Cộng đồng khái niệm, cách tiếp cận và phân loại trong nghiên cứu

CONG DONG: KHAI NIEM, CACH TIEP CAN VA PHAN LOAI TRONG NGHIEN ClJfU PHAM HONG TUNG'*^ Bdi viet di cap de'n nhiing vdn de cd bdn nhdt nghien ciiu vi cgng dong, nhii cdch dinh nghia, phdn logi vd ddc triing cua moi logi hinh cgng dong Ben cgnh viec gidi thieu nhiing quan diem khde cua gidi nghien cdu vi cgng dong, tdc gid cdng trinh bdy nhiing kie'n gidi rieng cua minh vd di xudt nhdng cdch tiep can cho nghien cdu vi cgng dong d Viet Nam I Khai niem "cgng dong" vd each tiep can "Cdng ddng" la mdt khai niem da va dang dfldc sii dung k h a rdng rai tren van dan khoa hgc, nhieu linh vflc nhfl sii hgc, van hda hgc, xa hdi hgc, t a m ly hgc, triet hgc, n h a n hgc, sinh hgc, nghien cflu p h a t trien v.v Vi vay, mdt yeu c l u khach quan dat r a la phai cd nhflng each dinh nghia ve khai niem "cdng ddng" de xay dflng dfldc mdt dinh nghia vfla dam bao tinh chat che, khoa hgc, vfla cd tinh cdng cu hay tinh "thao tac luan" (functionalist) cao, lam cd sd va la cdng cu cho nhflng nghien cflu ve cgng ddng va cac van de cd lien quan den cdng ddng Day la mgt van de da dfldc ban thao k h a nhieu d nfldc ngoai, song cdn chfla dfldc q u a n t a m thda dang d Viet Nam T h u a t ngfl "cgng ddng" vd'n b i t ngudn tfl tfl gd'c tieng Latin la "cummunitas", vdi nghia la toan bd tin dd ciia mdt tdn giao hay toan bd nhflng ngfldi di theo mdt thii linh nao dd Ngay nay, t h u a t ngfl dfldc sii d u n g bien cac ngdn ngfl Au - My, nhfl tieng P h a p la "communite", tie'ng Anh la "community", tie'ng Dflc la "Gemeinschaft" Do la dd'i tfldng nghien cflu nhieu khoa hgc chuyen n g a n h n h a u nen "cdng ddng" cung dfldc can tfl nhieu gdc k h a c n h a u va thflc dinh nghia ve k h a i niem khdng gid'ng n h a u cua khac tie'p each cung Trong sinh hgc va sinh t h a i hgc, "cdng ddng" la k h a i niem d u n g de ehi mdt nhdm ca t h e cd cac td chflc hflu cd tfldng tac vdi n h a u cung tdn tai mdt mdi trfldng xac dinh (1) Trong linh vflc xa hdi hgc, "cdng ddng" la mdt t r o n g nhflng t h u a t ngfl cdng cu q u a n trgng da dfldc tie'p can va dinh nghia theo nhieu each khac n h a u Tfl dien bach k h o a md Wikipedia cho bie't: de'n gifla t h a p nien 50 cua the ky ' PGS., TS., Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi 22 trfldc da cd tdi 94 dinh nghia khac ve "cdng ddng" dfldc neu (1) Tuy tie'p can va dinh nghia theo nhflng each khac nhau, nhflng nhin chung gidi nghien cflu xa hgi hgc phfldng Tay deu ghi nhan anh hfldng to ldn, cd tinh phfldng phap luan cua nhflng luan diem dfldc nha xa hdi hgc ngfldi Dflc Ferdinand Toennies neu cdng trinh "Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft" (Cgng ddng va hiep hgi -Leipzig, 1887.) Theo Toennies, "cdng ddng" la mgt thflc the xa hdi cd gin ke't va ben vflng hdn sd vdi "hiep hdi" vi "cdng ddng" dfldc dac trflng bdi "sfl ddng thuan ve y chf cua cac vien ciia cdng ddng (2, tr.2) Toennies cung nhan manh vai trd ciia y chi cdng ddng Theo dng, y thflc cdng ddng dfldc hinh tren cd sd cua viec mdi vien ciia edng ddng cam nhan dfldc rang minh la mdt bd phan ciia cdng ddng Toennies chi r i n g hinh thai cgng ddng phd bie'n va nhd nhat chinh la gia dinh, dd ba loai quan he cho thay sfl hinh tinh cam va y chi cdng ddng gia dinh Dd la: 1) md'i quan he gifla me va con; 2) md'i quan he gifla vd va chdng; va 3) md'i quan he gifla cac anh chi em Theo Tonnies thi mdi quan he gifla cac anh chi em d cap cao hdn, bdi day la md'i quan he it tinh ban nang hdn, chii ye'u dfldc xay dflng dfla tren ky flc va tfldng tac tinh cam hang Tiep can theo hfldng nay, Toennies cho ring cd ba loai cgng ddng cd ban la: 1) cgng ddng dfla tren quan he huyet thd'ng (gia dinh, hg tgc); 2) cgng ddng dfla tren quan he lang gieng (cd chung mdt ndi cfl tru); va 3) cgng ddng dfla tren sfl gin ke't ve tinh thin Loai cgng ddng thfl ba dfldc Toennies danh gia la cd tinh nhan ban nhat vi nd it tinh ban nang nhat Tfldng flng vdi ba loai cdng ddng tren la ba khdng gian lich sii {historische raumtlichkeiten) dien hinh Thdng tin Khoa hoc xa hdi sd 12.2009 dd la ngdi nha (cua cdng ddng huyet thdng), ngdi lang (ciia cgng ddng lang gieng) va nha nfldc (cua cdng ddng tinh than) (2, tr.5-6) Mac du sau nhflng luan diem ciia Toennies da bi khdng it hgc gia phe phan, chi nhflng khia canh bat cap, nhflng nhin chung nhflng gi dng neu cdng trinh deu dfldc thfla nhan nhfl la nhflng vien da tang diu tien ciia cac ly thuyet xa hdi hgc ve "cdng ddng" Cho den nay, tie'p can va dinh nghia "cdng ddng" rat khac nhau, nhflng gidi nghien cflu xa hdi hgc deu cho r i n g cdng ddng trfldc he't la nhflng nhdm xa hdi ciia ngfldi cd nhflng tfldng tac vdi va cung chia se nhflng cai chung nao dd, cd the la dia ban cfl tru, nhflng gia tri chung, quy tic flng xii chung v.v tao nen sfl gan ket xa hdi Tiep can tfl gdc kinh te hgc, "cdng ddng" dfldc xem nhfl mdt loai "vd'n xa hdi" Tieu bieu cho each tiep can la cac luan diem ciia Robert D Putnam dfldc trinh bay cdng trinh "Bowling alone: the Collapse and Revival of American Community" (2000) Theo dng, hai yeu td' da tao nen cgng ddng vdi tinh each la mgt ngudn vd'n xa hdi chinh la tinh than gan ke't va sfl hinh cac mang Ifldi xa hdi, dd tflng ngfldi cam tha'y yen tam, an toan hg d cdng ddng, mang Ifldi va dd s i n sang ddng gdp, hy sinh vi cdng ddng, bao ve ldi ich cua cgng ddng mdi trfldng canh tranh khd'c het Day chinh la nhflng luan diem gd'c xay dflng nen cai ggi la "van hda td chflc" hay "van hda cdng ty" hien (1) Cac nha khao cd hgc cung cd each tie'p can rieng cua minh dd'i vdi cdng ddng Theo nghia chung nhat thi "cdng ddng" dfldc cac nha khao cd hgc xem Cdng ddng: hhai niem each tie'p can nhfl la thuat ngfl chi cac nhdm cfl dan cd dai khac cfl tru tren mgt dia ban nao dd Cac nha khao cd hgc cung rat quan tam den cac md'i tfldng tac ndi sinh cua cac cgng ddng dan cfl nay, chu ye'u dfldc bieu hien thdng qua nhflng tfldng ddng hay nhflng chflng efl ciia sfl giao lflu van hda vat the Cac nha sii hgc lai quan tam chii yeu den cac dang thflc cdng ddng ngfldi qua khfl, nhfl lang ban, bang, nha nfldc hay mandalas v.v , dd cac md'i tfldng tac ben cdng ddng va gifla cac cdng ddng dfldc md ta thdng qua cac sfl kien va qua trinh lich sii, nhfl td chflc san xuat, quan ly ngudn nfldc, de dieu, hdn nhan, xay dflng cac lien minh va chie'n tranh, v.v Cac nha triet hgc dfldng nhfl lai chu trgng hdn den cac ye'u td' tinh thin, tam linh quan he cdng ddng O day, cdng ddng khdng chi cdn gidi han nhflng dia vflc hien hflu nhfl ndi cfl tru, hinh thflc td chflc xa hgi v.v , ma trgng so' ciia sfl cd' ket lai rdi vao sfl gan ket, tfldng ddng ve quan niem ve the gidi tfl nhien, xa hdi va tfl Cac nha khoa hgc chinh tri hien dai lai quan tam de'n cdng ddng nhfl mdt hinh thflc td chflc qua trinh chinh tri, bao gdm tfl cac nhdm ldi ich de'n cac chinh dang, cac dang cdng xa cho de'n nha nfldc - dan tdc Tfl niia sau the ky XX, gidi nghien cflu chinh tri hgc, dac biet la van hda chinh tri, xuat hien them khai niem ve loai hinh "cdng ddng tfldng tfldng" (imagined community) Day chinh la cd sd de Benedict Anderson phat trien ly thuyet mdi ve cdng ddng ndi chung va qud'c gia - dan tdc ndi rieng, dd nhan manh vai trd chia se gifla cac vien ciia cdng ddng ve each ma hg hinh dung ve 23 cdng ddng ndi chung va vai trd cua hg vdi tinh each la mdt bd phan hdp ciia cdng ddng ay (3, tr.3-5; 4, t r l l 121) Day la mdt nhflng tflu quan trgng nhat nghien cflu ve cdng ddng cua gidi khoa hgc xa hdi d nfldc ngoai Tuy nhien, nhflng ke't qua nghien cflu ciia cac nha tam ly hgc ve cdng ddng mdi chinh la nhflng tflu cd t l m anh hfldng sau rdng nhat, xet ca tren phfldng dien hgc thuat va phfldng dien thflc tidn Thanh tflu ndi bat nhat cua mdn tam ly hgc cgng ddng la nhflng nghien cflu ciia D W McMillan va D M Chavis ve y thflc cdng ddng (sense of community) cdng bd' lln d i u tien vao nam 1986 (5, tr.6-23) Theo hai dng, y thflc cdng ddng la yeu td' quan trgng nhat tao nen sflc ben cd' ket ndi tai ciia cdng ddng Bd'n ye'u td' sau day chinh la cd sd ciia y thflc cdng ddng: 1) tfl each vien; 2) anh hfldng ; 3) sfl hdi nhap va sfl dap flng cae yeu clu va 4) sfl gin bd, chia se tinh cam Chavis va cac ddng nghiep da tap trung nghien cflu va de xuat mdt bd tieu chi lam cdng cu Ifldng y thflc cdng ddng (Sense of Community Index SCI) Sau mdt thdi gian chinh siia tren cd sd cac y kien phe binh, ddng gdp cua gidi nghien cflu, Chavis va nhdm nghien cflu cua dng da cdng bd' SCI-2 vao nam 2008 Day la bd tieu chi cd tinh cdng cu cao, hien dang dfldc tham khao va ap dung rdng rai nhat cac nghien cflu ve cdng ddng (6) Dfl tie'p can tfl nhflng gdc khac nhau, dfla tren nhflng ly thuyet khoa hgc khac va hfldng sfl quan tam hgc thuat tdi nhflng dang thflc cu the khdng gid'ng ciia cdng ddng, nhflng tflu trung lai, cd the eoi nhflng dau hieu 24 cd't yeu nha't sau day de n h a n biet hay dinh nghia mdt cdng ddng: - Cdng ddng phai la tap hdp cua mdt so'ddng ngfldi: - Mdi cgng ddng phai cd mgt ban sac/ban the rieng; - Cac t h a n h vien ciia cdng ddng phai tfl cam thay cd sfl g i n ket vdi cgng ddng va vdi cac t h a n h vien khac ciia cgng ddng - Cd the cd nhieu yeu to tao nen b a n s i c va sflc ben gan ket cgng ddng, nhflng q u a n trgng n h a t chinh la sfl thd'ng n h a t ve y chi va chia se ve tinh cam, tao nen y thflc cgng ddng - Mdi cdng ddng deu cd nhflng tieu chi ben ngoai de n h a n biet ve cdng ddng va cd nhflng quy tac che dinh boat ddng va flng xii chung ciia cdng ddng Tren cd nhflng ndi h a m nhfl tren, cd the di den mdt dinh nghia chung n h a t nhfl sau ve "cdng ddng": "Cgng dong la tap hdp ngiidi co sdc ben co ket noi tgi cao, vdi nhiing tieu chi nhdn biet vd quy tdc hogt dgng, dng xii chung dda tren sii dong thudn ve y chi, tinh cdm, niem tin vd y thiic cgng dong, nhd cdc thdnh vien ciia cgng dong cdm thdy co sii gdn ket hg vdi cgng dong vd vdi cdc thdnh vien khde cua cgng dong" II Mgt so each phan loal cgng dong Cho den da cd nhieu each p h a n loai cgng ddng dfldc de xuat va ap dung cac nghien cflu ve cdng ddng, nhien, phd bien n h a t van la each chia cdng ddng t h a n h ba loai sau day: - Cgng dong dia ly (Geographic Communities): bao gdm cac cdng ddng lang gieng, nhfl xdm, phd', lang xa, t h a n h phd', vflng, qud'c gia, t h a m chi cho tdi toan bd h a n h tinh Nhflng cdng ddng dfldc ggi la cdng ddng dia vflc (location) Thdng tin Khoa hoc xa hdi sd 12.2009 - Cgng dong vdn hoa (Communities of Culture): bao gdm cac loai phe phai, tieu van hda, nhdm tgc ngfldi cac cdng ddng tdn giao, cdng ddng da van hda hay cac nen van minh da nguyen cho tdi t h a m chi la cdng ddng van hda toan cau Loai cdng ddng cdn cd the bao gdm ca nhflng cgng ddng ve n h u c l u hay ve ban sac, nhfl cgng ddng ngfldi khuyet tat hay cgng ddng ngfldi cao Ludi v.v - Cgng dong to chiic (Community of Organizations): bao gdm gia dinh, ddng hg, cac m a n g Ifldi, cho tdi cac td chflc chinh thflc, ke ca ket cau ciia he thd'ng hoach dinh chinh sach, cac tap doan kinh te, hiep hdi nghe nghiep d cac quy md nhd, d a n tdc h a y qud'c te Rd r a n g la d day, sfl p h a n loai cdng ddng se trd nen het sflc phflc tap neu chung ta k h d n g chi r a dfldc he tieu chi nao lam chd dfla cho sfl p h a n loai cdng ddng Mdi loai cgng ddng md hinh p h a n loai t r e n deu dat sd' vao mgt tieu chi n h a t dinh Sau day chung ta se cung xem xet tflng loai cdng ddng ndi tren Cgng dong dia ly hay cgng dong dia viic M a u sd c h u n g hay tieu chi gdc ciia loai cdng ddng la sfl cd chung hay cung chia se dia vflc tdn tai ciia cac ca the cgng ddng Trong thflc tien, day thfldng la mdt nhflng tieu chi q u a n trgng, n h a t la ddi vdi cac loai hinh cdng ddng truyen thdng, bdi k h u vflc cfl t r u bao gid cung la mgt nhflng cd sd dau tien, q u a n trgng, lam be dd cho nhflng lien he, chia se, tUdng ddng ve kinh te, xa hdi, van hda va t a m linh Cd the t a m chia cac loai cgng ddng ve dia vflc t h a n h ba nhdm cd ban sau: a Cgng dong ddn vi cii tru ~ hdnh chinh: Hinh thflc de gap n h a t ciia loai cgng ddng la lang xa, khu phd' Cdng ddng: hhai niem, each tiep can Diem chung quan trgng nhat la cac cdng ddng cd mgt gidi han ve lanh thd rd rang, dfldc quy dinh chinh thflc hay khdng chinh thflc, nhflng dfldc toan the cgng ddng va cac cdng ddng khac cdng nhan Nhflng ddn vi cfl tru - hanh chinh ldn hdn ddi cung dfldc xem nhfl mdt cdng ddng, nhfl tdng, bang, v.v Tren thflc te, nhflng hinh thflc cdng ddng thfldng la tap hdp hay td hdp ciia nhieu cdng ddng nhd hdn, va thfldng thudc cac loai hinh khac b Cgng dong ldng gieng, la loai hinh cgng ddng hinh tren cd sd sfl sinh sd'ng, cfl tru gin gui ciia cac ca the/cac hd gia dinh tao nen Diem khac biet d day la cac cdng ddng cd the nam trgn cac cdng ddng cfl tru - hanh chinh, nhflng chung cung cd the nam vat ngang gifla dfldng ranh gidi cua cac cdng ddng cfl tru - hanh chinh Sfl gan ket ciia loai hinh cdng ddng chii yeu sfl tfldng tac, giao lflu, tiep xuc thfldng xuyen, gin gui gifla cac vien ciia cdng ddng ma hinh nen c Cgng dong dddc ke hogch hoa: Day la loai cdng ddng dfldc hinh va phat trien tren cd sd da cd trfldc mdt sfl quy hoach hay ke hoach nao dd, chang han nhfl cac khu dinh cfl hay khu dan cfl mdi O Viet Nam cd the xem dd la ket qua ciia qua trinh khai hoang, lap lang tai cac vung ven bien hoac qua trinh Nam tien hay sfl hinh cac khu "kinh te mdi" trfldc day Ngay nay, nhflng loai cgng ddng ddng hinh kha phd bien ket qua cua qua trinh dd thi hda, di dan cd td chflc 25 ban sic hay nhflng dac trflng van hda nao dd va du cd the cd hoac khdng cd dia ban quin cfl chung nhflng hg van thfldng xuyen cd nhflng tfldng tac nao dd va cung de dang nhan biet ve Mdt sd' hinh thflc tieu bieu ciia loai hinh cdng ddng la: a Cgng dong nghe nghiep, la nhflng nhdm ngfldi cung lam mdt nghe hoac cung lien quan tdi mdt nghe Mdt sd' cdng ddng loai lap hiep hdi nghe nghiep, nhd dd hg cd lien ket chat che hdn vdi ranh gidi va hinh thflc td chflc chat che, rd rang hdn O day cd sfl dan xen, chdng lap nhat dinh gifla "cdng ddng" va "hiep hdi" - hai loai khai niem chi hai thflc the khac ma Toennies cd' gang phan biet ly thuyet cua dng ve cdng ddng b Cgng dong do, la mgt nhflng san pham xa hdi - van hda dien hinh cua thdi dai bung nd cdng nghe thdng tin ky nguyen toan clu hda Cdng ddng ao la nhflng nhdm ngfldi ve can ban va chu ye'u chi cd tfldng tac thfldng xuyen vdi thdng qua phfldng tien truyen thdng cdng nghe cao, dd phd bien nhat la thdng qua Internet Cgng dong vdn hoa hay cgng dong bdn sdc c Cgng dong tgc ngddi, la nhflng dan tdc - tdc ngfldi cd chung ban sac van hda cd chung ngudn gdc sac tdc, ngdn ngfl, y phuc va sfl tfldng ddng ve phong tuc, tap quan Nhflng cdng ddng tdc ngfldi cd the cd chung dia ban quin cfl, cd the khdng, nhflng dfl sinh sd'ng each xa nhau, nhflng hg van chia se nhflng dac trflng van hda, phong tuc, tap quan va nhieu yeu td' khac Y thflc cdng ddng ciia hg cd the trung khdp ve can ban vdi y thflc tdc ngfldi Trgng so flu tien hay tieu chi gd'c ciia loai cdng ddng la d chd cac vien ciia cdng ddng cd chung mdt d Cgng dong ton gido cung la mgt loai hinh cdng ddng dien hinh ciia xa hgi loai ngfldi, dd cle vien cua 26 cdng ddng gan ke't vdi chu ye'u dfla tren sfl cd chung mdt niem tin tdn giao hay tin ngfldng Cgng ddng tdn giao cd the trflng khdp vdi cdng ddng cfl tru, nhflng cung cd the khdng, tham chi mang tinh toan clu e Cgng dong chinh tri la loai cdng ddng ma yeu td' quan trgng nhat tao nen ban sac ciia nd la sfl tfldng ddng ve y thflc he, dinh hfldng chinh tri hoac ldi ich chinh tri de cd the cd chung hanh vi chinh tri Thdng thfldng, cdng ddng chinh tri deu cd cac hinh thflc td chflc rd rang, ddi rat chat che, nhfl nhdm ldi ich, nhdm lobby, hdi kin, chinh dang, phe canh, hay lien minh v.v , nhflng cung khdng hiem cdng ddng chinh tri khdng he cd mdt hinh thflc td chflc ben vflng nao, nhflng lai cd sflc manh cd' ke't cao, nhfl cac phong trao chinh tri chang ban Sflc manh cd' ke't cac trfldng hdp chu yeu dfla tren muc tieu chung hoac sfl chia se nhflng gia tri chung f Cgng dong tiidng tiidng Day la loai cdng ddng dfldc Benedict Anderson "phat hien" ra, dd cac vien gan ket va tfldng tac vdi nhd cd chung hinh dung van hda chinh tri Theo dng, dan tdc hien dai chinh la mdt hinh thflc cdng ddng tfldng tfldng tieu bieu nhat Dan tdc "la mdt cdng ddng tfldng tfldng bdi le cac vien cua mdt dan tdc, dfl la mgt dan tdc nhd nhat, cung se khdng the biet he't dfldc phin ldn cac vien khac ciia dan tdc dd, gap gd hg, hay tham chi nghe ndi ve hg, the nhflng tam thflc ciia mdi vien deu tdn tai sd'ng ddng mdt hinh dung ve sfl lien ket cua hg" (3, tr.6) Tren day la hinh thflc cua loai hinh cdng ddng ban sic hay cgng ddng van hda cd ban nhat Tren thflc te cdn cd the cd nhieu nhflng hinh thflc khac ma Thdng tin Khoa hgc xa hdi sd 12.2009 khudn khd ciia nghien cflu chung tdi chfla the de cap de'n dfldc Cgng dong td chdc Day la loai cdng ddng thfldng gap nhat ddi sd'ng xa hdi loai ngfldi, thfldng de nhan bie't bdi nd thfldng la nhflng thflc the xa hdi hien hflu, tdn tai kha ben vflng Mdt so' hinh thflc chii ye'u ciia loai hiiih cdng ddng la: a Cgng dong huyet thong, chu ye'u Id gia dinh vd hg tgc: Day la mdt nhflng hinh thflc cdng ddng xuat hien sdm nha't lich sii loai ngfldi, va dd da trd dd'i tfldng nghien cflu ciia nhieu nganh khoa hgc Tuy theo each tie'p can khac ma ngfldi ta lai cd nhflng each phan loai gia dinh khac nhau, nhfl gia dinh mau he va gia dinh phu he, gia dinh hat nhan va gia dinh nhieu the he, gia dinh gia trfldng hay gia dinh dan chu, v.v Tfldng tfl nhfl vay, hg tdc cung dfldc tiep can, nhan dien va phan loai theo nhflng each khac Tuy vay, vdi tinh each la cgng ddng thi gia dinh va tdc hg dfldc dac trflng bdi md'i lien he huyet thd'ng Day chinh la ye'u td' quan trgng nhat tao nen ban chat va sfl ben vflng cung nhfl cau true dien hinh eiia gia dinh va tgc hg b Cdc to chiic chinh tri vd xd hgi: Nhfl da trinh bay d tren, mdt sd td chflc chinh tri va xa hdi ed the dfldc xep vao loai hinh cgng ddng ban sic, nhflng ddng thdi chung cung thfldng dfldc xe'p vao loai hinh cdng ddng td chflc, bdi le p h i n ldn cac to chflc chinh tri va xa hgi deu dfldc td chflc theo nhflng khudn mau, vdi nhflng nguyen tic van hanh, boat ddng va cau true nao dd Yeu td td chflc chinh la mgt nhflng yeu td quan trgng nha't tao nen tinh thd'ng nhat va ben vflng ciia cgng ddng Trong nhieu trfldng hdp, y thflc td chflc va y thflc cgng ddng nhflng td chflc Cdng ddng: hhai niem each tiep can trung khdp vdi Nhflng khdng it trfldng hdp, hai loai y thflc cd chenh nhat dinh Mdt td chflc chinh tri hay xa hdi nao dd chi thflc sfl trd mdt cdng ddng manh ne'u y thflc td chflc va y thflc cdng ddng ciia cac vien ciia cdng ddng trung khdp hay hd trd cho c Cdc td chdc kinh te, kinh doanh, nhfl phfldng hdi, cdng ty, xi nghiep, tap doan kinh te v.v Tuy thude ve loai hinh cdng ddng td chflc, nhflng phfldng hgi thii cdng lai khac xa ve ban chat so vdi cac cdng ty va tap doan kinh te hien Diem chung ciia hai loai td chflc kinh te la sfl chia se ve ldi ich va d day, y thflc cdng ddng da dfldc phat trien de trd mdt phfldng tien, mdt ldi the canh tranh 27 nhflng cdng ddng td chflc (do cd thie't ehe va quy tic td chflc chat che), cdng ddng nghe nghiep (rd nhat la trfldng hdp cac lang nghe), cgng ddng tin ngfldng (cung thd chung mdt Thanh Hoang) Qudc gia - ddn tgc lai la mdt vi du khac ciia hinh thflc cgng ddng tich hdp vd phUc hdp cao, bdi nd ham chfla ban than minh khdng chi nhieu loai cgng ddng khac ve tinh chat, loai hinh, ma cdn bao gdm nhieu cap cdng ddng vdi nhflng quy md khac Van de quan trgng hdn can kham pha nghien cflu ve cac hinh thflc hdn hdp, tich hdp hay phflc hdp cdng ddng la viec cac cdng ddng nhd hay cdng ddng td quan he va tfldng tac vdi nhfl the nao? Day chinh la van de vd cflng phflc tap, bdi cac quan he, Tren day la ba loai hinh cdng ddng tfldng tac dd thfldng la nhflng quan he, cd ban nha't Trong mdi loai cdng ddng tfldng tac da chieu vdi nhieu bie'n so" dd lai cd nhieu hinh thflc cdng ddng khac Trd lai vdi vi du ve lang xa khac ma d day chung tdi mdi chi Viet Nam, lang thfldng cd nhieu nhic de'n mdt sd' hinh thflc cdng ddng gia dinh, tdc hg va gifla cac gia dinh, tdc tieu bieu Bieu cdn dxldc nhdn mgnh Id: hg cd the chung sd'ng hda thuEin, sU phdn logi cgng dong chi chu ye'u doan ke't, nhflng eung ed the canh tranh nhdm cung cdp cong CIJ phdn tich cho quyet liet, tham ehi dan tdi thu h i n tfl nhd nghien ciiu md thoi, bdi le ddi qua ddi khac Trong lang lai edn thflc te, ngfldi ta khd cd the tim dfldc cd nhieu phe, giap vfla ddng thuan, doan mdt cdng ddng nao chi thudc ve mdt ke't vdi khudn khd cua l^ng, hinh thflc hay mdt loai hinh cdng ddng cung thd chung mgt vi Thanh Hoang, da dfldc trinh bay d tren, ma ngfldc lai cung chia se nhieu gia tri van hda va diidng nhii tdt cd cdc cgng dong deu d phong tuc, tap quan, eung canh tac tren dgng hon hdp hay Id phUc hdp ciia mgt mdt dien tich cdng dien nao dd v.v , vdi kieu logi khde Cd the neu nhflng eung khdng ngflng canh tranh luc day mdt sd'trfldng hdp dien hinh: ngam ngam, cdng khai nhieu Ldng xd Viet Nam truyen thong cdng viee, va mdi phe, giap lai cd "ranh chang ban, ve can ban dd la mdt cgng gidi" va quy fldc rieng ciia minh Tuy ddng dia vflc cfl tru, nhflng ddng thdi, nhflng gia dinh, tdc hg, phe giap v.v cd ben mdi lang lai thfldng tdn tai nhflng khac biet, tham chi mau t h u i n nhieu gia dinh, hg tde (la nhflng cdng xung dot gay git, nhflng lai hda ddng, ddng huyet thd'ng), phe, giap, hgi, v.v cflng chia se nhflng "miu sd chung" tao (la nhflng cdng ddng ban sic) Hdn nfla, nen sfl gin ke't ben vflng cua cgng ddng chinh ban than mdi lang cdn cd the la lang xa sud't hang chuc the ky 28 Thdng tin Khoa hoe xa hdi sd 12.2009 Trd lai vdi trfldng hdp cdng ddng qud'c gia - dan tdc, phflc tap ciia van de cdn tang len gap nhieu lln so vdi trfldng hdp cgng ddng lang xa Trfldc he't, qud'c gia - dan tdc la loai hinh cdng ddng tich hdp ciia rat nhieu loai hinh va dang thflc cdng ddng khac nhau, cd ban chat, quy md, cap va dac diem khac Hdn nfla, qudc gia - dan tgc lai la mdt loai hinh cgng ddng mang tinh phflc hdp cung rat cae, bdi le cac quan he, tfldng tac gifla cac cdng ddng ma nd ham chfla minh la het sflc phflc tap, da chieu, rat khdng dn dinh va ddi he't sflc quyet liet cdng ddng, cac vien va cac nhdm vien thfldng khdng bao gid cd nhflng vai trd va vi tri nhfl nhau, ngang bing Trai lai, hien tfldng thfldng dl thay nhat la cgng ddng nao cung cd nhflng ca nhan va nhflng nhdm gifl vai trd then chd't, quan trgng nhat Mdi cdng ddng khac thi phin, cau true, vai trd ciia nhdm hat nhan cung khac nhau, nhflng diem chung nhat chinh la d chd, nhflng nhdm hat nhan bao gid cung tieu bieu nhat cho gia tri cd't loi, ban sac va ldi ich ciia cdng ddng, la trung tam cua y chi/y thflc cgng ddng, dam bao cho sfl cd' ket va dinh hfldng phat trien ciia edng ddng, Tuy nhflng lien he va tfldng tac tri quy tie va the flng xii cua cdng cac cgng ddng tich hdp va phflc ddng Tuy nhien, nhflng cdng hdp (tam ggi la cdng ddng ldn) nhin ddng cd tinh hdn hdp, tich hdp va phflc chung la phflc tap, da chieu va khdng dn hdp cae thi cd the cd nhieu hdn mdt dinh, nhflng neu lay sfl ed' ke't ciia cdng nhdm hat nhan, va tham chi nhflng ddng ldn lam tieu ehi xuat phat thi cac nhdm hat nhan cd the canh tranh tfldng tac va lien he dd deu cd the quy ve va hoan ddi vi tri ciia cdng hai chieu: chieu thudn va chieu nghich ddng Trong nghien cflu ve cgng ddng Nhitng lien he vd tiidng tdc thudn thi thao tac va nhiem vu quan trgng chieu la nhflng lien he va tfldng tac hang dau la dinh vi dfldc nhflng nhdm nhim hfldng tdi sfl ddng thuan vdi ban hat nhan gifl vai trd ndng cd't cdng sac cua cdng ddng ldn va lam gia tang ddng dd sfl cd ket cua cdng ddng ldn Trong ddi sd'ng eiia cdng ddng, vai Ngfldc lai, nhiing lien he vd tiidng tdc nghich chieu la nhflng lien he va trd cua ngiidi Idnh dgo hay thu llnh cung tfldng tac hfldng tdi sfl khac biet vdi ban rat quan trgng Mdi loai cgng ddng cd sac ciia cdng ddng ldn va lam suy giam mdt kieu nha lanh dao hay thii linh khac nhau, vdi t l m quan trgng khdng gid'ng hay pha vd sfl cd'ke't cua cdng ddng ldn Cach thflc ma cac cgng ddng lfla Trong nghien cflu ve cgng ddng cdn chgn hay cdng nhan vai trd thii linh ciia cd ba van de nfla cung thfldng trd cac ca nhan dd cung nhfl each thflc ma chu de cho nhieu cudc tranh luan, dd la cac ca nhan dd gianh dfldc, tri vi tri vai trd ciia yeu td' hat nhan, ngfldi lanh thu hnh, xay dflng va gin gifl hinh anh, dao (hay thii linh) va vai trd ciia sflc ep uy tin va thflc thi quyen luc cua minh tfl ben ngoai dd'i vdi sfl cd' ket va phat cdng ddng cung rat khac trien ciia cdng ddng Ve vai tro cUa ye'u to' hgt nhdn, qua quan sat h l u het cac loai hinh cdng ddng da va dang tdn tai lich sii, chung ta de dang nhan r i n g Da cd kha nhieu cdng trinh nghien cflu ve van de nay, nhflng dieu cd tinh nguyen tic la khdng dfldc ap nguyen miu hay tieu chi ciia nha lanh dao loai 29 v.uiiy uuiiy: i-uiai iiikiin b a c i i n e p c a n cdng ddng vao loai cdng ddng khac de so sanh va danh gia Bieu quan trgng nhdt cdn khdm phd vd cd the so sdnh Idnh tit hay thit linh cda cdc cgng dong khac logi vdi chinh Id cdch thiic tiidng tdc giiia hg vdi bg phdn lgi cua cgng dong Thdng qua dd cd the kham pha vai trd thflc sfl cua cac thii linh vdi cac cdng ddng Vdn de thii ba Id vai tro ciia sdc ep tii ben ngodi ddi vdi sii ton tgi vd sdc mgnh cd'ke't cda cdng ddng Day cung la van de da va dang gay rat nhieu cudc tranh luan Tren thflc te, cd rat nhieu trfldng hdp cac cdng ddng phai dd'i dien vdi sflc ep hay nguy cd tfl ben ngoai ma hinh nen hoac nhd dd ma sflc cd' ket ndi bd dfldc Cling cd' Nhflng cung khdng hiem cac cdng ddng bi tan vd hay suy yeu de sfl can thiep heac gay sflc ep tfl cac ye'u to'ben ngoai Vi vay, khdng the xem thfldng vai trd ciia yeu td' ben ngoai, nhflng cung khdng dfldc de cao qua mfle vai trd ciia cac yeu td nay, coi cdng ddng thuin chi la "cdng ddng sd' phan" nhfl quan diem ciia cac thii linh phat xit d chau Au trfldc day Sflc manh cd' ket va sfl tdn tai ben vflng ciia cac cgng ddng chu yeu phu thudc vao cac md'i lien he va yeu td' ben cua cdng ddng va kha nang flng phd eua cdng ddng dd trfldc sfl bie'n ddi ciia mdi trfldng dd cac cgng ddng tdn tai Khi cac tac ddng ciia ye'u td' ben ngoai ddng thuan vdi ban chat va xu hfldng ben cua cdng ddng, nd giup cho cdng ddng them vflng manh Ngfldc lai, cac tac ddng dd xung dot vdi ban chat va xu hfldng ngi tai ciia cdng ddng, nd lam cho cdng ddng bi cd lap va suy yeu Nhflng luan giai ndi tren ve ban chat, khai niem, nhflng each tiep can, phan loai va kham pha cac tfldng tac cdng ddng ehinh la cd sd de chung ta tham khao n h i m nhan dien, kham pha cac loai hinh va dang thflc cdng ddng da va dang tdn tai d Viet Nam TAI LIEU THAM KHAO http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com munity Ferdinand Toennies Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft Leipzig: Fues's Verlag, 1887 Benedict Anderson Imagined communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism Revised Edition ed London and NY.: Verso, 1991 Pham Hdng Tung Van hda chinh tri va lich sii dfldi gdc nhin van hda chinh tri H.: Chinh tri Qud'c gia, 2008 D W McMillan, D M Chavis Sense of Community: A Definition and Theory American Journal of Community Psychology, No 14 (1), 1986 D M Chavis, K S Lee J D Acosta The Sense of Community Index (SCI) Revised: The Reliabiliity and Validity of the SCI-2, Paper presented at the 2"'^ International Community Psychology Conference, Lisbon, Portugal, 2008  ... ciia loai cdng ddng la sfl cd chung hay cung chia se dia vflc tdn tai ciia cac ca the cgng ddng Trong thflc tien, day thfldng la mdt nhflng tieu chi q u a n trgng, n h a t la ddi vdi cac loai... chinh la mgt nhflng yeu td quan trgng nha't tao nen tinh thd'ng nhat va ben vflng ciia cgng ddng Trong nhieu trfldng hdp, y thflc td chflc va y thflc cgng ddng nhflng td chflc Cdng ddng: hhai niem... quan he, Tren day la ba loai hinh cdng ddng tfldng tac dd thfldng la nhflng quan he, cd ban nha't Trong mdi loai cdng ddng tfldng tac da chieu vdi nhieu bie'n so" dd lai cd nhieu hinh thflc cdng