Tiếp cận liên ngành trong nghiên cứu không gian công cộng

Xa hoi hoc The gioi xah6ihoc.s6i(i49), 2020 77 TIEP CAN LIEN NGANH TRONG NGHIEN CUTJ KHONG GIAN CONG C O N G TRINH VAN TUNG* Torn tat: Khong gian cdng cong (KGCC) Id mot chu de nghien ciru cua nhieu khoa hQC, ndi bat Id cdc khoa hoc xd hoi vd nhdn vdn, vd khoa hoc kien true, quy hogch Cdch tiep can lien ngdnh la mpt logi lao dpng ket noi tri thuc hu&ng den viec hinh thdnh mpt khoa hpc xuyen ngdnh hogc sieu khoa hoc Ddy la mot qud trinh tich hgp, xudt phdt tu tiep cgn da ngdnh, nhimg nhd chuyen mdn khdc thdng nhdt de xudt mot chu de chung, mpt he thdng nguyen tdc, thugt ngir, phucmg phdp lugn, phuong phdp cu the, ky thugt, cdng cu vd npi dung nen tdng bang cdch vugt qua nhirng khdc biet, cdng thdng vd mdu thudn giira chiing, vd tren ca sd phucmg phdp lugn bien chung de tgo rg nhirng kien thuc m&i, hieu biet m&i, md hinh ly thuyet m&i nhdm tim hieu ve thuc te xd hdi mdt cdch tong the vd/hodc de thifC hien mpt dy: dn chung Tif khda: khdng gian cdng cdng, ti§p cdn don ngdnh, tiep can da nganh, tiep can lien ngdnh, khoa hpc xuyen nganh Nhgn bdi: 18/10/2019 Gui phdn bien: 8/2/2020 Duyet ddng: 24/3/2020 Dat van de Tu xuit hien cudn sach ndi tiing cua Habermas Khdng gian cdng cpng (Strukturwandel der Offentichkeit), thi thuat ngu dupc su dung rpng rai va da trd mdt ddi tupng nghien ciiu cua nhilu nganh khoa hpc tir kien tnic, quy hoach dd thi din dia ly xd h^i vd cac nganh khoa hpc xa hdi, nhan van khdc (Lits, 2014) Thanh cdng ciia thugt ngu gpi y cho chiing ta dat mdt sd cau hdi sau ddy: 1) Vi the thuc chdt cua nd cdc khoa hpc xd hpi vd nhdn vdn nhu the ndo?; 2) Khi su dung khoa hpc dom ngdnh, kit qud nghien cuu cd nhihig hgn chi gi?; 3) Tgi cdn mot tiep can lien ngdnh de nghien cim khong gian cong cong?; 4) Tiep can lien ngdnh la gi?; 5) Ldm thi ndo di sie dung tiip can lien ngdnh nghien cuu khdng gian cdng cdng? Nhung cau trd ldi cho ndm cdu hdi neu tren tgo nhung ndi dung cdt ldi cua bai bao Vj the ciia "khong gian cong cpng" khoa hpc xa hgi va nhan vSn Viec su dung thuat ngu khdng gian cong cpng (KGCC) cho phep xac dinh dupc cac pham tril khoa hpc ciia no Trong trilt hpc v l dan chu, nghien ciiu KGCC chi rdng su Khoa Xd hgi hgc, Dgi hgc Khoa hgc Xd hgi vd Nhdn van, Hd Ngi 78 Tiep cgn lien ngdnh nghien ciru dam bao cac hoat ddng cua xa hdi cdng dan d day cang nhilu va/hogc su tuong tac giua cdng dan va nha nude cang mgnh, thi tiing ndi ciia ngudi ddn vd miic dan chu agt dugc cang cao, cang dupc ciing cd (Quere, 1992) Thuat ngu KGCC dupc cac nha tnet hgc chinh Ui su dung mdt each rpng rai Nd trd chi din cdt ldi viec tim kiem cac giai phdp hdi hda gifta nha nude vd cdng ddn Thugt ngu dupc diing de phe binh cac y thiic he khdc thudng dupc bilu lp Trong trilt hpc chinh tri, van de dupc dgt lien quan din hai dac tnmg ciia KGCC gom "tinh cdng cdng" vd "tinh cong khai" cac thao luan xa hdi Hai dac trung lien quan din ba dang van de sau: a) quyen tu quyet vd tu td chuc ddi sdng cdng cpng ciia cdng dan dugc hgp thiic hda nhu the nao? b) cac dilu kien truyln thdng dan chu vd vipc thirc hien quyln tdi thugng ciia cdng dan dugc xac dinh (qua vi?c hinh cdng lugn va y chi tap the)? va c) cac quyln lpi cdng cdng dupc gidi quylt nhu thi nao? (Quere, 1992) Nhu vay, theo tdc gia nay, KGCC bao ham hai nghia cdt ldi: 1) nd la noi tu ngdn luan kien tgo nen co che trung gian hda giai gitta nha nude vd xa hdi cdng dan, gitta cdng dan vd he thdng chinh tri; 2) nd la noi cdng khai hdnh ddng cua cac nhdm tac nhdn khac Vdi cdc cdng cu cdng khai hda ndy, nhd nude dupc theo ddi va giam sat bdi cdng dan cua hp Dudi gdc dp lugt hpc, cac nha nghien ciiu quan tam din nhiing chuin muc, nguyeti tic vd quy pham phdp ludt dilu tilt ung xii ciia cdng dan KGCC, lam the nao de nhttng rdng bupc phdp li dugc tinh chi va ap dung thuc te Tuy nhien, tiep can va sii dung KGCC ngdy cdng dugc xem xet dudi gdc dp "quyen" nhieu hon la dudi gdc dp "nghia vu" D I tao he thdng nguyen tic quan ly KGCC, ngudi ta thudng nghien ciiu mdi quan he giua "Iugt le" va "tuc le" nham phat huy tdt nhat nhttng thda thugn mang tinh dan su va nham gidm thieu nhiing can thiep chinh thdng cua nhd nude (Ansart, 1999; Ricceur, 1990; Trinh Van Tiing, 2001) Trong dd, phan tich khia cgnh qudn tri KGCC lai cho phep hieu dupc thdi dp vd chinh sach ciia mpt nha nude ddi vdi ddi sdng cdng cpng Noi each khac, mdt nha nude quan tam nhieu den ddi sdng cdng cdng thi nhdt djnh se cung cap nhieu ngudn luc de phat trien cac mdi trudng sinh thai chung ay Dudi gdc dp cua khoa hpc truyen thdng dai chiing, nhung nguyen tic, chuan muc trao ddi hay nhiing hinh thiic tuong tdc truyen thdng KGCC la ddi tupng tim hieu cua nha nghien cuu Thdng diep truyen thdng d dd hodn toan mang tinh tu phdt bat ngudn tu su tu ma mdi ca nhan cdm nhan dugc hay diing hon la nd dupc ma hda, chuan muc hda (Habermas, 1981) Nha nghien ciiu truyen thdng dai chiing, qua KGCC, xac dinh hai logic truyen thdng trai ngupc nhau: Mpt ben la nhftng trao ddi ciia cdng dan KGCC mang minh nd mdt dgng quyen lire chung thdng qua cdng ludn dugc the hien mpt cdch "chuan muc" tren cdc phuong tien truyen thdng dgi chung Va ben la chinh quyen hoac doanh nghiep sii dung KGCC de dat dugc muc dich truyen thdng cho mdt du an, mdt chuong trinh hay mdt san pham nao dd Nhu vgy, KGCC dugc coi Id noi thao luan, noi va cham cac y tudng de dat dupc su ddng thuan ve nhung van dl chinh tri hay dgt dugc sir thien cam ddi vdi mdt san pham ndo (Habermas, 1981) Theo Lefort (1986), each tilp can cua kiln tnic vd quy hogch xem xet KGCC dudi hai quan diem gdm tham my hpc vd chiic ndng lugn Dudi gdc dp tham my hpc su hip Trjnh Vdn Timg 79 din vi thu hiit ciia KGCC duac dat len vi tri cao nhit Kjch ban xuit hien ciia no duoi mit cua ngucri quan sU duiyc quan tam dac biet So thich cua cong chiing tit KGCC CO tinh chit quyjt dinh din viec Iciln thiet no nhu the nao Tinh thim my ciia KGCC co Icha nang tao cam xiic tich cue a nhung nguai su dung chiing Trong do, duoi goc chiic nang luSn, nha nghien cuu KGCC quan tam den su day du cac chiic nang boi ban than su diy du iy da la "nghe thuat" Nhu vay, mdi quan he xa hoi giira nhiing nha chuyen mon (kien tnic su, nha quy hoach) va chinh quyen cGng rit khac CJ each tiSp cUn tham my hgc, nha chuyen mon dugc chinh quyen khuyin khich sang tao boi hg coi KGCC la m5t dii tugng nghe thuat Trai lai, each tiip can chiic n5ng luan, nha chuyen mon phai go minh theo nhiing yeu cau cua chinh quyen boi tinh hOu dung ciia KGCC thing th6, im trgi Co the ket luan rang, mgt dat nuoc co nhiiu KGCC dep la m6t dit nu6c dep nhimg mfit dat nuac co "day dii" KGCC chua bin la mgt dit nude d?p (Lefort, 1986) Duoi goc nhin ciia nhan hgc - xa hgi hgc, nha nghien ciiu quan tam den su tham thiu hinh anh, bieu tugng ve KGCC cua cac nhom xa hgi khac nhau, ve dai song cong cgng, nhung quan he va tuang tac xa hgi trgng Su tham thau KGCC nhu the nao se tao nen tam the hanh vi img xu nhu the (Bourdieu, 1970:148; Trinh Van Tiing, 2011:8793) Dual goc nhin ciia Bourdieu, tiip can liSri nganh la "mdt h? thdng tgp nhiem khoa hgc ctia cdc nhd khoa hoc chuyen ngdnh khdc ve nhitng he thdng ly thuyet mdi cho phep ho tu duy, nhdn biet vd thuc hien nhitng hdnh dong chung ddc trung cho mgt logi vdn hda tri thuc" (Bourdieu, 1970:152) Cac nha nhan hgc - xa hgi hgc quan tam den nhihig img xu chuan muc va nhiing ling xii chua chuan muc cua cac ca nhan sir dyng KGCC Hg quan tam din mgt vin de khac ciia "tinh cong khai" va "tinh cong cpng", la phuang thirc dac biet cimg ton tai va ciing tuong tac xa hgi Vi du, dieu dac bi?t nii bat KGCC thi chinh la svr thiiu ving cac giao tiip thyc su mang y nghia cgng ding va cac ca nhan thuang tri su v6 danh cua minh (Goffman, 1973) Tinh cong khai va tinh cong cgng a day thi hien a nhiing chuan muc va nguyen tSc sir dyng "cai chung" ma bit ky diu co thi tiip can dugc Tac gia cho ring doi song cong cgng loai khong gian dugc "kich hoa" ("scene de la vie publique") Lap luan chinh cua Gofftnan nhu sau: su tin tai ciia mgi nguai KGCC phan nhieu phu thu5c vag sy nhan biit va quan sat lan nhau; hai qua trinh dgng vai tro quyet djnh viec hinh va thi Men van boa ung xir, qua trinh kien tao cac moi quan he cung nhu tri ban sic rieng ciia hg Viec cung hien dien mgt khong gian chung khong nhit thiit phai tuang tac Ngugc lai, hg coi la nhiSng nguai xa la nhung lai di y din mgt each ti nhi (inattention polie): mii nguoi de y den nguoi khac mgt each vvra phai bing each thi hien ring minh da nhin thay nguai ay, nhung tuyet nhien khong duoc thi hien minh la nguai qua to mo, nhin cham cham vao ngucri khac (Goffman, 1973; Quere, 1992) Nhu vay, hiiu dugc dcri song cong cgng tiic la hiiu dugc dcri sing xa hgi boi le chiing ciing tin tai khong gian ay Ngay cac chu thi ciing hi$n hiiu KGCC, hg buoc long the hien cac hinh thiic lien kit xa h0i bang each quan sat lan nhau, thira nhan sy v6 danh ciia nguai khac va bang each de y mgt each te nhi din hg 80 Tiep can lien ngdnh nghien ciru Tom lai, KGCC dugc nghien ciiu dya trgn rit nhiiu cdch tiip c^n nhung cr day ctu tom tat nam each tiip can ly thuyit nii trgi (chinh tri - hanh chinh; khoa hgc truyen thorig dai chiing; lu|it hgc, kiin tnic - quy hoach vi nhSn hgc - xa hgi hgc) Nam each tiep can cung cip cho chiing ta nSm nhom pham tru di hiiu mgt xa hgi bit ky qua khong gian cong cgng (Quere, 1992): 1) Quan he giiia nha nuoc \k c6ng din; sy dan chu \k sy ty cua cong dSn dugc dam bao nhu the nao; sy ki6m soat va theo doi ciia cong dSn dii vdi hanh dgng cua nha nu6c lien quan d6n khong gian cdng cgng; 2) Hai logic ISp luan trdi ngugc giiia mgt ben la cong dan tin rang KGCC la noi truyen thong ve c6ng luiin dugc hgp thirc hda tren cac phucmg ti$n truyen thdng dai chiing va bdn cac nha chinh tn va/hoac doanh nhan coi nd nhu Id mgt dia chi truyen thdng dd thuyit phuc cdng dan thyc hi$n mgt chucmg trinh, mgt dy dn hay mua mgt sdn pham ndo do; 3) KGCC la ncri thi hien quyin cdng dan nhiiu hem la nghia vu, dugc coi nhu Id mgt loai phiic lgi xa hgi, an sinh xa hgi; 4) Hai Iggic trai ngugc quan niem vi KGCC: logic thim my hgc vd logic chiic nSng lugn; 5) KGCC Id su cimg tin t?i ddi sing cdng cdng va ddi sing xa hgi; sy cung tin tgd cua nhihig ngudi sir dyng KGCC khdc bu^c hg phai de y mdt cdch te nhi, the hi?n vdn hda ung xu chuan muc, phu hgp vdi ky vgng cua ngucri khdc; ddi sing cdng c^ng dugc "kich ban hda" vd la ddi sing xd hdi ndi chung Tuy nhien, di hiiu m§t cdch ddy du vi KGCC va qua dd di khdi qudt hda vi ddi sing xd hgi, li?u timg each tiip can dom le ve KGCC nhu v|y cd nhthig han che gi? Bd Id nOi dung tidp theo ciia bdi tham luan ndy M$t s6 ban chi ciia each tiep c^n dem ngdnh ve KGCC Platon vd Aristote Id nhiing ngudi diu tien nghi den vd sir dyng cdch tiip cgn don ngdnh, tiic Id chia nhd kiin thiic vd khoa hgc cdc ITnh vyc hay pham tru ridng \i hay chuyen ngdnh h?p thdi ky Phue Hung, Bacon da keu gpi sii dyng cdch tiip c|n don ngdnh, chuydn ngdnh vd din the ky 16, nhiiu friit gia da thyc hdnh vi$c phdn mdng kiin thiic, hiiu biit cua minh theo ldi keu ggi ndy (Dib theo Quer«, 1992) Tuy nhien, tir thi ky 19, voi sy phdt hi$n nhiiu khu vyc dia ly vd khoa hpc, sy gia tang nhanh chdng khii lugng dii heu da tdc dgng tryc tiip din cac nhd khoa hgc: mgt si tdc gid nhu De Keersmaecker, Defry, Dufays (2014) nhdn thay ring chi don Id m$t minh thi khdng thi ndm bat ddy du cac khia cgnh cua doi tugng nghidn cim va hg nghi din tiep can lien nganh tir Mac dii vgy, xu hudng don ngdnh vd chuydn ngdnh lgi nd rp sau The chiin Nhiiu nhd khoa hgc cho ring, su gia tdng sOr dyng don ngdnh, chuyen ngdnh cd thi dugc "thira ki" til ly thuyit quan ly ciia Taylor vd cac cdch tiip cgn kinh ti hgc Grosjean vd Thibaud (2008) cho ring: don ngdnh gdn vdi chuyen mdn hda, ly hda, chia nhd hogt dgng Trjnh Vdn Timg 81 khoa hpc, mdi chuyen mdn sdu diu cd bi6n gidi vdi cdc chuyen mdn khdc; nhd nghien ciiu ddng khung ehudn muc logic cua minh, c6 xu hudng tu quylt khoa hpc, tu tuan thii dia hgt, phuong phdp, cdng cu, kj? thugt, ngdn ngu va ly thuylt chuyen biet Nhu thi, vi the cua cdc khoa hgc cd tinh chat "ddc ddo", rieng le Mac dii da phat trien m0t thdi gian dai ciia lich su khoa hpc, nhung each tilp can don ngdnh va chuyen nganh nhu vay da cd nhilu hgn che, cu the gdm: - Cd su chia nhd, phan mau thdng tin va kiln thiic, khdng thi khdi qudt dugc - Ben cgnh do, khoa hpc don nganh va chuyen ngdnh chi cd thi giai quylt mpt vin dl xa hdi mang tinh cue bd hay chi mdt phuong dien nao dd cua vin dl chung Dilu ma chiing ta da thdy nhu d nam each tiep can don ngdnh, chuyen ngdnh neu trSn ve khdng gian cdng cdng - Ve mat xd hdi, each tilp can tao nen tdm ly kieu cdng, nggo mgn ddi vdi nhd nghien ciiu qua bieu hien nhu "chuyen ngdnh ndy cua tdi nen tdi m&i co quyin phdn xet" Nhu vdy, ngudi ta dd khdng cdng bdng nghien ciiu, khd chip nhdn y kiln trdi chilu vd xep thii bgc cao/thap gidi khoa hpc - Tinh don ngdnh vd tinh chuyen nganh cdn tao nhilu khd khdn phoi hgp va dilu phdi cdc nha nghien cihi khac bdi su chia nhd cac nha chuyen mdn (bdn than ten bd mdn tieng Anh, tieng Phdp dugc ggi la "division" nghia Id chia nhd nhi?m vu) - Tinh don ngdnh va tinh chuyen ngdnh da "sir vat hda" ddi tugng nghian ciiu, nghia la khdng coi don vi phan tich la mdt doi tupng vira mang tinh trim tugng, vtta mang tinh kien tgo ma coi nd nhu mdt thuc the vat ly nen chia nhd de dang - Han ch6 cudi cimg la chiing tgo nhttng dc dao kien thuc, d dd, moi ngudi hdi long vdi nhung hiiu bilt cua hp, khd chip nhgn su hieu bilt cua ngudi khdc Moi nhd khoa hgc nhu t\r khep kin "cdi ken" cua minh (Morin, 1994; Grosjean M., & Thibaud J-P., 2008) Tir tilp c^n da ngdnh din tilp cSn lien nganh ve kh6ng gian cong cpng Cdch tiep can da ngdnh ve KGCC Trudc hit, cin khdng dinh rdng tiep can da nganh gdn vdi su phat triln ciia cdc khoa hpc hi§n dai Tut gitta thi ky 20, cac nha khoa hgc don nganh cd nhu cdu kien tao nhiing cdu ndi hay su hgp tdc giua cdc nganh eua hp CJ cdp dp cao nhdt, hp cung xac djnh cac nhiem vu de nghien ciiu va/hogc thuc hien mdt du an chung Tilp can da nganh cd nghia la nhilu ngdnh cung thuc hi?n mdt chii dl nghien ciiu, mpt dh dn chung vd ddi hdi hp cin cd mpt co che ddi tdc (Lenoir, 2003) Nhung nhd chuyen mdn thupc cdc nganh khdc xac dinh cho minh nhirng the thiic vd phuong phap hpp tac gitta hp Ddi vdi nhilu tdc gia khac, tiep can da nganh Id tap hgp nhieu ngdnh khoa hpc hode vipc ddt chiing kl cgnh md khdng nhdt thiet phai co mdi quan h^ rd rdng giua chiing Nhu vdy, tilp can da nganh cd the dugc xem la viec dua vao nhieu ngdnh khoa hgc dl nghien ciiu cimg mdt ddi tupng theo nhiing quan diem khdc ciia Tiip cgn lien ngdnh nghien ciru chuyen gia don ngdnh vi muc tieu bd sung cho qud trinh gidi quyet van de Trong qua trinh do, moi chuyen gia ITnh vuc ciia minh vdn gitt lai cdc each tiep cgn, he thdng thuat ngu, phuong phdp va cdng cu phdn tichri6ngbiet Hay ndi each khdc, each tiep can da nganh khdng cd he thdng thugt ngtt vd phuong phdp chung cho cac khoa hpc ciing tham gia nghien ciiu mdt chii de chung ndo dd, tiic Id mdi nganh ddm duong mpt phuang dien rieng Trong trudng hpp do, ngudi dpc ty tdng hpp cho minh khdi lupng kiSn thiic ve chii de nghien ciiu chung tu cdc kit qua don ngdnh vi nhibtg ddng gdp tich cue C§ng ddng khoa hgc thua nhgn rang hp cung nghien cdu mpt chii de chung, trudng hpp la KGCC, thi hp cd the dupc thu hudng s\i phong phii vd da dgng cdc phuong phap, ngdn ngtt khoa hpc vd cdng cu phan tich cua cdc chuyen gia khdc ciing tham gia vdo nhdm ldm viec chung Hon ntta, eac ket qud nghien ciiu tu nhieu nganh khoa hpc khac cd the bd sung cho Ve mdt cau tnic td chirc, de nghien ciiu da nganh cin phai tgo mgt don vi nghien ciiu hon hgp xuat phdt tu cdc nhd nghien ciiu cua nhieu don vi khdc (Unesco, 1983) Nhu vdy, de nghien ciiu KGCC, mpt don vj nghien ciiu cd thi tap hpp cdc chuyen gia, cu the nhu: kiSn true su, nhd quy hoach, nhd nhdn hgc - xd hpi hpc, nha chinh tri hpc, nha ljch sii, nha kinh te hgc dia ly' hgc xd hpi ve KGCC Trong sir tucmg tdc giua cdc nganh khoa hpc ay, moi khoa hpc van giu cho minh nhung chu dl nghien cdu gin nhu la chuyen bipt bdi chiing mang tinh n6i tr^i Vi dy, de nghien ciiu da ngdnh ve KGCC, cd the hinh dung mpt sd chu de nhu sau: - Qud trinh hinh vd phat trien KGCC (lich su, dia ly xa hpi); - Dan chit vd tu ciia ngudi dan tgi KGCC (xd hpi hpc chinh tri; xa hpi hpc ve chinh sach cdng; xa hpi hgc td chdc; xa hpi hpc thi); - Th\rc hanh van hda cua ngudi dan cac KGCC (van hda hpc, xd hpi hpc vdn hda, tam ly hpc vdn hda ); - Hinh thai ddi sdng xd hdi KGCC qua cac thdi ky va qua cdc loai KGCC (dja ly hgc xa h^i, lich su ve KGCC, xa hpi hpc dd thi ); - Truyln thdng dai chiing KGCC (khoa hpc truyln thdng, xa hdi hpc truyln thdng vd du ludn xd hdi ) Mdt sd don cu nhu vdy de thay ring, mdc du cd mdt ddi lupng nghien ciiu chung (KGCC), nhung cdc khia cgnh/phuong dien cua nd dugc phan tich mpt cdch rieng bi$t theo nhu phuong phdp don ngdnh, chuyen ngdnh Hp ket lgi cimg thdnh mpt don vj nghien ciiu hdn hgp, cd tgm thdi, cd bin vung, nhung su thdo luan vl phuong phap lugn gitta hp Id rit han chi Viec sir dimg tilp can da nganh dl nghien cuu KGCC mang minh nd nhieu hgn che hem !a lgi ich Thu nhdt, theo chieu lich dgi, nghien ciru da ngdnh rat khd thu thgp dupc du lieu tdng hpp va diy dii bdi ddy gin nhu la mgt phep cdng co hpc cdc phuong phap nghien ciiu Do vgy, moi nha nghien cuu don ngdnh tham gia vdo nhdm da nganh su dung tdp hpp du li?u minh thu thap dupc theo phuong phap rieng cua ngdnh minh Dilu 7>/?l>l Vdn Tung 83 gay nhiiu khd khan so sdnh cdc ket qua nghien cuu Tir dd, myc tieu bi sung cho ciing khd Idng dat dugc Thic hai, theo chiiu ding dai, dg su dung he thing thuat ngii, ly thuyit va phuong phap nghien ciiu khac nen viec tham gia nhdm nghien cim da nganh khdng tao dugc h? thing thugt ngii moi Do vdy, cdc thdnh vien cua nhdm nghien cim hon hgp da nganh ty diic nit cho minh nhiing bdi hgc kinh nghiem rieng chii khdng cd dugc nhdn quan xuyen sudt cac nganh khoa hpc Vi vay, de vugt qua cdch tiep can da ngdnh, cdc nhd khoa hpc, dac bi?t cdc td chiic nghidn eiiu cao cap, cdc nhd khoa hgc lugn da thdo lugn ve tiip can lien ngdnh Vay, tiep can lien ngdnh Id gi? Vd cd the vdn dung tiip c$n lien nganh nhu thi ndo vao nghien cilu KGCC? Tiip can liin ngdnh vi KGCC Theo ddi ddi sdng hgc thuat d Vi^t Nam thi thay rang, da cd nhieu tdc gid dimg cym khai ni$m "tidp can lien ngdnh" de md td, phan tich vd ddnh gid nhiing tap hgp dQ ligu nghien cihi Ion nhu cac de tai cap nhd nuac vd/bgac de thyc bi^n mpt de an chung nao dd quan li vdn hda, xd hgi, hdnh chinh, kinh te (Hd S5^ Quy, 2006; Phan Nggc, 1994,1999; Phgm Hdng Ttmg, 2008 ) Nhung nghien ciru ndy cho ring, bdn chit cua cac nghien ciiu ngdnh ciia minh da mang san tinh lien ngdnh Tuy nhidn, hdu nhu tdt cd nhirng tac gid chdp nhgn thuc te rang cd mgt tiep cgn lien ngdnh dang ton tai cd the sir dyng dugc mdt cdch tryc gidc va mang tinh chii quan, it hg danh gid hode phd binh each tiep c ^ lien ngdnh ciia ngudi khdc hoac it dd xudt dinh nghia ciia rieng minh Cd chdng, mpt vdi nha khoa hpc luan hiem hoi khoa hgc xa hdi vd nhan van cd ban sdu vi khoa hgc luan Vi du nhu Vii Cao Ddm (2006), tdc phdm Phuang phdp ludn nghien cuu khoa hgc, da ban din cdc logi nghien cim khoa hgc Tuy nhidn, tac gia Cling chua di xuit dinh nghia ddy dii vi tiip can lien nganh Dg vay, cd the ket lugn ring tiip cdn USn nganh chua thuc su trd thdnh mgt xu huong mgnh md d nuac ta,flicId mgi ngudi chip nhan nd nhu Id tiip can sin cd Vgy, thuc chit tiep can lien nganh Id gi? Va vgn dung tiip cgnh lien ngdnh nhu thi ndo nghien ciiu KGCC? Theo nhiiu nhd khoa hgc luan, tiip can lien ngdnh Id qua trinh xay dyng mdi quan h? khoa hgc tir hai ngdnh khoa hgc trd len di tao mdt phucmg phdp ddc ddo nhdm thdm dd, md ta, phdn tich mdt thuc ti xd hdi hode di thyc hien mdt di dn chung ndc dd (Dufour, Fourez vd Maingain, 2002; Passeron^ 2006; Trinh Van Timg, 2001) Theo Clary vd Giolitto (1994), Lenoir (2003), tiip cdn lien ngdnh la vide sii dyng, tich hgp vd diiu phdi cdc ngdnh khoa hgc phii hgp di tgg mdt phuang phdp chung viec tim hieu mdt vdn di chung vd/hodc thyc hi$n mot dy dn chung Ve phin minh, Charaudeau (2010: 195-221) ciing cho ring tiip can nghien CUM lien nganh trudc hit la mdt qua trinh bdt ngudn tir tiip c$n da nganh di di din tiip cgn xuyen ngdnh khoa hgc xd hdi hgdc mgt "sidu khoa hgc xa hpi" (une mdta-science sociale) ' Jean-Claude Passeron 14 mOt nh4 khoa h?c lujln vi khoa hpc x3 hSi v4 nhan van hing d k cua gi*i Phap ngil D6 c6 thi phe binh vk c4c cich tiep c§n 1^ thuygt, ban thSn 6ng d4 14m 02 Iu|n 4n tien sj: Xa hpi hpc v4 Toin hpc Toi 14 nguiri may dupc tijn hjnh ph6ng vin sau tac gia nhieu lin 14m luan 4n cila minh m4 npi dung chinh cua no 14 so s4nh ly iu^in Xa hpi hpc v4 ly lu§n Triet hpc 84 Tiep can Hen ngdnh nghien ciru Thu nhdt, la giai doan qua dp tao mdt mdi trudng thdo lugn gitta cdc nganh khoa hgc nhdm nit ngdn vd bdi bd din dan nhttng khac bidt, nhiing cdng thang hay nhttng xung dpt gitta cdc ngdnh tiep can da ngdnh Thic hai, chinh quyen thudng dgt hdng logi nghien ciiu lien ngdnh de cd co sd lap nhung k& hoach ldn, kiem sodt va danh gia chung theo h& tieu ehudn kien thdc Hen nganh Thic ba, tilp can lien nganh cd chiic ndng vgn hdnh khoa hpc xa hdi vd nhan vdn, tdc la giiip cdc nhd nghien ciiu, cac nhd chuyan mdn vd cdc nhd qudn li cd the sit dyng vao hogt ddng ciia hp Nhu vgy, tiep cdn lien ngdnh tao mpt sy: ket ndi, mpt su dieu phdi va mot md hinh can thiep cd tinh chu quan cua nhiing nhd chuyen mdn tham gia kiln tao len nd, vay nd mang tinh dgc thu Ly thuylt vd phuong phdp ludn vl tilp can lien ngdnh - kit qua cua qua trinh phdi hpp - bao hdm mdi quan he mat thiet gitta it nhit hai ngdnh, tir quan he gitta he thdng thuat ngtt den phuong phap ludn, phuong phdp nghien ciiu cu thi, ky thuat, npi dung ciia chiing bien nhiing "cai rieng" cai chung bao triim va vu0 qua mpi cdiriengay (Grosjean et Thibaud, 2008) Ve phdn minh, Resweber (201 l)la ngudi da md rpng va bd sung cho nghien cihi cua Charaudeau (2010) bdng each phan tieh hanh trinh trd mdt khoa hpc lien nganh: nhiing thdi di£m chuyen tiep tu ngdnh ndy sang ngdnh khdc, phucmg phap sd dung vd mdi trudng su dyng each tiep can Ndi each khdc, neu nhu tiep can da ngdnh Id "su sdp dgt nhieu ngdnh cgnh nhau" thi ttong each tiep can lien nganh la su xay dung "mpt cpng ddng quan niem " De cd the dat dupc mpt cdch tiep can lien nganh nhu la mpt khoa hpc mdi, cdc nhd chuyen mdn don ngdnh cdn vupt qua nhung khdc biet, thdm chi nhung cdng thing, mdu thuan, ddi lap cua ngdnh minh so vdi ngdnh khdc: "mgt nganh khoa hpe mdi" (khoa hpc lien nganh) dugc kien tgo ttt nhieu nganh, ttt su ban ludn vd thdng nhit mdt sd nguyen tic nSn tdng, mpt h? thdng thuat ngtt, mpt phuong phap lugn cimg vdi cdc phuang phap va cdng cu cuthe (Charaudeau, 2010; Resweber, 2011) Ddc trung ddu tien cua each tiep can lien ngdnh la su bien chuyen tu nhung hieu biet thuc te mang tinh cue bd sang xdy dung md hinh ly thuylt dl rdi quay trd lgi phuc vy qua trinh xdy dung kien thuc ve thuc te (De Keersmaecker, et al., 2014) Vi dy, ttong nghien ciiu KGCC, nhdm nghien ciiu lien ngdnh phdi chuyen dich tu nhung hieu bilt don nganh vl KGCC dk xdy dung mgt md hinh ly thuylt vl nd vd dya vdo md hinh dl tim kilm kiln thuc tdng tich hgp vl ddi tugng nghien ciiu Trong qud trinh chuyin tilp ay, cac nha khoa hpe, chuyen mdn dem ngdnh tham gia nhdm lien nganh khdng de dgt dugc Igp tuc mpt su thda thugn hay thda hiep vl h? thdng nguyen tic nln tang va phucmg phdp lugn Hp cin ttao ddi va bdn bgc nhieu dl dat dupc su ddng thudn iy Phuong phdp lugn Uen nganh dgt dupc chinh la mdt loai "vdn bieu trung" dai dipn cho vdn hda ldm vipc lien ngdnh hay vdn hda lam viec nhdm Cd thi ndi dd la mpt h? y ni?m lien ngdnh ("paradigme interdisciplinaire") Dac trung thu hai cua cdch tiep can lien ngdnh la each thirc ma moi mdt thdnh vien nhdm lam viee tgo mdt khoang cdch hay mpt sy nhupng bp dl dgt dugc su tiln trien tich c\rc cua mpt khoa hpc mdi Tuy nhien, su tien trien ay khdng chi cac nhd chuyen mdn quyet dinh ma cdn dupc \eu cau bdi cdc co quan quyln luc khac (co Trjnh Vdn Timg 85 quan qudn ly hdn lam; co quan qudn ly chinh tri-hanh chinh; co quan giao due; co quan vdn hda; co quan mdi trudng va co quan quan U kinh te) Gid sii chiing ta coi phdt triin cdc KGCC nhu la mpt md hinh phat triin cgng dong thi nhit dinh su tiin triin cua ke hoach phat triin cgng dong ay khdng chi phu thugc vdo cac nhd nghien ciiu can thigp md cdn phy thude rit nhiiu vdo cdc tdc nhan khdc nhu chinh quyin tnmg uong, chinh quyin dia phuang, cac ca quan, dodn the Theo mdt cdch ndo dd, xem xet cac nhu cdu kinh te, chinh tri, xa hgi, vdn hda vd mdi trudng, cdc co quan quyen luc budc nhiing nhd chuyen mdn khac phdi tu thay ddi nguydn tdc lam vige, phucmg phdp lugn, h? thing thudt ngu, ky thugt, cdng cu "cua ngdnh minh" (Resweber, 2011) Ddc trung thii ba chinh Id logic chi phdi su ddi cua khoa hgc lien ngdnh trdn nin tdng da nganh Cdc hidu biet thyc tien md nhdm lien ngdnh cd dugc tir nghien cuu da ngdnh dugc "tai co cdu" bdi cdc cdng cy chimg md hg da thdng nhit dugc Tdm lgi, cdch tiep can lien nganh dugc sir dyng di xac dinh "tgp hgp chdt li^u" mdi (thuat ngii, phuong phap Iuan, phuong phdp cu the, cdng cu ) tren ca sd td chirc lai vd xem xet lai cdc chat li^u "cii" tii tiip can da nganh Resweber (2011) di xuat phuang thiic van dyng cdc djc trung ndy Tir cdch tidp can da ngdnh, nhdm lien ngdnh cdn thing nhit dugc mdt chiin luge hay mdt su lya chgn cdc chdt li$u dd chuydn tir ngdnh ndy sang ngdnh khdc Vi dy, trcng nghien ciiu ve KGCC, tir quan diem quy hoach khdng gian dja ly, cdc nhd kien tnic, nhd quy hogch cin tun hiiu cdc yiu td xd hgi trgng KGCC nhu thi ndo di cd nhitng nhugng b§ vi phuong phdp tiep cgn Trong qud khii, ap dung cdch tiip cgn da ngdnh, kiin tnic su, nhd quy hogch thj thudng chiem vi the uu trdi, tiie la thuc hidn quy hoach dat dai trudc, keo theo quy hogch xd h0i Nhung hien nay, nhd vao tiip can lien ngdnh, nhiing yeu td kinh ti, xd hgi, vdn hda (ddc tnmg vdn hda cua ddn cu, du bdo sy tien tridn cua dan si, nhu ciu vui choi gidi tri, nhu ciu di lgi ) dugc quy hoach trudc, cd tinh chit quyit dinh quy hoach dit dai (Trinh Van Tung vd Nguyen Khdnh Linh, 2018) Cdc djnh nghia dudi ddy vi KGCC dugc van dyng nhu thi ndo nghidn cira mOt xd hdi ting the? Nhu chiing ta biit, tin tgi rit nhiiu djnh nghia khdc ve KGCC Dudi gdc dd triit hpc chinh tri, KGCC, vdi tu cdch si it ("public space"), la noi xac l^ip mii quan he gitta ngudi dan vd nha nude, thi hien quyin ty do, ddn chii va tieng ndi cua ngudi dan KGCC la nin tang quyin lyc vd quyin lgi chung cua ngudi dan "mpt mieng giOa lang bdng mgt sang xd bip" Nd Id mdt loai tdi sdn cdng hay mdt logi phiic lgi cdng md mgi ngudi dan cd quyin tiip cgn va sit dyng Day Id mpt nhiing dia hgt quan trgng de phdt triin xd h$i cdng dan Vdi tu cdch Id "cdc khdng gian cdng cgng" ("public spaces"), ngodi ngii: nghia chi'nh tri ban diu, chiing dugc xem xet nhu nhiing xd hgi thu nhd vdi diy du cdc phuang di^n(kinh ti, van hda, xd hgi, mdi trudng, qudn ly to chiic ) Khi chiing ta hiiu dugc ddi sing cdng cdng d cac loai KGCC khac thi cdn bdn chiing ta hiiu dugc ddi sing xd hgi cua mdt xa hdi ting thi nao Vi dy, nghidn cira khdng gian giao thdng hay vdn hda giao thdng d Vi|t Nam, co bdn chiing ta s5 danh gid, phdn tich va ting hgp dugc miic d$ dgt dugc gid tri "tr|t ty xd hpi" va "hdi hda xd hpi" cua nude ta hign nhu the ndo Chi cdn phuang phdp quan sdt tryc tiep cung cho phdp 86 Tiep can lien ngdnh nghien cihi chiing ta kit Iuan rdng, giao thdng d nude ta rit ldn xdn (di xe tten via he, qua phd khong diing noi quy dinh, ddt lua tten dudng phd, vupt den dd, lin sang ldn dudng ciia nguoi khdc, quay xe khdng diing noi quy dinh, khdng chiu nhudng dudng cho xe uu tien ) Hoac chiing ta quan sdt mdc dp dgt dugc cdc gid tri vdn hda tam linh (niem tm va chuin muc tdn giao) thdng qua nghien eiiu hanh vi iing xtt ciia ngudi dan ttong logi KGCC nay, ta cflng ed thi nhanh chdng nit rdng, ddi sdng tam linh cua ngudi ddn Viet Nam rit phong phii, da dgng nhung nilm tin va chuin muc tu cac thuc hdnh tdn gido xem chua thuc su ed co sd tri thdc viing chac Ket Iuan Thu nhdt, vi thi ciia KGCC da thay ddi theo hudng phuc hgp, cd tinh dai dien cao cho ddi song xd hdi ndi chung, the hien diy du eac chieu canh kinh te, vdn hda, chinh tri, xd hdi, mdi trudng cua m^t dit nude nen cac each tiep can don nganh, chuySn ngdnh va da nganh bgc Id nhttng hgn chi ldn nhu tgo nhttng phdn mang kign thiic eye bp vl xd hdi tdng thi mac du cdc tilp can ndy cflng mang lgi mpt sd ket qud tich eye nhdt dinh Tuy cd tinh chuyen sau nhung khep kin ttong nganh cua minh nen g|ip khd khan viec hinh thdnh nhirng md hinh ly thuyet mdi Thic hgi, tu nhiing dinh nghia vd chdm phd each thdc van dyng cdch tiep cgn lien ngdnh vdo nghien ciiu KGCC nhu la mpt giai dogn qua dp, chiing ta cd the nit dinh nghia cua minh nhu sau: Cdch tiep can Hen ngdnh ttong khoa hpc xd hpi va nhan vdn la mpt logi lao dgng kit ndi tti thirc vd hiiu biet hudng den vipc hinh thdnh mpt khoa hpc xuySn ngdnh hode sieu khoa hpe Nd dugc thyc hien theo mpt qud trinh, ttong do, xuat phdt tu tilp cgn da ngdnh, nhdm nghien ciiu nhihig nhd chuyen mdn khdc thong nhdt dl xuit mdt he thdng nguyen tic nen tdng, thugt ngtt, phuong phap lugn, phuong phdp cy thi, ky thugt, cdng cu, ndi dung., mdi tten co sd tdng tich hpp chiing bang cdch vugt qua nhttng khac biet gitta chiing vd tten co sd phuong phdp luan bien chung de tao nhung kien thdc mdi, hieu biet mdi, md hinh ly thuyet mdi nham tim hieu ve thue te xd hpi mpt each tdng the vd/ho^c de thyc hi?n mpt du an chung Ve mdt cdu tnic xa hpi cua cdc nhd nghien ciiu/nhihig nhd chuyen mdn tham gia nhdm lien ngdnh, viec xay dyng vd phdt ttien mdt td chdc nghien eiiu/nghe nghiep chung cd tinh chit bdt budc dl thudn lpi cho cdng viec dieu phdi, ket ndi vd tich hgp Hp qud cua viec van dung cdch tilp can lien nganh chinh la hogt ddng tai cdu tnic nhdn sy khoa hpc/chuyen mdn Muc tieu tdi thupng eua each thuc tiep can lien nganh la tgo mdt "sieu khoa hgc" (meta-scienee") hay mpt chu thuyet khoa hpc mdi Thic ba, van dung each tilp can lien ngdnh dl tim hiiu KGCC, vl mdt khoa hpc lugn, cdc nha khoa hpc/nhd chuyen mdn cdn thdng nhit mgt dinh nghia ve KGCC bdi 16, chimg nao chua xdc dinh dinh nd nhu la mpt chu dl nghien ciiu chung (tuc la cin xdy dyng he thdng ly thuyet, phuong phdp lugn, thudt ngtt d|c thii) thi chimg dd cac nhd khoa hpc/nhd chuyen mdn khdng the tieh hpp de dat dugc mdt "khoa hpc xuyen nganh" hay mpt "sieu khoa hoc" mdi Do vdy, tu rit nhilu dinh nghia vl KGCC, chung tdi dl xuit djnh nghia sau ddy de cd the tim hieu KGCC nhu mpt xd hpi thu nhd, nic la tim hiiu ddi sdng xd hpi d ttong dd Khdng gian cdng cpng Id nhicng khdng gian kinh ti-xd hpi, Trinh Vdn Tung 87 vica CO tinh thuc vica cd tinh do, Id tdi sdn chung, phiic lgi chung ciia ngudi ddn nhd nu&c dgi dien qudn ly Ddy Id nhitng khdng gian chung khong bi hgn chi tiip can, cd cdc chicc ndng dgi dien cua mpt xd hpi thu nhd Tic do, nhimg hieu biit tich hgp vi KGCC ddng th&i cUng la nhihig hiiu biit vi xd hpi, trudng hgp ndy Id xd hpi Viet Nam Thic tu, viec van dyng each tilp can lidn nganh dl nghien cuu KGCC doi hdi cac tieu chuan sau day: a) Tieu chuin khoa hpc lugn cho phep xem xet KGCC ttong tinh phdc hgp cua nd b) Tieu chuin ly thuylt cho rapt he y niem mdi dya tten su cdi md eua cae nha khoa hpc/nhd chuyen mdn de di den mdt su thdng nhdt va/hogc mpt su ddng thudn cao vl phuong phap ludn, phuong phap nghidn ciiu cu the, ky thugt, cdng cu, ndi dung Sy diiy ly d day chi mang tinh tuong ddi c) Tieu chuan ky thudt cho phep cdc chuc ndng kSt ndi, thuong thuylt, dilu phdi vd tich hgp gitta cac nganh khoa hpc dugc thyc hien mdt each tdi uu de hieu KGCC ttong tmh phiic hpp tdng the cua nd d) Tieu chuan tinh md cua cac nhd nghien ciiu/nha chuyen mdn yeu eau hg can cd nhiing nhugng bd de khdng ty khep kin ttong cdc chuyen ngdnh va don ngdnh, bdi IS, vdi sy bimg no thdng tin nhu hipn nay, chi cd tiep can Uen ngdnh hudng tdi xuyen ngdnh mdi giai quylt dugc nhung vin de chung e) Tieu chuan nhan su Id phdi tai co cau nhiing td chdc khoa hgc, nhttng td chiic chuyen mdn cho dudng di cua nhttng tap hpp thdng tin, du lieu dgt dugc tdc dd cao nhat de hinh nhttng giao didn va hinh thuc khoa hgc mdi - khoa hpc xuyen nganh hode sieu khoa hpc Tai li^u tham khao Ansart P., Akoun A & Ansart P (D6ng chil biSn) 1999 Dictionnaire de Sociologie Paris Le Robert & Seuil Arendt H 1972 La crise de la culture Paris Gallimard 1991 Juger sur la philosophie politique de Kant Paris Le Seuil Bourdieu P 1970 Esquisse d'une theorie de la pratique, precede de trois etudes d'ethnologie Kabyle Paris Minuit Bourdieu P 1980 Le Sens pratique Paris Minuit BrezgzerD., & Qu^r^ L 1992 La matrice pratique des espaces publics urbains Rapports de recherche sur le Plan urbain Paris CEMS Charaudeau L-P 2010 "Pour une interdjsciplinarit^ "focalis^e" dans les sciences humaines et sociales" in Questions de communication Pp 195-222 URL:http;//www.patrick-charaudeau.com/Pour-uneinterdisciplinaritd.html De Keersmaecker M-L., Detry A., Dufays J.-L 2014 Interdisciplinarite en Sciences Humaines Bruxelles De Boeck Fourez G., Maingain A., vS Dufour B 2002 Approches didactiquess de I'interdisciplinariti Bruxelles De Boeck 88 Tiep cgn lien 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