Tiếp cận cấu trúc và tiếp cận văn hóa trong nghiên cứu xã hội học

92 Xd hgi hgc so (138) 2017 T I E P C A N C A U T R U C V A T I E P C A N V A N HOA T R O N G N G H I E N C l T U X A H O I HQC NGUYEN Dirc TRUYEN* Tdm tdt: Trong phuang phdp nghien ciiu xa hdi hgc, ngudi ta thudng ndi tdi hai cdch tiip can dinh lugng vd dinh tinh nhu Id hai cdch tiip can ddi Igp vdi nhau, dii tren thirc ti, chiing bd sung vd khdng the tdch biit vdi Frjedrich Tenbruck cho rdng cdc nhd xd hgi hgc, cho din nay, chu yiu chi quan tdm den cdc cdu triic xd hdi vd bo qua cdc su kiin vdn hda vdn chi ton tgi nhiing suy nghi hay y thiic ciia ngudi, vd khong the dp dmg each tiep cgn djnh lugng Tuy nhiin, cdc cdu true xd hdi cUng khdng thi tdn tgi niu khdng cd cdc su hen vdn hoa the hien dudi dgng cdc gid trj, chudn muc vd mo hinh vdn hda dugc xem Id tinh thdn cua chiing Vi thi phdi coi vdn hda nhu la yiu td cdu thdnh ddi tugng cua xd hgi hgc chung chu khdng phdi cua xa hdi hgc chimin biit Tiip can cdu true vi the khdng the tdch rdi cdch tiip can vdn hda Tir khoa: tiep can cau tnic, tiep cdn vdn hda, tdn tgi xa hpi, y thdc xa hOi Sy uu tien each tilp can dinh lucrng tuy^t doi hda vai tro cua cau true luan nghiSn cihi xa hpi hpc Trong xa hpi hgc hien nay, mgt sd ngudi vin quan nipm rdng cd hai cdch tilp can xd hOi hpc ddc lap va doi lap la tiep can dinh lugng va tilp CEin dinh tinh Trdn thyc te, cac nghien cdu xa hOi hgc vdn thien ve cdch tiep can dinh lugng m rdiung uu diem ro ret cua nd nhu tinh dai dipn cda quy md mau Idn, tinh khach quan cda cac chi bao va tinh phd quat cua cac ket qua nghien cuu dya tien cac ly thuylt da dugc xay dung tu trudc va dugc kiem dinh nhilu lan tiong khdng gian vd thdi gian Do kha ndng dim ciia tilp can dinh lugng, ngudi ta hy vpng xac dinh dugc cdc xu hudng xa hOi khdc cua cdc nhdm, tang lop hay giai cap xa hOi can quan tam theo quan dilm quylt dinh ludn ciia cau true xd hOi, dugc xem Id tinh thdn cdt 15i cua phuang phap xa hdi hgc Trong dd, cdch tilp can dinh tinh, chu ylu gdn vdi cac nghien cdu dan tOc hpc, cho dii cd nhfing uu the khdng tiie tranh cai tiong viOc tilp can trye tilp ede ddi tugng nghien cdu, da cho phep ehuyin ddi cac cd ehi vd ldi ndi cua cac ea nhdn cac don vi y ngbia co ban hay cdc sy kien cdn phdn tich, dl xdy dyng cdc pham tru dia phuang trudc di tdi cae khai niem cd the didn gidi toan bO thuc tien nghien cdu (F.Weber, 1989: 9) Cach tilp cgn vira Hgi Xahgi hgc Vi4tNam Nguyen Dire Truyen 93 mang ti'nh dinh tmh, vda mang tinh dinh lugng cho ph^p kilm nghiem lien tuc va tai ch5 cac gid thuyet ban dau hay dieu chinh chung theo myc tieu nghien euu da xac dinh Tu nhfing uu diem ma each tiep cdn dinh tinh dan tdc hgc dugc sd dyng tiong xa hdi hoc tiong nhfing nghien cuu thdm dd hay dinh hudng trude triln khai cac nghien cdu dinh lugng quy md Idn Mgt khac, can lam sang td cdc tuong quan dinh lugng da chilu phuc tgp, cdc nghien cdu dinh tinh se gidp xac dinh nOi dung hien thyc, nhung nguyen nhdn va logic xa hOi ciia cae xu hudng ma cdc so Heu tiidng ke dua MOt vi dy cd sue thuylt phyc eho trudng hgp la Durkheim (1897) dua tien sl Upu tiidng kd cudi till ky 19 vl ty tii d Phap dd cho rdng nguyen nhan cua ty Id chd yeu Id hai ea chi ti'eh hgp xa hpi va kilm sodt xa hgi, vi the cdc ydu td nhu tdn gjdo, gia dinh va mdt sd hoan cdnh chinh tri xa hdi cd dnh hudng ddn tinh trgng ty td Khi phdn ti'eh lgi cac dfi kipn va dya tren cdc quan sat thyc tiln, vdo nam 1930, Maurice Halbwaehs (1930) da phat hipn rdng tdn giao khong anh hudng din tinh trgng ty td ma chd yeu mdi trudng xd hOi va su thay ddi ldi sdng Hilu theo each nay, chling ta thay hai cdch tiep can khdng dii Idp hay dpc lap ma cdn cdn thilt dk bd sung cho tiong thyc tien nghien cdu xa hOi hpc Dd Id sy cdn thilt kit hgp gjua hai cdp dp nghien cdu IJ' thuylt vd thyc nghiem, giua hudng tilp c|n khdch quan phd quat va hudng tilp can chu quan ddc thu ma cdc chd thi xa hpi hay eon ngudi ludn gid dinh Nhidu nghidn cdu xa hgi hgc cho den van ehd ylu sd dyng cdch tiep cdn dinh lugng hon la dinh tinh, mac dd khdng the bd qua nhihig nOi dung hien thyc ciia cac ket qua nghien euu dinh tinh Ciing vdi dd, each tilp c ^ cac sy kipn van hda hay hanh vi cd chu dinh eua eon ngudi hi xem la thu yeu tu khoa hpc thyc chdng vdn chi phdi thyc tien nghien euu xa hdi hgc tu nd xuat hipn den Trong mgt nghien cuu ve "Cac nhipm vy ciia xa hOi hgc van hda", Friedrich H Tenbruck cho rdng xde ^ n h ddi tugng nghien cdu ciia xa hdi hpc, cd mdt quan diem phd bien la "xa hdi cd the dugc xac dinh bdi td chdc ben ngodi ciia nd, bdi cac phau chia dugc the hiOn d mpi noi tiong ddi sdr^ xa hgi va ehiing dugc xdc dinh ve dgi the la cau tnic cua no" (Tenbruck, 1979: 399-421) Dilu am chi rang, chi nhiing gi Id hihi hinh hay cd sy tin tgi khach quan ciia ddi sdng xa hOi mdi cd the txa ddi tugng nghien cdu, cdn y niOm vl van hda, gdn vdi cac bilu tugng, y niOm, chudn myc hay gia tri deu la nhfing cai ehi cd su tdn tai chu quan, vd hhih nen bi gat khdi sy quan tam cua xd hOi hpc Y niem ve xa hOi nay, theo dng, chd ylu Id sdn phdm cua nhfing hodn canh ngdu nhien khdc hon Id dya tien mpt quylt dinh cd tinh nguyen tdc ho§c tidn nhfing bang chdng thuc nghiem Tuy nhien, thuc te, dilu dan din ket qud Id xd hOi duge ding nhdt vdi cdu tilic cua nd va xd hpi hpc, bi quy gidn vao sy phan tich cai cdu tnic Quan niem vl xa hgi khdng danh ch5 cho van hda nhu la dfi kien dOc lap; xa hOi hgc ve van hda, dd, bi quy gian d mdc tdi thieu hay chi dugc xem nhu Id doi tugng cua mpt mdn xa hOi hgc chuyen biet (xd hOi hpe vdn hda) ma khdng phdi la chinh ddi tugng ciia mdn xa hOi hgc chung Cach tiep cdn van hda va m i i quan hp gifia cau true xa hpi va van hda nghi£n cihi xa hOi hoc Theo Tenbruck (1979) thi thyc tai xd hgi ludn bao gdm ca cau true va vdn hda, va ehung ludn tgo mdt sy thdng nhdt khdng thi phdn chia va chi bi tdch rdi tiong phan 94 Tiip cgn cdu trdc vd tiep can van hoa tich Ong cho rdng: "Mgi vdn hda diu dugc ghi dau nhihig cdu true, mgi cdu tiiic diu dugc idp ddy bdi van hda" (Tenbruck, 1979: 399-421) Vi tiie, neu xd hdi chi duoc nhdn thdc thdng qua edu tnic cda rieng nd va chi dugc gidi thich td nhung cau true la khdng du tinh ty trj, nd khdng dugc xac dinh vd khdng the xac dinh mgi thd cdn lai tu chinh ban thdn nd, va dd, ndi dung nd khdng the tid mdt chu de khoa hpc Trd Igi vdi Emile Durkhehn, ngudi phdt trien quan diem thuc chdng luan cua August Comte va la ngudi sang lap mdn xa hOi hoc nhu mdt bp mdn khoa hpe dOc Idp, chung ta thdy rang dng khdng chi khdch the hda ddi tugng nghien cdu cua xa hOi hpc theo quan diem thyc chdng ludn coi "tinh xa hpi" (le social) nhu la bdn chat cua cdc su kiSn xa hOi (le fait social), vi cac bieu trung tap the (y thdc tap thd) la tinh than tao nen cac cau true hay td chuc xa hpi, cung nhu Max Weber eoi "dgo ddc Tin Lanh" nhu "tinh thdn ciia Chu nghia Tu ban" Nhu thi, Durkheim (1905) vda khdch thi hda cdc sy kien xa hOi nhu nhung hidn tugng hiiu hinh cd the quan sat va dem mpt each khach quan voi tu cdch cdc sy vat mang tinh vat chat, vda ket ndi chiing vdi cae su kipn tinh than hay van hda (bieu trung hay y thdc tap the) hay cac su kipn vd hinh theo quan diem hien tupng lugn coi cai khdng hipn hiiu la ca sd cda cdi hien hfiu Vi the theo dng hiOn thyc xa hOi la su thdng nhdt gifia tdn tai xd hOi vd y thuc xd hdi, gifia vdn hda vat the va vdn hda phi vat the hay gifia cau tnic xa hdi va van hda Quan ruem hien tugng hgc ve hien hiiu hay tdn tgi cho rdng mgi Iiien hfiu hay tdn tai xa hOi la nhiing su v | t huru hlnh chi Id cdi thi hidn cua mOt cdi khdc Id ban chat hay hiiu the cua chung Id vdn hda Tuy nhien, ngudi ta khdng thi xdc dinh theo each tien nghiem va mOt lan eho tat ca nhung gi tiiuOe ve van hda va cau tnie cac hien tugng xa hpi, vi hien thyc xa hOi ludn cd sy thay ddi vi the gifia cai bieu hipn (hinh thuc hay sy kien) vd cai dugc bieu hien (ngi dung hay ban chdt) Chdng hgn, mpt xa hOi cd su ddng nhdt ve eau tnie gia dinh, ngudi ta se chi thay nhihig khdc bipt ve quy md cua nd nhu gia dinh hgt nhan (mOt the he) hay dgi gia dinh md rOng (nhilu the he), gia dmh khuyet (thieu mdt sd thdnh vien) hay gia dinh day du (cd du vg chong, cha mp, cai), do, eac thuc trgng gia dmh dugc xem xet chi mang tinh cdu tnic thudn tiiy (cai bieu hidn) Nhung tiong mgt xa hOi cd nhilu kilu cdu true gia dinh khdc (gia dinh mau he, gia dinh phu he) dan tdi nhiing kieu td chdc gia dinh, cdc vai trd va quan he gia fflnh khac nhau, sy khac biet khdng chi mang tinh cdu tnic gidn dan ma cdn mang y nghia van hda vi chiing gdn vdi cac nguyen ly (vd hinh) hay cac md hinh vdn hda khac (cai dugc bieu hipn) ehi phoi cac td chdc gia dinh va xa hdi Sy phdn bipt can phai dugc xem xdt tidn mOt phuang thdc thyc nghipm, voi tiing tiirdng hgp cy the MOt mdn xa hOi hgc vl co ban chi nghidn cdu cae sy kipn cdu tnic va tim each dien gidi tdt cd nhfing su kien khac tu nhfing su kien ndy cd nguy co biSn mOt thd ly thuyet tdch rdi hipn thyc CuOc khiing hodng cda xa hpi hpe, da Idm tdn rdt nhieu gidy myc cung la bilu hipn cua mOt sy thdt vpng trudc mOt sy thieu vdng nOi dung hipn thyc cdc ly thuylt; hipn tgi ngudi ta ludn khao khdt thoat khdi nhfing phdn tich thudn tiiy cdu tnic dk di tim cac bdng chdng thyc nghiem cho chinh cae kit qua eua nghien cuu cdu true Dd id sy he thdng hda cdc hanh vi xa hOi ciia cdc ca nhan thuOc Nguyen BOc Truyen 95 cac nhdm xa hOi khac nhautiongmdt cdu true xd hdi nhdt dinh hay vi the cau tnic cua cdc nhdm tac dgng the nao din cac he thdng hanh vi xa hOi cda hg (ly thuyet ve "trudng hoat ddng" cua P Bourdieu) Trong bdi canh dd, nhidm vy chu yeu cda xa hdi hgc vdn hda la dgt Idn hang ddu cai thuc te bi che khudt bdi thdi quen md ngudi ta dd mdc phai Id chi tap trung vao cdc cau tnic; de giai phdng xa hdi hpc khdi quan nipm thu hep vd hgn che eua nd ve xa hdi Theo Tenbruck, xa hgi hpc vdn hda trudc tien khdng dugc coi van hda nhu mOt ITnh vyc dac thu va rieng bipt cdng tdn tgi vdi xa hpi la ddi tugng nghien euu ciia nd Nhung phan biet giua xa hgi va vdn hda ndi dung la can thiettiongmdt thyc tgi ma cd hai ludn dugc long ghep vao nhau, nhung khdng till cd Igp "eai xa hdi" nhu mdt ITnh vue rieng bipt va tu tri Nd phai ehi mpt each rd rang rang mdt ly thuyet ve xa hOi phai ddng thdi xu ly cac sy kien xa hdi va cdc su kien van hda Xa hpi hpc vl vdn hod khdng thi la mOt ITnh vyc chuyen biet; nd phdi dugctichhgp vdo mdn xa hdi hpc chung nhfing su kien ma nd coi Id ddi tugng vd nhfing quan dilm dugc xem Id cda nd Hon nfia, nd ciing khdng the chi la mgt mdn xa hgi hgc bd phdn, dem nhung luge dd hien cd cda xd hgi hpc vao tiong mOt Imh vuc dgc thu, trudng hgp ndy la ITnh vyc vdn hda ma nhung luge dd ban ddu ay khdng he hi anh hudng bdi cac thao tdc Xa hdi hgc cd the xu ly khdng gidi hgn cac su kien van hda, nen khdng can thiet phai ndi vl mgt mon xa hdi hpc van hda chuyen biet neu nd chua dugc hinh d day, chling ta bat gap y tudng cua Max Weber ve cdc quydt dinh van hda cua cac qua trinh xa hdi dng dinh nghTa hanh vi xa hdi dua tren cac y nghia xa hpi (quyet dinh van hda) cua hdnh vi 6ng loai trd cac hdnh vi sinh hpc nhu an ddi, udng khat,v.v hay cac hdnh vi khdng cd chu dinh nhu tai ngn giao thdng, khdi pham tru cac hanh vi xa hOi dugc coi la doi tugng nghien cdu xa hgi hpc cda dng Day efing chinh la ly dng chgn hanh vi xa hdi dugc quylt dinh bdi -^ nghTa van hda hay each tiep can van hda, thay vi cdu true xd hOi hay each tilp can cdu trdc lam ddi tugng cua mdn xa hdi hpc thdu hilu cua dng (sociologie comprehensive), mdt each tiep can nhdm di tdi sy hieu biet trye tilp dya tren trye giac' (Trdn Dde Thdo, 1993) vl y nghTa cua cac hanh vi cua chu till hanh ddng nhiing dilu kien tdn tgi cu till cua nd trudc giai thich nd theo logic phd quat ciia each tilp can gidi thiehtiongeac khoa hpc ty nhiSn Tuy nhien, khac vdi each tilp can tiilt hpc, cd till coi bdn chdt cua cdc su kien nhu Id ddi tugng nghien cuu, each tilp can xa hdi hpc ddi hdi cac ddi tugng nghien cdu cua nd phai dugc cy thd hda cac su kien xa hdi cy thi va sinh ddng, tuc la cd thi tri gidc dugc, Tenbruck cho rdng: "Nd (van hda) khdng thi dugc xem nhu mdt bdn chdt cua sy tdn tai ma nhu mdt hiOn tugng sinh dOng" (Tenbruck, 1979: 3) Bdi vi, y niem van hda khong chi thi hien nhu la nhiing dgc dilm chung cda cac hien tugng van hda ma thi hien tinh da dang cua cac hidn tugng D I van hda trd ddi tugng cua mdn xa hdi hgc ehung chd khdng chi cua mpt mdn xa hdi hgc chuyen biet (xa hdi hgc van hoa), van hda can phai the hien moi lidn he ' Tic phdm culi cung tru6c mat, de ting Giio sir P Bourdieu, 96 Tiep can cdu triic vd tiep cgn van hda tdng the gifia cdc hien tugng van hda Mdi lien he chung dd chinh la ngudn glc cua cac hipn tugng vdn hda: "Trong tinh da dgng cda chdng, cdc hien tugng vdn hda cd chung mpt ngudn gdc Tdt cd diu la nhiing bieu hipn cua hanh dpng ddc thd lam cho ngudi tid mOt hihi the cd vdn hda, vda khdng hodn todn bi chi phdi bdi cdc thien hudng tu nhien cua nd, vda khdng bi rang budc gidn dan bdi tri thdng minh ciia nd sy thich nghi tdi uu vdi nhfing dfi kipn ben ngoai" (Tenbruck, 1979: 3) Dudi hinh thdc chung cua nd, y tudng dugc hinh thdnh td Herder cho tdi Cassirer, Plessner vd Gehlen, dugc ap ddt d khdp noi ca nd da ehdp nhdn mOt sd mau sac qude gia nhat dinh Trong triet hpc hidn tugng ludn, ddy chinh la y tudng ve nhan tinh va vl sy hinh ddi sdng tinh thdn eda ngudi the hien sy phu dinh hay thai dO dOc Igp cua nd trudc nhfing dilu kipn tdn tai mang tmh dOng vat hay tu nhien dl khdng dinh su tin tai mang tinh ngudi eua nd Su hinh y thdc vl ban thdn minh ciia ngudi d day chinh la y niem ve ngudi vdi tu cdch la hihi the vdn hda Tenbruck di den mOt dinh nghTa v l thudc tmh van hda: "Ngay nay, thuOc tinh van hda dugc xem nhu la todn bp hanh vi, kl ca nhfing hanh dOng chi phuc tung mOt myc tieu vd chi cd tinh be ngoai, cung nhu dugc ghi nhgn thi gidi eua nhfing ^ nghia bilu trung, noi ngudi sdng va hanh dgng" (Tenbruck, 1979; 3) Dinh nghia cho chiii^ ta thay vdn hda ludn gan vdi hanh vi, vi thuOc tinh vdn hda chinh la nhung hanh vi mang "y nghTa bieu trung" cda ngudi, mOt dinh nghTa hodn toan ddng nhat vdi dinh nghia ve hanh vi xa hOi ciia M Weber vd nd chi cy thi hda cai y nghTa cua hdnh vi xd hdi tiSn binh didn bilu trung ma thdi Vdi tu each la hfiu the vdn hda, ngudi ciing Id mdt hun the cd ndng lyc, co mong mudn vd nhu cdu van hda Sy hinh trdt tu ddi sdng ndi tdm ciia nd, vdi no Id mgt van de thudng it cd ap lyc nhung khdng kem phdn ca ban so vdi sy xac Isip nhihig dieu kipn ton tgi ben ngoai cua nd Trgt ty cua hdnh vi ben tiong mOt dd hmh efing chi phdi trat tu cda hdnh vi ben ngoai cua nd, va cai hanh vi ben doi hdi mdt tiit tu vd sy khdch thi hda nhfing y nghTa eiia nd Vi tu kha nang ty rang buOc phai tgo mpt hidn thyc ridng bidt td nhfing tu tudng va gia tri nay, cho du nd vdn phdi phye tung nhung dieu kipn ben ngodi, ngudi ludn la mOt bi mat vdi ehinh bdn tiian nd Thyc v^y, tat ca cac xa hdi, ngudi khdng ehi la ke sang tao va la san pham cda nhung dinh che vd nhung quy tdc xa hdi vdn la co sd eua cac quan h? va cdu tnic xa hOi, ma cdn la ke sang tao edc y nghTa tii tup va dgo ddc ma nhd chung va vi chdng, ngudi ed thdi quen ldm ddo Idn vd thay ddi nhung dinh chi, nhung quy tdc xd hOi va cac cdutiTicxa hdi d tdt ca cac "giai doan" phat triln xa hOi va van hda Tuy nhien nhung nang lyc van hda cda ngudi ehi cd till sinh chinh ddi song xa hOi cua nd Dilu dua Tenbruck din y nipm thd hai, y nipm xa hOi vl vdn hda Thue vay, vdn hda chi cd the dugc hilu chiing mdc ngudi song chung vdi Xa hOi la noi nang lye vdn hda cua ngudi dugc thyc hiOn; noi nhu cau vdn hda ciia nd dugc thda man, ma khdng cd nd xa hOi sS khdng thi t i n tai Trong chiing myc ngudi Id mOt hun the vdn hda, cac lien hp xd hdi cung ludn cd thi tid vdn hda, tiic la chling cho phep phat trien cdc y nghia cho hdnh vi ca nhdn va xd hgi von nang dd nd figuyen vuc iruyen y/ Tinh khu biet cua chung cd thi dugc nhdn thdy tdt ca cdc ITnh vyc nhu kinh tl, xa hdi, phong tyc, tdn gido vd lugt phdp, dugc thi hidn tiong nhfing ^ tudng vd nhung gia tri ciia mdt xd hdi mang ddc trung ciia nhfing tri thdc cd xua nhdt ma cac dan tdc cd ve va vd ban than hp Cdc khoa hgc lien quan din xd hdi da tim nhieu cdch khdc dd md ta cai ddc trung van hda cua xa hpi, nhung chiing ludn khdng nhdt tri vdi ve diem nay: m§i xd hgi diu cd mOt van hda ridng cua minh, dugc truyen tdi thdng qua thdi gian Khdi niem van hda d ddy phan anh d cac md hinh dae trung cua xa hpi tiong tinh tong the ciia nd: la van hda tdng thi tinh hiln nhidn cua sy truyin ba xa hdi tfi thi he sang the he khac Cac each tiep can xa hgi hgc ve cdc md hinh ndy khdng chi dya tien viec phyc hdi cac ndi dung tu tudng ma cdn phai dugc the hien "trong hdnh ddng", tdc la tiong nhfing bieu hien vdn hda vd nghi 16, nhfing quy ehieu xd hgi hay cac cau true xa hOi cua chling, bdn ve van dl cua nhfing yeu td da dgng, k l ca mau thudn cua chung vd ddng tiidi tinh din khoang each khdng thi vugt qua ngdn cdch chiing vdi thuc tl Mat khdc, hanh vi khdng the dugc hieu tinh true tiep xa hgi cua nd va khdng cdn nhd cay den cdc md hinh van hda Id nhfing cai nang da nd Tuy nhien, td cdch tilp can theo chu nghTa van hda cda Tenbruck, chdng ta khdng khdi lung tiing tiordc ddi hdi phai khu biet hay dinh vi cac su kien xa hdi vd sy kien van hda vdn ludn pha trdn vd tuang tac vdi hien thuc xa hpi, vi chinh dng ciing khdng phd nhan vai tro cua cac sy kien cdu tnic nhung vdn khdng danh cho chiing mOt vi thi ro rang nghien cuu xa hdi hpc Han nfia theo quan diem nhan thdc lugn, hat ty nhan thdc ludn dua tren nguyen tdc tilp can td hidn tugng ddn bdn ehat, td bdn chat gdn nhdt din cac ban chdt sau xa nhdt, nen chung ta khdng thi trye tilp di vao eae sy kien van hda ma khdng thdng qua cdc sy kipn cdu tnic dugc xem Id cac bieu hien cua chdng Vi till, sy phe phan nhfing bdt cap cua chd nghTa cdu true khdng phai Id phu nhdn no ma la xac dinh mot md hinh tu khoa hpc mdi (nouveau pagadigme) thira nhgn va ket hop ea hai cdch tilp can cdu tiiic vd vdn hda nay, ddng tiidi vugt qua su doi lap gifia chu nghTa cdu tinic (sti^cturalisme) vd ehu nghia van hoa (cultiiralisme) cdc nghidn cdu xa hgi hgc Dd la sy kit hgp gifia cae cdch tilp can khdch quan va chu quan, td ben ngodi va tii ben ngudi, gifia cdu triic xa hdi va vdn hda, gifia tmh phd quat vd tinh ddc thu cua cac sy kipn xa hOi, gifia tilp can vgt ly hgc xd hOi va tiep cdn hipn tiigng hoc xa hdi, hay ndi mgt each gidn luge la gifia tiep can dinh lupng (tiiidn vl md ta vd chdng minh) va tilp can dinh tinh (thien v l phan tich, kham pha va diln giai) Md hinh tu* khoa hpc thong nhat gitra hai each tiep can cau true va van hoa Trong md hinh tu ly thuylt cua minh, P Bourdieu eoi hien thyc xd hOi nhu mpt toan thi bao gdm cac cdu tnic vgt chdt tuong dng vdi cdc dgng cdu tnic xa hdi va cdc cdu tnic tinh thdn, hay cdc luge dd tu vd hanh dOng chi phdi cac hoat ddng thue tiln cda ngudi Theo each dien giai nay, cdc edu tnic hay td chdc xa hOi dugc xem Id nhfing bilu hien hay kit qua cua nhfing hogt dOng thuc tien cda ngudi nen chung efing la nhung bilu hien cua van hda hay kit qua cua nhung hanh vi xa hpi cda hg Su thdng nhdt gifia cdc hogt dgng tinh thdn va v^t chdt ciia ngudi dugc dng the hipn nhu Id cac cap 98 Tiep cgn cau true va tiep cgn van hoa dd khac cua cdng mdt hien thuc xd hdi, vi nhu tiong thuc tiln xa hOi cua ngudi, ludn cd phdn y thdc vd phdn hanh ddng Con ngudi suy nghT thi ndo thi hp hanh dOng thyc tien nhu vgy, hay moi td chdc xa hgi deu cd cdn nguydn td cdc md Wnh vSn hda cda nd Vi thi dng de nhipm vu cho xd hOi hpc la khdng chi khdm pha cdc cdu true xd hdi ludn hipn dien true tilp trudc sy quan sdt cua cac nha nghidn cdu ma cdn phdi lam sang td "cdc cau true hi vui lap sau nhat cua cdc thd gidi xa hOi", tdc Id cdc cdu tnic tinh thdn hay van hda: Nhiem v^ ciia xd hdi hgc, theo P Bourdieu, Id ldm sdng td cdc cdu triic bi viii Idp o tdng sdu nhdt ciia cdc thi gidi xd hdi, tgo nen vu tru xd hgi, cUng nhu cdc ca chi nhdm tdi tgo hay biin ddi nd Cdi vu tru cd diem dgc thu la cdc cdu triic cdu nd, niu ngudi ta cd thi ndi, luon cd mgt cugc sdng kep Chiing tdn tgi hai Idn, Idn thii nhdt "tinh khdch quan thugc trdt tu thii nhdt" dua tren sir phdn bo cdc ngudn luc vgt chdt vd cdc phuong tien chiem hiiu cdc ciia cdi vd gid tri khan hiim ve mgt xa hdi (cdc logi tu bdn (vdn) ngdn ngii cua Bourdieu) vd lan thu hai "tinh khdch quan cua trdt tu thii hai", dudi hinh thuc cdc luge dd tinh thdn vd hdnh dgng van hdnh nhu ma trdn bieu trung cua cdc hogt dgng thirc tien, ca chi, tu tudng,' tinh cdm vd nhiing phdn xet ciia nhiing tdc nhdn xd hgi (Bourdieu va Wacquant, 1992:16-17) P Bourdieu khdng cho rdng cac su kien xa hpi dang tdn tgi la nhfing cdi da dupe bilt den ma ludn la dii tugng cua nhan thuc, vi chiing ludn tdn tgi dya tien nhihig y nghia khdc nhau, thdm chi trai nguge Vi the sy giai thich cac sy kidn xa hdi chi dya tien ban than ehiing hay dua tien kinh nghipm trye tiep, ma khdng dua tren su phdn tich cac y nghia xa hOi cua ehiing se khdng cho phep gidi thich ly ciia su tdn tai hay su bidn doi cda chdng khdng gian va thdi gian Tinh tdt ylu cda sy ket hap ddng thdi cua hd each tiep cdn hay hai cap dd ly gidi cho thay P Bourdieu coi cdu true xd hOi va mo hinh van hda cua nd ludn thuOc ve mgt hipn thyc xa hdi nhat vd ddng nhat Cdc sir ki?n xd hdi cUng la nhUng ddi tugng nhdn thuc bdn thdn hiin thuc, vi ngudi ludn dem lgi y nghia cho cdi the gidi tgo nen chung Do mot khoa hgc vi xd hgi tdt yiu phdi thuc hien mdt su ly gidi kep, hay ndi chinh xdc han, phdi ldm sdng td chung bdng trd chai sir dung kinh phdn tich hai trdng de tich hgp ddng thdi cdc gid tri khoa hgc lugn cua mdi Idn ly gidi ddng thdi trdnh nhiing thieu sot cua cd hai (Bourdieu va Wacquant, 1992:16-17) Khi ydu cau cdc nha nghien cdu phai ddng thdi dua hai each ly giai cac sy ki^n xa hpi d hai cap dd nhu da neu, P Bourdieu cung lam sdng td nhfing lgi the ciing nhu han ehl cua tdng edch ly gidi tiong nghien cdu xa hdi hoc Cach ly gidi tiid nhdt xem x^t xa hOi theo each cda mdn vat ly hgc xa hgi, vdi tu each nhiing cdu tnic khdch quan, duoc ndm bdt td ben ngoai ma nhiing khdp ndi cda chiing cd thi dugc quan sdt vd mat hinh the, dugc dim vd ve bdn dd Sdc manh cua quan dilm khach quan hay cdu tiiic lugn ndm d cho nd xda di eai "ao tudng suit cua thi gidi xa hdi" Su doan tuyOt vdi cdc Nguyin Due Truyen 99 quan niem tien khdi nipm cho phep lam sdng td cac "quan hp xdc dinh" md eae ea nhan tdt yeu tham gia vao dd "dl sdn xudt su tdn tgi xa hOi cda hg" (Marx) Dugc trang bi bdng cac edng cu cua thing kd, cda md ta dan tOc hgc, hay cda md hinh hda hmh thdc, ngudi quan sat td bdn ngoai c6 till dyng lai dang thdc phdn chia xd hgi khdng vdn cd thi td chuc nhfing hdnh vi ung tac eiia cdc tac nhdn boat dOng thyc tiln cda hp (Bourdieu, 1980b: 89, dan theo Bourdieu va Wacquant, Reponses, 1992: 17) vd quylt dinh nhfing quy tdc khdch quan ma hg tuan thu Trd ngai chinh ciia quan dilm khach quan chu nghia Id, thay vi dua mOt nguydn ly chung ciia eac quy tac nay, nd mudn dua md hinh vdo thyc tien, vat thi hda cdc cdu tnic ma nd tao coi chiing nhu la nhung thuc thi dde lap cd khd ndng hdnh ddng theo each cua cdc tdc nhan lich sd Khi nha phan tich chi gian don thyc thi md hinh da dugc tao bdi chinh minh, chu nghia khach quan ddn tdi sy phdng chilu ddu cac tdc nhdn mOt each nhin kinh vipn vl thyc tien vi td ddu, phuang phdp tu da ne tidnh cai kinh nghipm ma cae tac nhdn cd v l nd Vi thi quan dilm phd hdy mdt phan ciia hien thyc ma nd mudn nam bdt tiong chinh su van dOng la nai nd nam bat hidn thyc dd De tidnh roi vao eai bay quy gian luan nay, mOt khoa hgc v l xd hOi phdi thda nhan rang each nhin va nhihig ly giai ciia cae tac nhdn la mOt td khdng the thieu cua toan bO hipn thuc cua the gidi xa hOi Chdc chdn rdng xa hpi ludn cd mpt eau tnic khach quan, nhung dilu ciing khdng kem phdn hiln nhien la no eiing dugc tgo nen, theo cau ndi ndi tilng cua Schopenhauer, bdng "bilu trung va y chi" Cae ca nhan cd mOt nhgn thdc thyc tien vl thi gidi va hp thi hipn cai nhgn thdc thuc tiln cac hogt dOng thdng thudng cua hp Trong P Bourdieu eho rang quan dilm chu quan cua kidn tgo ludn dugc diln dat dudi mOt hinh thuc ddy du nhdt trilt hpc hien sinh cua J.P Sartie va duge bdo ve bdi phuong phap ludn ddn tOe hpc vdi biln the la chu nghia vdn hda vd ly thuylt lua chgn ly cua nd gdn vdi tinh khach quan cua ti^t ty thd hai Trai vdi chu nghTa khach quan cdu triic luan, quan didm chu quan hay "kien tgo ludn" ndy khdng dinh rdng hiOn thuc xa hOi Id mOt "su thyc hiOn ngdu nhien vd lien tyc" ciia cdc tdc nhdn xd hOi cd ndng lyc ludn kiln tgo thi gidi xd hpi thdng qua cac "thuc tien cd td chdc cua cuOc song hang cda hp (Garfinkel, 1967: 11) Qua nhfing each nhin hien tugng lu^n xd hpi ndy, xa hOi xudt hipn nhu Id sdn phdm eua cac quylt dinh, cdc hanh vi, xac nhan sy nhan thdc ciia eac cd nhan cd y thdc ma vdi hp thi gidi trd nen quen thuOc vd cd y nghTa Sy ddng gdp cua each nhin ndm d ch5 nd thda nhan su ddng gdp cda tri thdc thong thudng va nhfing nang lyc thuc tien ciia cac tac nhan eho su sdn xudt Uen tyc cua xd hgi; nd dem lai vi tri dich thyc cho cac tac nhdn, cho hO thdng nhihig quan nipm chung va phu hgp dugc chdng minh ve mdt xd hpi, ma qua dd cd nhan ddu tu y nghia vao cdi "thi gidi dugc cdm nhdn" cua hg Trong md hinh tu khoa hgc cda P Bourdieu, cimg nhu M.Weber, dng tip tnmg tim hilu nhfing hanh vi xa hgi cda ngudi nhu mOt ylu t l trung gian dl hidu, ddng thdi 100 Tiip can cdu trdc vd tiip cgn vdn hoa cac cdu tnic tinh thdn quylt dinh nhiing hdnh vi xd hpi cda cdc nhdm edc cdu tnic xd hdi xdc dinh ciing nhu dnh hudng ciia cdc cdu true xd hOi ddn cdc cau true tinh thdn vd cac hanh vi xa hpi ciia hg Nd ciing phai lam sang td cac luge dd nhdn thdc vd danh gia ma cae tdc nhdn su dyng cude sdng hdng ngdy cda hg Chinh d ddy chung ta g|ip gd gia thuylt cdn ban thu hai ma xa hgi hpc cua Bourdieu dinh vi d dd: cd mdt sy tuong ddng giua cau true xd hdi va cac cau tnic tinh than, gifia nhfing phdn chia khach quan ciia till gidi xd hdi, nhdt la gifia nhfing ke thing tri vd bi tii tiong nhfing ITnh vyc khde nhau, vdi nhfing nguyen tdc nhin nhgn va phan chia ma cac tac nhan ap dyng chdng Chinh d day Bourdieu dd trinh bay Igi va khdi qudt hda y tudng ban ddu, dugc neu bdi Durkheim vd Mauss (1963) tiong nghidn edu kinh dien cda hg vao nam 1903 vl "Mpt sd hinh thdc phan logi nguyen thuy", theo dd cac he thong nhan thdc cd hieu lyc cac xa hpi nguydn thuy sinh td cdc hd thing xa hdi cda hg; cac pham trii nhan thue lam gia dd cho cac bieu trung tap the ludn dugc td chdc theo can true xa hOi cda cac nhdm Bourdieu md rOng ludn dl cua Durkheim vl "thuylt xa hdi trung tam" cua cdc he thdng tu tiong bdn hudng: - Thd nhat, dng cho rdng sy tuong ddng gifia cdc cdu tnic nhan thuc vd cdc cdu tnic xd hOi tiong cdc cdng ddng tien tu ban cung tdn tai cac xa hOi tien tiln, noi ma sir tuong ddng cua chung dugc tao chd ylu bdi su van hanh cua he thing trudng hpc - Hai la, nhung phdn chia xa hOi va nhung luge dd tinh thdn tuong ddng vdi vl mat cdu tnic bdi chiing lien ket vdi vl mat logic, cac cdu tnic tinh thdn sinh tii sy tich hgp cua cdc phan chia xa hpi Su phd diln lap di lap lgi cua cdc dilu kien xd hOi da dugc xac dinh m ddu len cac ca nhdn mOt tdng thi nhfing khuynh hudng Idu ddi va cd thS chuydn ddi vdn sinh td nhu eau lam chd tinh thilt ylu eua mdi trudng xd hOi ciia hp, nd ghi vdo ben ca thi cdi sdc y dd dugc cdu tnic hda va nhfing rang buOc td hien thyc ben ngodi Neu nhu cac cdu true ciia tinh khdch quan thuOc trdt ty chii quan thd hai (cdn tinh / habitus) la phien ban dugc ti'eh hgp cua cae cdu tnic cda tinh khdch quan thudc trat tu thd nhat, thi sy phdn tich cdc cdu tnic khach quan Id sy ndi ddi logic cua nd tiong phan tich cac khuynh hudng chu quan va do lam mdt di sy ddi nghich gid tgo thudng dugc xdc lap gifia xd hdi hpc vd tdm ly hpc xd hOi MOt khoa hgc tuong xdng vl xa hOi vi the phai bao ham ddng thdi nhfing cai cd ddc trung cua quy tdc khach quan vd qua trhih tich hgp cua tinh khdch quan theo dd cac nguyen tdc phan chia lien ca nhan va vd thdc ma cac cd nhan vdn dyng tiong cdc tiiyc tien cda hg dugc hinh - Ba la, su tuong ung giua edc cdu tnic xd hdi vd cac cdu tnic tinh thdn tiiyc hi^n cdc chdc nang chinh tii Cdc he thdng bilu tinng khdng chi la cac cdng cy nhan tiidc; chling cdn Id cdc cdng cu thing tri (nhfing y thdc h? theo td vyng cua Marx va cac tiiuylt biOn tiidn flieo td vyng cua Weber) Vdi tu cdch Id nhimg nhdn t l tich hgp nhdn thiic, chling tiiue ddy bdng chinh logic cua chung sy tich hgp xa hdi td mOt tidt ty vd doan: "vipc kit hgp cua cac phgm tin nhan thuc vl thd gidi xd hOi vdn dugc dilu chinh theo cdc phdn chia cua tidt ty da dugc xac I^p (vd, qua dd theo lgi ich cua nhfing ke chi phdi nd) va chung cho tdt ca cac cdu tnic tinh thdn dugc t l chdc phu hgp vai cac cdu tiiie dupe xem la can tiiilt tap till cho sy tii tidt ty xa hOi" (Bourdieu, 1979: 549; 1971b) Cdc Nguyin Due Truyen 101 luge dd phdn logi dugc binh vl mat xa hdi cho phdp ngudi chu ddng kiln tgo xd hgi CO xu hudng tdi hiOn cdc cdu tnic ma chung ndy sinh nhu nhfing du kipn ty nhidn va thiet ylu, hon Id nhihig sdn phdm cd ti'nh ngau nhien ve mat Uch su cua mOt tuang quan luc lugng nhdt dinh giiia eac nhdm (giai cdp, sdc tdc hay gidi) Nhung nlu chung ta ddng y rdng cdc hp thong bilu trung la cdc san phdm xa hOi tgo thi gidi, rdng chling khdng dung lgi d su phan anh cac quan hp xa hpi md cdn gdp phdn tao nen chiing, chling ta huge phdi thda nhdn rdng, nhiing gidi hgn nhat dinh, chiing ta cd thi thay ddi the gidi thay dii bilu trung cda nd - Bdn Id ddt dogn ma Bourdieu thyc hipn vdi vdn de nghien cuu cua Durkheim rang cdc he thing phdn logi tgo nen mpt cugc choi tianh dua, cdi ddi lap cac ca nhan vd cdc nhdm nhung tuong tdc quen thugc cua ddi sdng hang cung nhu tiong cac cugc ddu tranh ca nhdn va t | p the hp tham gia vdo cac ITnh vyc cua chinh tii va ciia sdn xudt van hda (sy the hien vi the xa hOi hien thyc hay bieu tnmg qua tai san, Idi sdng, sy tham gia chinh tri - xa hdi hay chi la cae bieu hien thuan tiiy hinh thdc nhu phong each tieu xdi, mua ban tudc vi hay chgy theo thdi tiang, v.v ) P.Bourdieu Idm phong phu phan tich cdu tnic tinh thdn cua Durkheim td mdt mdn xa hdi hpc logic vd chinh tri cua sy hinh vd sy dp d^it cda cdc hd thong phan logi Cac cau tnic xa hpi va cdc cdu tnic nhdn thdc dugc Hen kit vdi ve quy tac vd cdu tnic, va su tuang ddng gifia chiing vdi dem lgi mOt bao dam chdc chdn nhdt cho sy thing tri xa hdi Cdc giai cdp va cdc tap thi xa hpi ddi khdng khdc ludn cd mat tiong mOt cuOe ddu tranh nhdm dp d2it dinh nghTa vl thi gidi phu hgp nhat vdi nhiing lgi ich ddc thu cua hg Xa hOi hpc v l nhgn thdc hay vl cac hinh thdc vdn hda dd la mgt mdn xa hpi hpe vl ehinh tri, tdc xa hOi hgc v l quyen lyc bilu trung Tai lieu tham khdo Bourdieu, P., Loic LD.Wacquant 1992 Reponses, Pour une aniropologie reflexive Paris, Seuil Durkheim, E., M Mauss 1903 De quelques formes primitives de classification (contribution i I'^tude des representations collectives), L'anneeSociologique Durkheim, Emile 1897 Le Suicide : ilude de sociologie, Paris, F^lix Mean Halbwaehs, Maurice 1930 The Causes of Suicide Paris: F^lix Mean Tenbruck, Friedrich 1979 Les tiches de la sociologie de la culture, Trivium Oittp://trivium.revues.org/4386), la: Kolner Zeitschrift Jiir Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 1979:399-421 Tran D6c Thio 1993 Logique du Present vivant Paris (Tic phIm culi cdng tni6c mat, de t^ng Giio su P Bourdieu) Weber, Florence 1989 Le Iravail-d-cdle Etude d'ehnographie ouvriere Paris, INRA,EHESS  ... thu yeu tu khoa hpc thyc chdng vdn chi phdi thyc tien nghien euu xa hdi hgc tu nd xuat hipn den Trong mgt nghien cuu ve "Cac nhipm vy ciia xa hOi hgc van hda", Friedrich H Tenbruck cho rdng xde... the nao din cac he thdng hanh vi xa hOi cda hg (ly thuyet ve "trudng hoat ddng" cua P Bourdieu) Trong bdi canh dd, nhidm vy chu yeu cda xa hdi hgc vdn hda la dgt Idn hang ddu cai thuc te bi che... gifia cdc hien tugng van hda Mdi lien he chung dd chinh la ngudn glc cua cac hipn tugng vdn hda: "Trong tinh da dgng cda chdng, cdc hien tugng vdn hda cd chung mpt ngudn gdc Tdt cd diu la nhiing