vang tdt, ngudi Trung Qudc md xudng khai ISy va Ige vang, moi ndm nop thue dat lang" (Le Quy Ddn, 2007: 360) Trong sudt mgt thdi gian dai, chinh quyen nhieu xem khai md "chi cot thu thue cho du, nhung nhiiu thue nop cho nha nude mudi phan khdng dugc mgt" (Vien Nghien ciiu Han Ndm, 1991:72) Sau chinh quyen Le - Trinh lan dau tien thyc hien che qudn gidm, the hien sy dgc quyen quan ly viec khai md tir nam 1760, hoat dgng khai md cua ngudi Hoa mdi di vao quy eii va gdp phdn dem lai mgt ngudn thue md nhat dinh cho chinh quydn Dai Viet (Tran Thi Vinh, 2017; 205), nhu Phan Huy Chu (1992: 263) hing khang dinh: "Mdi Igi ve ham md phan nhieu d cac xii Tuyen Quang, Hung Hda, Thai Nguyen, Lang Son Viec chi dung ciia nha nude sd dl dugc ddi dao la d thue cac md nop day du" Ben canh nhung that thoat ve thue, tinh trang that thoat tai nguyen boat dgng khai md cua ngudi Hoa gay cung hk sue nghiem trgng: "Tir xua cac de vuong tri thien ha, khdng ia khong quan ly ciia cai de tu hgp dan? Nhung cai ngudn sinh cua cai la d trdi dat, ma each quan ly cua cai la d ngudi tren, neu khong xep dat 40 Thdng Mn Khoa hgc xa hOi sA 6.2020 nam 1885 la mgt nhihig tdn that Idn nhat cua \ iei Nam bdi canh quoc ei hi mat chu qu>enSy bung nd cac boat dgng khai nio cua ngudi Hoa tgi vimg thugng du mien Bac Dai Viet cung keo theo nhiing Ian sdng di dan ngirdi Hoa t^i cac khu vuc viing bien vien, ti8m dn va bung phat nhieu yeu to gay mdt dn djnh xa hgi nhu te nan xa hgi, cuop bde, thd phi Tai Trung Hoa vice nha Thanh xda bd chinh sach hai earn ma nha Minh ban bo trude day khien "cac sy mau djeh ciia ngudi Hoa vdi Ddng Nam A va su di dan ciia hg d^n day da tdng len gap boi" (Nguyen Thd Anh, 2017: 282) Ben canh dd, sau nha Minh sup dd, tinh trang "ngudi khach [ngudi Hoa] ddn ngu d nude ta, cd hang khai md lay eiia, cd hang thue Dudi trieu Ngu>cn Vua Minh Mang rugng cay cay, cd hang ngoi mgt noi ma l?nh cho chinh quyen cac tinh d Bac Thanh budn, cd hang di lai ma budn, cd hang d lan chi dugc phep cho Hoa kieu sang lam thue Idn vdi dan ta, ed hang lap xdm rieng, va budn ban eiing nhu chi dugc luu thdng dau dau cung cd ma d tran Lang, Thai, cac kim loai quy nhu vang, bac d pham vi Tuyen, Hung, Cao, Quang cang nhieu, udc Uong nude chu khdng dugc dua qua bien chimg sd ngirdi hien eo cung gan xap xi dan gidi NhOng \i pham se hi phat 100 ta" (Phan Huy Le, 1963: 56) Theo Ngo Thi trugng tich thu vang, bae va tiiy theo sd ST, ngoai 5, van Hoa Kieu d Dang Ngoai, lugng it hay nhieu ma quy dinh muc phat: edn cd ngan d Hgi An, d eac thi tu: 50 den 120 lang thi cu 10 lang gia tdng khac thi khdng kd het (Dan theo: Vu Duy them mgt bac tir 120 lang Ud len thi bi xir Men, 2002: 60-68) giao giam hau (Phan Huy Le, 1963: 59) Nam 1767, Chua Trinh sai Nguyen Ngd Thi ST timg ghi lai, d vimg Cao Bang Dinh Hudn, Ngd Thi SI den md Tdng Tinh va Tuyen Quang ngudi Hoa "thudng timg dieu tra da phat hien thuc trang nhieu quan doan nam mudi ngudi di khdi cira ai, giam duong da thue "khach ngoai qudc d6n ed gia ehd sa nhan di theo dudng cai Idy dh thu dugc nhieu t h u l Bay gio moi nhung len lut nhd ngudi dia phuong ehd md cd phu lam thue den hang van" (Phan bac di theo dudng tat rimg niii; cd Huy Chu, 1992: 263) Phu md va tao hg, bgn ddn tuan an hoi Id cd tinh tha cho di" phSn nhieu la ngudi d Trieu Chau va Thi^u (Dan theo: Phan Huy Le, 1963: 59) Ciing Chau, tu tap timg doan, hay vdi nhOng han che sai lam viec thyc danh gidt nhau, khien cho xa hgi khu vuc thi chinh sach khai md eiia vuong trieu roi loan NguNcn viec chinh quyen dd hg Phap d£ Theo tinh toan, dan sd miSn Bac Vifit mat mo ddng Tu Long ve ta> nha Thanh Nam lir the ky XVI-XVIII udc lugng vao cd phucmg phap thi ciia cai luu thdng ma du diing dugc" (Phan Huy Chii, 1992; 85) Thyc chat, "nhirng md Hoa thuong ITnh trung khdng gdp ich gi cho viec tich liiy ciia cai cung nhu viec kich thich day manh trao ddi hang hda d nude ta Sau mgt thdi gian khai thac bgn chu md ehi nap l^i mgt phan nhd thue cho nha Nguyen, phan edn lai chung mang het \ e nude" (Tmong Thi Yen 1981: 60) Trude thyc trang nay, chinh quyen da tim each kiem soat chat ch5 vigc thu thue va phat nghiem eac \ i quan phy traeh khai md khdng hoan nhi?m vu Chang han nam 1761 Chua Trinh da bai chiic Lim thu Biii The Khanh \'i M quan da gian ^ , khai thac khdng phep hai md vang va mgt md kem (Phan Huy Chu 1992: 78) I}oat dng khai mo 41 khoang ddn trieu ngudi (Li Tana, 1997: cudi cimg trieu dai nha Minh khdng chi lien 26) Dan so Trung Qudc nam 1600 thdi quan den cugc tranh chap giiia cac dang Minh da vao khoang 200 trieu ngudi, va phai chinh tri, ma cdn bat ngudn tir sy thieu din nam 1800 tang len 350 ttieu (Martier, hut cac nguon kim loai lam nguyen lieu cho 2006: 40-41) Trong dd, udc lugng sd viee due tien Trong khoang nhung nam tir 1570 ngudi Hoa d Dai Viet luc dd len den hang chuc van ngudi Mac du cac chua Trinh den 1630, cac boat ddng thuong mai giiia da chii truong "Viet hda" ngudi Hoa bang Trung Qudc - Tay Ban Nha d Manila va each quy dinh "dan d ven bien gidi khdng Trung Qudc - Bd Dao Nha d Macao da dugc bat ehude tieng noi va mac cua giup van chuyen den Trung Qudc hang phuong Bac (Vien Sii hgc, 1998: 373), trieu kilogram bac tir chau My, chau Au, nhung tren thyc te, trieu dinh khd cd the Tnmg Ddng, An Do va Nhat Ban Hoat sau sat tdi cac khu vuc thugng du hiem trd, ddng ddng vai Xio la mgt xung luc thue xa xoi, khdng dii lyc lugng de giam sat den day toan bg nen kinh te nha Minh luc tan cac md, lai eoi nhe sy hon loan vd td (Goldstone, 1988: 116) Trong 72 nam cudi chiic cua dam ngudi san sang chem giet eiia nha Minh (1572-1644), da cd hon 100 lan de tranh timg ham md Thyc trieu ddng bac nude ngoai dugc nhap vao trang edn dien bien phiic tap hon Tmng Hoa (Ray Huang, 1969: 124-125) nhOng thap nien 60-70 cua th6 ky XVIII, Ben canh viee khai thac cac md bac thdi didm nha Tay Son gap nhieu khd khan nude, viec luu thdng rgng rai bac da lam phai ddi mat vdi hang van phu md (edn thay ddi dang ke nen kinh te cua qudc gia ggi la lye lugng xudng dan) ngirdi Hoa Cae euge chien tranh va viec md rgng bi nha Thanh chieu dy trd ngi ung bd may hanh chinh vao thdi nha Thanh chdng lai Dai Viet ciing ddi bdi mgt lugng Idn bac va tien ddng phuc vu cho nhu cau cua nha nude Mgt so anh hudng d^i vdi Trung Hoa Trong nhieu giai doan lich su, khu (Atwell, 2005: 467-489) Ndu cac kim vye mien Nam Trung Hoa ddng vai tto loai khdng dugc eung cap day du thi thiet yeu viec thiet lap mgt trat ty he thdng chinh tri Trung Hoa liic bdy gid xa hgi on dinh cho ca khu vuc bien gidi trd nen rit de bi tdn thuong Ben canh do, phia Nam cua Trung Hoa Trong cac the ky cac hdm mo d mien Bae Viet Nam la noi XVI-XVII, Tnmg Hoa mac dii dugc xem cung cap viec lam ddi dao cho cac di dan la mgt eac qudc gia cd nen kinh te va ndng dan d phia Nam Trung Hoa bi ban thii cong nghiep va thuong mai phat trien cung hda sau cugc chinh bien lat nha eudng thinh, nhung lai thudng xuyen d vao Minh va thiet lap trieu dai Man Thanh vao tinh trang "ddi" bac va ddng Dieu ly nhutig nam 1640 eua the ky XVII Theo giai cho viec chinh quyen Trung Hoa budc phan ling day chuyen, sy on dinh ve ehinh phai tang eudng tim kiem cae ngudn cung tri d khu vuc phia Nam Trung Hoa cung se dap ling nhu eau trao ddi tai chinh cho thi gop phdn on dinh he thong chinh trj Trung trudng rgng Idn va khdng 16 Vao cudi Hoa mgt chimg myc nhat dinh thdi ky nha Minh quy md ciia n8n kinh te cang Idn khien nhu cau sii dung bac d qudc gia len cao Cai chet cua hoang de Hon niia, mac dii chi ehiem khoang 7% dien tich ddt dai tten Trai dat, nhung Trung Hoa luon d tinh trang j'^^j '^^^ Thdng tin Khoa hgc xA h4t sd 6.2020 img nguon luong thyc de nudi sdng 15°o den 20% dan sd the gidi Mot nhOng nguyen nhan dan den tmh trang "dix hiem ngudi ddng" la chien luge tai sinh san lau dai cua cac trieu dinh Trung Hoa mgt thdi gian dai theo dd hau het nam nu sinh deu lap gia dinh sdm va cd nhieu bat chip dieu kien vat chat Sy ddng dan cimg khien nhu cau hanh trudng lanh thd va tim kiem cae ngudn tai ngmen ngoai lanh thd cua Trung Hoa Ud nen cap baeh hon Sy gia tang dan sd d Trung Hoa thuc te la kieu tai san xuat tdi da nhdm tang eudng quyen lyc chinh tri ca ve lyc lugng eon ngudi de chien dau va luc lugng vat chat (luong thue, thuc pham nudi quan ddi de banh trudng lanh thd) (Landes, 2001) Do dd Igi ieh tu eae ngudn md d mien Bac Viet Nam cac the ky XVII-XVIII dugc xem la dgng lyc thuc day sy banh uudng va gia tdng sue manh cua nha Thanh tgi eac vimg ngoai vi tri va kinh le thdi ky Le - Trinh la nhiing dgng lye Idn khien cac cgng ddng ngiK" Hoa ddn khai mo d Dang Ngoai ciia E>9' Viet eac the ky XVII-X\'IH- Sir nh?p cu d at ciia ngudi Hoa tir sau phong ffa^ phan Thanh phuc Mmh va sy hinh ddng dao cac cdng ddng ngudi Hoa d Daiig Trong nhu mgt thyc thd dan cu tuong_doi dn dinh xa hgi Viet Nam hi the ky XVlll-XIX kdt hgp vdi nhOng yiu to thuan igi vh chinh saeh cua cac chua Nguyen, va sau dd la cua cac vua ddu trieu Nguyen cung dugc xem la co sd xudt hien va hinh cac boat ddng khai md vdi quy md Idn eua ngudi Hoa d mien Bac Viet Nam nira dau the ky XIX Hoat dgng khai md cua ngudi Hoa d miSn thugng du Dang Ngoai khdng chi tac ddng nhiiu mat ddi vdi xa hgi Dai Viet ma cdn tao mgt sd anh hudng vira hoic tiep, vira gian tiep ddi vdi khu vye Nam Tnmg Hoa khia canh kinh td, khai md d midn Bac Dai Viet la mgt nhung ngudn cung quan frgng bii dap sy thieu hut dong va bac d Tning Hoa thd ky XVII-XVIII khia canh chinh tri, hoat dgng cdn la mgt mat xich quan hrgng gdp phkn vao sy 6n dinh kinh ti, xa hgi d mien Nam Trung Hoa • Trong niia sau cua the ky XVIII khu vye bien gidi Trung Hoa - Dai Viet da eung cap trung binh 500 tan ddng moi nam, bien noi da\ trd mgt nhiing dia diem khai thac ddng Idn nhat chau A Thye td la, nhu eau ve bae d Trung Hoa Uong nhOng the ky XVI-XVIII yd nen rdt cdp thi^t, dd cac md bac, dong d mien Bae Tai lieu tham khao Viet Nam cd the dap ung va bii dap mdi Nguyen The Anh (2017) Theo ddng phan cho sy khan hiem va nhu cdu gdn nhu lich su, Nxb Tdng hgp Thanh phd Hd vd tan cua Trung Hoa (Li Tana, 2003) Chi Minh, TP H6 Chi Minh Day cd the duac xem la yeu td mSu chdt tac Atwell, William S (2005), "Another dgng tdi tinh hinh chinh Xn, xa hgi khu vye Look at Silver Imports into China, ca phia Nam Trung Hoa ndi rieng, anh hudng 1635-1644", Journal of World History phan nao ldi tinh hinh ehinh tri cac trieu dai Volume 16 (4), pp 467-489 nha Minh va nha Thanh Uong cac the ky Cao Himg Tnmg (2017), An Nam chi XVII-XVIII nguyen, Nxb Dai hgc Supham, Ha Ngi Ldi ket Phan Huy Chu (1992), Lich triiu hiin Nhu vay cd the tha\ ngudn tai nguyen chucmg logi chi, tap 2, Nxb Khoa hoc ddi dao \ a sy cdi md cua mdi tnrdng chinh xa hgi Ha Ngi fiotft d$ng hhat mo 43 Paper to the International conference of Dampier, William (2011), Mgt chuyen The International Convention of Asian du hdnh din Ddng Ngodi ndm 1688, Studies, Singapore, 23-24"' August Hoang Anh Tu5n dieh, Nxb The gidi Ha Ndi 16 Phan Huy Le (1963), "Tmh hinh khai Nguyen Van Dang (2001), "Diie tien md dudi trieu Nguyen", Nghien ciru Lich su, s6 52, tr 47-59 dau thdi Nguyen", Xua vd Nay, sd 94, g 36-38 17 Martier, Michel (2006), "Trung Qudc Le Quy Ddn (2007), Kien vdn lieu luc, ddng dan tu bao gid?", Xua vd Nay, sd Nxb van hda Thdng tin Ha Ngi 255, tr 40-41 Giersch, C Patterson (2006), Asian 18.Vu Duy Men (2002), "Ngoai thuong Borderlands: The Transformation of Viet Nam thi k^' XVII-XVIII", Nghien Qing China's Yunnan Frontier, Harvard cuu kinh ti, s6 292, tr 60-68 University Press, Cambridge 19 Ray Huang(1969),"Fiscaladministtation Goldstone, Jack A (1988), "East and during the Ming Dynasty" in Chinese Westinthe seventeenth century: Political Government in Ming Times: Seven crises in Stuart England, Ottoman Studies, ed C O Hucker, Columbia Turkey, and Ming China, Comparative University Press, New York, pp 124-125 Studies", Society and History, 30 (1), 20 Reid, Anthony (2011), "Chinese on the pp 103-142 Mining Frontier in Southeast Asia" in Eric Tagliacozzo and Wen-Chin Chang 10 Chau Hai (1994), "Triiu Nguyen vdi (eds), Chinese Circulations: Capital, cac nhdm cgng ddng ngudi Hoa d Viet Commodities, and Networks in Nam the ky XIX", Nghien cuu lich sir, Southeast Asia, Duke University Press, sd (275), tr 32-37 pp 21-36 n.Chau Thi Hai (1998), "Budc diu tim hieu qua trinh tiep xuc va giao luu van 21 Tran Thi '\^nh (chu bien) Do Due Himg, Truong Thi Yen, Nguyen Thi hda Viet - Hoa lich su", trong: Ky Phuong Chi (2007), Lich sir Viet Nam yeu Hgi thdo quoc ti Viet Nam hgc lan thi ky XVII-XVIII, Nxb Khoa hgc xa thu nhdt, tap I, Nxb The gidi Ha Ngi, hgi Ha Ngi tt 170-177 12 Chau Thi Hai (1999), "Chinh sach cua 22.Trin Thi Vinh (2017), Lich sir Viet Nam: Tap tir the ky XVII din the ky cac trieu dai phong kien Viet Nam doi XVIII Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi Ha Ngi vdi ngudi Trung Hoa di cu", Nghien cuu Dong Nam A, sd 5, tx 64-69 23 Vien Sir hgc (1998), Khdm dinh Viet sir thdng gidm cuang muc, tap 2, Nxb 13 Landes, David S (2001), Su giau vd Giao due Ha Ngi ngheo ciia cdc ddn toe, Vien Nghien cuu quan ly kinh te Trung uong - Nxb 24 Vien Nghien cuu Han Ndm (1991), Dgi Viet sir ky tuc bien, Nxb Khoa hgc xa Thong ke Ha Ngi hgi Ha Ndi 14 Li Tana (1997), "Dan sd miin Bae Viet Nam tir the ky 16 din 18", Xua vd Nay, 25 Tnrong Thi Yin (1981), "Nha Nguyen so 42 vdi cac thuong nhan ngudi Hoa the ky XIX", Nghiin cicu lich sir, s6 (198), 15 Li Tana (2003), "Vietnamese mint and tr 59-65 Chinese miners in the IS**" century"  ... dien hay khai thac md, ngudi Hoa nhan dugc su ung hg cua trieu Nguygj, Trong hoat ddng khai md, ngudi Hoa duac phep tuyen chgn va thue nhan cdng Nh^ Nguyen ciing tieh cue su dung ngudi Hoa 'Theo... ngudi Hoa Iham gia vao cac hoat dgng khai mo Chinh sach t^o dieu ki?n cho hang van phu md ngudi Hoa boat dgng Iren khap pham i Dang Ngoai Theo Ngd Thi ST, Dang Ngoai thdi ky cd den van Hoa kieu,... xem la co sd xudt hien va hinh cac boat ddng khai md vdi quy md Idn eua ngudi Hoa d mien Bac Viet Nam nira dau the ky XIX Hoat dgng khai md cua ngudi Hoa d miSn thugng du Dang Ngoai khdng chi tac