Không gian đô thị - Không gian công cộng.pdf

os-ns) VAN H A - XA HQI KHONG GIAN DO THI - KHONG GIAN CONG CONG ThS Lam Thi Anh Quyen' T6M TAT Khi de cgp din khdng gian cong cgng & thi, cdc dinh nghta thu&ng di cgp du&i khia cgnh xd hgi va chinh trf Bai viit tap trung vi kliong gian cdng cong duai quan diim xd hgi hgc Xudt phdt tie ddc diem cua dd thi la nai cu tru cua nhiing cd nhdn khdc biet vi m^t xd hgi nin khdng gian cong cgng cdn la mgt khdng gian ma, di^tiip cgn ddn chu vd an lodn Tuy nhiin, su khong an toan, tu hOu hda vd thuang mgi hoa khong gian cdng c0ng dang Id nhiing vdn di xd hgi Di gidi quyit nhiing vdn di dd cdn cd su phoi hgp cUa cdc ngdnh quy hogch thi kiin triic thi, xa hgi hgc vd qudn ly cda chinh quyin tht ABSTRACT When mentioning about urban public space, most definitions tend to refer to the social and political aspects of it This article focuses on examining "public space "from the sociological perspective Because urban area is a place where individual people from various backgrounds reside together, it is essential that urban public space should be an open, accessible, democratic and safe area for all However, the situation of urban insecurity, privatization arui commercialization of urban public space are the main social concerns In order to solve these problems, it is necessary to have a good cooperation among agencies working in various sectors including the urban planning, urban architecture, sociologists, and urban administrative authorities Gidi thi|u Ddi sdng d nhflng dd thi Idn khdc biet so vdi ddi sdng ndng thdn Tinh vd danh, thiiu hyt kiim sodt xd hpi, sy pha ttpn va da dgng cac tdng ldp xS hpi vdi nhung mdi quan tSm khac vd cd the ddi nghich v i kinh ti, vdn hda tu tudng dfi tgo nfn nhflng d$e diem ddc trung cho ddi sdng d nhflng dd thj ldn Aristoteles, Max Weber, Werner Sombart, George Simmel, Richard Sennett, Hans Paul Bahrdt, Hartmut Hdutiermann va Walter Siebel diu cho rang dd thj Id mpt dja diem ma nhflng "ngudi Ig" g$p g© (Schroer 2006) Simmel (1908, 1992) da dinh nghia "ngudi la" la nhflng ngudi di cu, hp dfn dd thi hdm vd d lai vdo ngdy mai Cu dan dd thj la nhflng ngudi ma ta tdidng quen biit va khde bift vdi la ve vfin hda xd hfi Nhung sg khdng cd cdc thj ldn niu khdng cd "ngudi lg" Lam thi nao d i 'CyCHKhoaXHHiCTXH TrudngDoihoc KtaTpHCM td chflc ddi sdng v i m§i khdng gian cho nhflng "ngudi la" d cae dd thj, ddc bift tgi nhflng dd thj Idn? Chung ta ihudng su dung nhCmg tu ngu thdng thudng Idii ndi vf khdng gian: khdng gian cdng cdng - dudng phd; khdng gian rieng tu - nha d vdi bdn bflc tudng Khi df cap din dd thi, chflng la thudng de cgp din khdng gian cdng cpng (Eckel 1996) Khong gian cong cpng Id d$c diem chfnh cua khong gian thi "Nhung dudng va via he eua nd la nhflng dia diem cdng cpng quan trpng nhdt cua dd thi, la nhung ca the sdng Khi ngudi t a n g h l d i n mdt thi, thudngngudi la se nghi den cai gi trudc tien? Dd chinh la dudng phd Nfu dudng phd cua mpt thi ldn khdng h i thu vi tl todn bp thj khdng h i thu vj; neu nd nhdm chdn thi loan bp thi cung nham cban" (Jane Jacobs theo Schmidt) 114 TAP CHi KHOA HOC SO (20) 2011 Ban sde cua dd thj the hien qua chdt luong xd hdi va tham my cua khdng gian cdng cpng Khdng giai cdng cpng vdn Id sd hiiu cua nhd nudc vd mang chflc nfing giao thdng nhu dudng phd, thuang mai nhu cha Id nai di biiu duang lyc lupng nhu qudng trudng hode nghi ngoi nhu cong vien, dpe bd sdng la noi thi hifn lich sfl va cd tinh rieng cua dd thj Khdng gian cdng cpng la biiu tupng ciia dd thi, ngudi ta ndi den khdng gian cdng cdng cua mpt thj thi ngudi ta s€ nghT den dd thj ddy Khong gian cong con^ Mdi quan hi gt^a cdng cgng vd khdng gian cdng c^ng Cd mdi quan hf giira cdng cdng va khdng gian cdng cpng Habermas (1990) ttong "Biin chuyen co cau cua cdng cpng" cho rdng cdng cpng la mdt pham vi ddi nghjch vdi rieng tu Cdng c^ng Id mdi dja diim de truyin thdng Cdng cdng la mpt pham ttu ljch sfl vd Halwrmas phan lich su hinh thdnh va phat ttiin cua cdng c^ng theo timg giai dogn Thai cd dgi, cdng edng Id ddi sdng cua nhirng cdng ddn Hy Lap dudi dgng thdnh-bang (polis) the hien qua ddi SOTig cdng, ddi sdng chinhfri(bios politicus) va dupc phan bift rd vdi ddi song tu ttong gia dinh (Oikos) Thdi Trung cd, cdng cpng duoc the hien dudi hinh thfle biiu hifn cuampt quyen lyc cao, vua \k dai difn eho cpng cpng The ky 18, qudn cafe, cdu lge bp dpe sdch, cac salon vfin hpe tao nen mdt hbih thfle cua cdng cpng ban ddu chua mang tinh chinh tti Thf ky 19 cd sy md rpng eang tdng cua cdc salon vdn hpe vd d dd ngudi la chi trich hien trgng xa hdi dS tam cho cdng cpng vdn ihupc ve tdng ldp thuang luu biin chuyen din sang cdng cdng cong ddn Cdng cdng trd ITnh vyc md d dd Id lap hpp nhflng cd nhdn, ttd nhflng phuang tifn truyen thdng thi hifn mdi quan tam cfla cdng ddn Thi ky 20, sy phat ttifn cua cdc phuang tifn truyfn thdng dgi chung vdi djnh hudng vao thi trudng de dpa den linh ty tudng cua cdng c