VE CO CAU DAN SO VANG O VIET NAM HIEN NAY LE THF I CO cau dan so vang d nudic ta hien Viet Nam dang thdi ky cd cau dan so' vang - dd la dieu da dUdc khang dinh tai Hdi thao ve cd ca'u dan sd vang gin day Tong cue Dan sd' ke hoach hda gia dinh td chdc Hien Viet Nam ed 58 trieu ngUdi dp tuoi lao ddng (tfl 15-64 tuoi) Ty le ngUdi dp tuoi lao ddng eao, cd ngUdi lao ddng mdi ed ngUdi phu thupc (tre em dudi 15 tuoi va ngUdi gia td 65 tuoi trd len) (theo: 1) Dd chinh la qua cua nhieu nam kien tri thUe hien ke hoach hda gia dinh, day manh viec giam sinh d nflde ta Thdi ky ed ca'u dan so vang la ed hdi hiem cd ddi vdi mdi qude gia va thUdng chi ked dai tfl 15 den 30 nam Thed dU bao eua Lien Hdp Qude, cd ca'u dan sd vang eua Viet Nam se keo dai 27 nam (tfl 2008 den 2035) (4) Vi vay, chung ta ein nhay ben, biet tan dung kip thdi cd hdi mpt each cd ldi nhat, nhU Nhat Ban, Han Qud'c, Dai Loan da tan dung ngudn Iflc lao ddng ddi dao de cd dflde nhflng bflde tien than ky ve tang trfldng kinh te Day cung la cd hdi cd mdt khdng hai de dUa Viet Nam tien len vUdt bac, trUdc budc vao thdi ky gia hda dan sd^**' II CO cau dan so vang va nhiifng van de dat Tdng ty sua't sinh d dUdi mdc sinh thay the, dat 2,03 sinh cdn sd'ng/1 phu nfl (theo: 2) Sd eon trung binh cua phu nfl dp tudi sinh de tfl 6,1 eon nhflng nam 1965, 1974 ehi cdn 2,03 nam 2009 Cung vdi mdc sinh va tu giam, tuoi thp binh quan dau ngUdi eua Viet Nam cung tang len Sau 10 nam ke td cudc Tong dieu tra dan sd nam 1999, tuoi thp binh quan da dat tdi 72,8 tuoi vdi nam (tang 3,7 tuoi) va 75,6 tudi vdi nd (tang 5,3 tudi) Ty le tang dan so trung binh hang nam da giam tfl 1,7% (giai doan 1989-1999) xud'ng edn 1,2% (giai doan 1999-2009), sd ngudi tang them moi nam dudi trieu ngudi (947.000 ngUdi) (3) Thiic trang lUc lUdng lao dpng d nUdc ta hien Vdi cd ca'u dan so' vang, chdng ta cd nhieu cd hdi de phat trien kinh te, tang thu nhap, cai thien ddi sd'ng ngUdi dan Sdng ben canh dd eung la nhflng thach thdc khdng nhd ve chat lUdng dan sd', chat lUdng lao ddng De nam bat cd hdi vang, nhieu y kien cho r i n g can giai quyet bai toan: tang trUdng lao ddng ket hdp vdi nang eao dan tri, dao tao nhan lfle, bdi dfldng '*' GS., Vien Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam Chl so gia hoa dan so d nu6c ta da tang tit 24,5% nam 1999 len 35,9% nam 2009 (theo: 2) 10 nhan tai bang nhflng ehinh sach phu hdp Tuy nhien bai toan lai lien quan mat thiet den nhflng van de neu tren, dd la: quy md, mat dp dan sd, chat Ifldng dan sd'va chat Ifldng lao ddng Xet ve quy mo, mat dp ddn sd, nflde ta la mdt nflde ddng dan Nam 2009, dan sdnude ta la 86.024.600 ngUdi Mat dp dan sd' la 260 ngUdi/km^ ehuan cua the gidi la 35-40 ngUdi/km^ (8) Ve quy md dan so, Viet Nam ddng thd 13 tren the gidi, nhUng neu tinh theo mat dp dan sd' thi Viet Nam dflng thfl sau Nhat Ban, An Dp, Philippines va Bangladesh (4) Nhin vao cd ca'u tudi thi chung ta cd cd ca'u dan so' vang nhU hien Ty le ngUdi dp tudi lao ddng cao, ty le ngUdi phu thupc cung da giam tfl 89,5% xud'ng chi cdn 46,6% thdi gian 30 nam tfl 1979 den 2009 Khi tdng sd ngfldi phu thupc giam thi ganh nang dd'i vdi ngUdi dp tudi lao ddng dUdc giam bdt, dd la dieu cd ldi cho nen kinh te qud'c dan cung nhU eho kinh te gia dinh, tang dUdc tiet kiem de diu tU phat trien Tuy nhien, cd cau gidi tinh lai mat can bing nghiem trpng vdi mdc chenh lech la 111 tre em trai/ 100 tre em gai (dae biet d vdng Ddng bing sdng Hdng la 115/100, tham ehi b Hung Yen la 131/100) (4) Xet ve ehdt lUdng ddn so', chi sd phat trien ngUdi (HDI) cua Viet Nam lien tue dUde cai thien, td vi tri 116 nam 2009 da dat tdi vi tri 113 nam 2010 va d mdc trung binh (6) Xet ve chd't lUdng lao ddng, Udc tinh mdi nam Viet Nam dUde bd sung them khoang 1,5 trieu lao dpng NhUng de day manh sU phat trien kinh te-xa hdi eua dat nflde thi sd Ifldng lad ddng nhieu la chfla du 66% dan sd Viet Nam hien dp tudi lao ddng, nhien trinh Thong tin Khoa hpc xa hoi sd 11.2010 dp cua luc lUdng lao ddng cdn thap so vdi nhieu nUde khu vfle, ke ea ve kien thdc va ky nang nghe nghiep Chi ed khoang 30% sd dd da qua dao tao nganh nghe (5) C) nhieu hnh vfle chdng ta cdn thie'u nhan lfle trinh dp cao • ; • Ddi sd'ng eua ngfldi lad ddng hien eung la van de dang quan tam Nd lien quan trUe tiep den thu nhap binh quan va tinh trang viec lam cua hp Thu nhap binh quan dau ngUdi/thang theo gia thuc te nam 2008 la 636.000d, b thi la 1.058.000d, ndng thdn la 506.000d Chi tieu cho ddi sd'ng binh quan dau ngUdi/thang theo gia thUc te nam 2008 la 460.000d, thi la 738.000d, ndng thdn la 359.000d (8) Tuy nhien, dem lai thu nhap d moi hp gia dinh thudng chi la ngUdi (bd' va me), dd hp phai chi tieu cho it nhat ngUdi (cha me + con) Dae biet b ndng thdn edn nhieu gia dinh ddng con, tham chi ed tdi 5-6 thi thu nhdp a'y phai ehi tieu cho 7-8 ngUdi Day la ap lUc rat Idn dd'i vdi nhu ciu can cd viec lam cua ngUdi lao dpng Tren thUe te, neu so ludng lao ddng tang ma viec lam it thi cd hdi ed viec lam lai giam Hien nay, giao dich chinh thdc cua thi trUdng lao dpng chi dap dng 15-20% nhu cau viec lam cua ngUdi lao ddng (4) Ty le that nghiep eua luc lUdng dp tudi lao ddng la 2,38%, dd thi la 4,65%, ndng thdn la 1,53% Ty le thieu viec lam ca nudc la 5,01%, dd thi la 2,34%, ndng thdn la 6,10% (8) Sd di ty le tha't nghiep b phd cae hdn ndng thdn la eae hp gia dinh b ndng thdn vin cd rudng, dat vUdn, du it di cung vin ed the Id ngudn thu nhap, hp khdng hoan toan that nghiep NhUng ty le thie'u viec lam Ve CO cau dan so vang d ndng thdn lai eao hdn thi la sfle lao ddng cua ngudi dan du thfla ma rudng da't lai it Mdt sd ndi dien tich da't ndng nghiep eang hi thu hep viec md rdng eac khu cdng nghiep Trong dd eae nganh nghe thu edng, dich vu cdn it phat trien Vi vay lan sdng di cU cua ngUdi dan tfl ndng thdn thi eang gia tang, dae biet sau thdi gian thu hoach mua mang Chinh sdeh tao viec ldm vd tdm quan trpng cua cdng tdc gido due, ddo tao nguon nhdn lUc chd't lUdng cao Van de dat la chung ta khdng the y vao so' Ifldng ngUdi dp tudi lao dpng ddi dao ma phan Idn lai la lao dpng gian ddn gia re va sd dung ngudn lao ddng dd mdt each kem hieu qua kinh te Nhu vay se khdng the tan dung dUdc cd hdi eua ed cau dan so vang dem lai de tang trfldng nhanh kinh te Vdi cd eau dan so vang hien nay, Nha nude can tap trung vao van de sau: 11 tieu, vfla la ddng Iflc de sd dung tai nguyen dd mdt each tdt nhat Dd chinh la phfldng hfldng cd b i n de chung ta tan dung tdt nhat ed hdi cd cau dan sd' vang d nUdc ta hien dem lai PhUdng hudng lien quan den van de quan trpng, la: nang cao chat lUdng lad ddng, phat huy tiem nang eon ngUdi; va sd dung ngudn nhan lUc mdt each tdt nhat Nang cao cha't lUdng lao ddng, phat huy tiem nang ngUdi ed the thUc hien thdng qua viec md rdng sU nghiep giao due van hda, hudng nghiep, dao tao nghe va dao tao lai nghe mdi, cai thien dieu kien lao dpng va sinh sd'ng eua ngUdi lao ddng Dae biet quan trpng la tao cho hp tinh cd ddng nghe nghiep, ren luyen ky nang di chuyen nghe Su dung ngudn nhan lUc mdt each tdt nha't la tao du viec lam cd hieu qua va dem lai thu nhap cao cho ngUdi lao ddng, phan bd' hdp ly ngudn nhan lUc vao cac nganh nghe, khu vUc kinh te Can ed sU phd'i hdp chat che gifla chinh sach nang cao chat Ifldng lao ddng a Chinh sach tao viec ldm cho ngUcfi vdi cac chfldng trinh phat trien kinh te lao ddng xa hdi cua da't nUdc, trUde bet la kinh te Con ngUdi la tai nguyen quy gia va tien bd khoa hpc cdng nghe nhat eua mdi qude gia, la lUc lUdng san Ddy manh sii nghiep gido due, xuat cd ban, ddng lUe va muc tieu phat ddo tao ngudn nhdn lUc ehdt lUdng trien eua xa hdi Phat trien tai nguyen ngUdi mdt each ben vflng, dn dinh, Nhin lai he thd'ng giao due phd thdng vdi y nghia la dao tao, bdi dfldng, sfl va giao due dai hpc, cao dang, trung ca'p dung ngfldi, ngudn nhan lfle mdt chuyen nghiep va eae trUdng day nghe d each hdp ly, khoa hpe, cd hieu qua nhim Viet Nam hien nay, cd the tha'y: mue tieu: Phuc vu tdt nha't ldi ieh cua Ve gido due phd thdng: Tinh den ngfldi lao ddng va gia dinh hp, giup thang 9/2009, ca nUde cd 28.408 trudng, ngUdi phat trien toan dien ve the chat, dd 15.172 trUdng tieu hpc, 10.064 tri tuc, pham chat, nhan each thdng qua trfldng trung hpc ed sd, 2.267 trUdng boat ddng lao ddng; Phue vu ldi ieh phat trung hpc phd thdng Tinh den cud'i nam trien xa hdi cua qud'c gia, dan tdc mdt 2009, sd' hpe sinh ca nUde la each lau dai, ben vflng 15.127.874, dd tieu hpe la Do dd, phat trien tai nguyen 6.731.603, trung hpc cd sd la 5.468.711, ngUdi ben vflng, dn dinh vfla la muc trung hpe phd thdng la 2.927.560 Dae 12 biet, hpc sinh tieu hpc cdn bd hpc nhieu hoae khdng hpc tiep len t r u n g hpc cd sd, nha't la d v u n g dan tdc it ngUdi va mien nui (8) Ve gido due dai hpc vd cao ddng: N a m 2008 cd 393 trUdng, dd cdng lap la 322, ngoai edng lap la 71 (8) Sd sinh vien la 1.719.500, dd cdng lap la 1.501.300, ngoai cdng lap la 218.200 Tuy nhien, giao due dai hpc d nUde t a edn k h a n h i e u ba't cap Trong d a n h sach 200 trUdng dai bpc h a n g d i u chau A khdng cd t e n mdt trUdng nao cua Viet N a m , k h i dd cac nUdc lang gieng n h u T h a i l a n d , Malaysia, Indonesia deu cd Tfl n a m 1987 den 2009, sd sinh vien t a n g 13 l i n nhflng so' giang vien chi t a n g lan Do dd ty le sinh vien/giang vien chenh lech q u a Idn so vdi quy dinh N a m hpc 2008-2009, mflc t r u n g binh cua ca nUde la 28 sinh vien/giang vien, cao hdn quy dinh, mpt so' trUdng ty le cdn len den 40 sinh vien/giang vien C h a t lUdng giao due dai hpe da dUde cai thien nhflng chat Ifldng q u a n ly n h a trUdng edn t h a p Cac dia phUdng lien tue t h a n h lap mdi trUdng dai hpc (62/63 t i n h t h a n h cd trUdng dai hpc) Theo dd, h a n g n a m binh q u a n cd khoang trieu hpc sinh tdt nghiep phd thdng thi 1/2 sd' dd vao dUde dai hpc, cao d i n g Theo d a n h gia, giao due dai hpc Viet N a m da cd nhflng tien bd, nam 2003 dflng thfl 98, nam 2010 da t a n g bac, len thfl 92 tren the gidi, nhflng chat lUdng quan ly n h a trUdng thi van d ngUdng t h a p nha't (7) Dd chinh la nhflng thach thflc cho viec nang cao t r i n h dp kien thflc van hda, chuyen mdn, khoa hpc cua dpi ngu ngUdi lao ddng Viet Nam, dae biet la Idp tre - lUc lUdng chiem sd' ddng cd ca'u d a n sd'vang b nUde ta hien Thong tin Khoa hpc xa hoi sd 11.2010 cap chuyen Ve gido due trung nghiep: TrUdc hien tUdng sd lUdng hoc sinh trUdt t r o n g eae ky t h i vao thdng t r u n g hpc k h a cao, he thdng cac trUdng t r u n g hpc chuyen nghiep da p h a t trien k h a n h a n h de dap flng n h u eau hpc tap va dao tao nghe cua t h a n h nien dp tudi 16-17 N a m 2008, ca nUde ed 282 trUdng t r u n g cap chuyen nghiep, dd cdng lap la 203 trUdng, ngoai cdng lap va 79 trudng Tdng s d h p e sinh la 628.800 (8) He thd'ng trUdng t r u n g cap chuyen nghiep da dap d n g dUde n h u c i u dUdc dao tao n g h e cua sd' ddng hpe sinh da tdt nghiep t r u n g hpe ed sd nhflng khdng ed dieu kien hoae k h d n g ed k h a nang tiep tuc hpc t r u n g hpc phd thdng Sau tdt nghiep, nhflng hpc sinh n a y se cd bang tdt nghiep t r u n g hpe phd thdng he bd tdc van hda va b i n g t r u n g ca'p chuyen nghiep, va cd t h e lam viec d eae xi nghiep, edng sd hoae tiep tuc hpe eao dang, dai hpc He thd'ng trUdng t r u n g cap chuyen nghiep va day nghe ed t h e ndi chinh la Id luyen, dao tao nghe cd hieu qua cho luc lUdng lao ddng ddng dao b nUde ta hien Dd la mdt hudng cd b a n de tan dung cd hdi cd ca'u d a n so' v a n g dem lai, viec md rdng he thd'ng giao due dai hpc, cao d a n g cdn nhieu khd k h a n va h a n che Mdt so'vd'n de khdc Ben c a n h van de tao viec lam, dao tao nghe eho ngUdi lao ddng thi ddng thdi can thUc thi che dp tien ludng mdt each hdp ly Cd nhflng chinh sach a n sinh xa hdi thich hdp, p h a t trien cac dich vu y te, k h a m chfla b e n h mi§n phi, t a n g cfldng eac boat ddng van hoa, t h i thao de cudc sd'ng ngudi lao ddng dUde nang cao ea ve vat cha't l i n tinh t h a n Dd mdi la ke hoach p h a t trien toan dien 13 Vc CO cau dan sd vang nhim nang cao chi sd phat trien ngudi cua Viet Nam TAI LIEU THAM KHAO "Dan sdvang": ngUdi lao ddng nudi ngUdi Bad Tudi tre, 4/6/2010 Ha Thu Cdng bd' eac ket qua suy rdng mau cua Tong dieu tra dan so' va nha d 2009: Cd hdi "vang" va thach thdc Bao Gia dinh & Xd hpi, 04/01/2010 Ty le tang dan so' giam thap nha't vdng 50 nam qua http://www.thanhnien.com.vn, 28/01/2010 "Cd cau dan sd vang" cd mang lai "ed hdi vang"? http://www.phunuonline.com.vn, 04/06/2010 Cd ca'u dan sd "vang": cd hdi va thach thdc http://giadinh.net.vn, 4/6/2010 UNDP Bao cao phat trien ngUdi 2009, 2010 Giao due dai hpc: Chat lUdng chUa tdt, each lam chua dung Bao Cdng an nhdn ddn, 8/6/2010 Nien-giam thd'ng ke 2009 (Tiep theo trang 22) The gidi ein dao ly hdp tac va hda giai, nha't la thdi dai Chuan mflc cd ban nhat trdng quan he ngfldi - ngUdi la sU hd trd lan Hdp tac lien nhdm mdt phan la he qua cua each thflc giao tiep gifla cac nhdm Nhung giao tiep gifla nd le va chu nd khdng the lam tdt hdn quan he cua hp Phai nhan manh tam quan trpng dae biet cua giao tiep dUa tren sU binh dang vi the va cung cd muc tieu chung Khi chuan mUc cd ban ve sU phan phd'i theo phfldng an da ndi tren - hdp ly, binh dang, nhu cau - hi vi pham thi xung dot xuat hien Lich sd da cho thay r i n g ap Iflc hoae ep budc khdng the giai quyet dude xung dot Thie'u ldng tin va nhan thflc sai lech ve dd'i thu chi eang nudi dudng, tri xung dot ma thdi Tudng lai cua nhan loai, eua ngUdi phu thude nhieu vao kha nang sd dung toan bd tri thdc va ngudn lUc de tim kiem mpi giai phap n h i m khic phuc nhflng diem yeu mpi linh vfle cua ddi sdng xa hdi Nhu da ndi b phan dau, "Tam ly hpe xa hdi" cua GS Knud Larsen va TS Le Van Hao la mdt cdng trinh dae sic, cd mdt khdng hai eho den b nUdc ta Can nhic lai r i n g tinh ly luan va tinh dng dung 12 chUdng cua cud'n sach da quyen chat va ket dinh vdi Tai bat cd trang nao cud'n sach nay, ngfldi dpe cung de dang tim tha'y nhflng mach bao, nhflng chi dan rat thiet thflc, gidp ngUdi sd'ng to't hdn, chan thflc hdn dng xd vdi minh, vdi ddng loai Ngfldi dpe cung khdng the khdng chiem nghiem nhflng tfl tfldng giau tinh nhan van eao ea ma hai tac gia da dem bet tam sdc cua minh viec chat lpe tU lieu, suy ngim va trinh bay nd mdt each cd dpng nha't de cd the bao gdm ta't ca nhflng gi tinh tdy nha't, cd chat lUdng nhat lam nen tam vdc rieng, dang ve rieng, hinh hai rieng cua tflng chudng ndi rieng va ea cud'n sach ndi chung ... ngUdi (HDI) cua Viet Nam lien tue dUde cai thien, td vi tri 116 nam 2009 da dat tdi vi tri 113 nam 2010 va d mdc trung binh (6) Xet ve chd't lUdng lao ddng, Udc tinh mdi nam Viet Nam dUde bd sung... ta la mdt nflde ddng dan Nam 2009, dan sdnude ta la 86.024.600 ngUdi Mat dp dan sd' la 260 ngUdi/km^ ehuan cua the gidi la 35-40 ngUdi/km^ (8) Ve quy md dan so, Viet Nam ddng thd 13 tren the... dau ngUdi/thang theo gia thuc te nam 2008 la 636.000d, b thi la 1.058.000d, ndng thdn la 506.000d Chi tieu cho ddi sd'ng binh quan dau ngUdi/thang theo gia thUc te nam 2008 la 460.000d, thi la 738.000d,