70- \ TAP CHI KHOA HQC SO (24) 2012 uir V' '^ MOI QUAN HE GIUA XHAN THlTC LUAN, QUAN DIEM LY THUYET, PHl/ONG PHAP LUAN VA PHU'ONG PHAP TRONG NGHIEN CtTU XA H O I TS Nguyen Xudn NghTa' TOM TAT Tir nhiing thdc mdc, khd khdn vi mat ly thuyet vd phuang phdp lugn sinh vien gap phdi ldm nghiin cdu khoa hqc hdi viit tim hieu moi quan he giua bon thdnh to chinh yeu nghien cuu xa hoi: nhdn thirc ludn, quan diem ly thuyit, phuang phdp ludn vd phuang phdp Mdi quan he giiia mqt so bon thdnh td co the cd tinh xu hudng nhung khong mang tinh tdt dinb Bdn thdnh to trin tdc dgng ro ret lin sdn phdm nghien cuu Viic phoi hgp cdc thdnh to ndy tgo cdc logi hinh rdt da dgng nghiin cuu xa hgi Tir khda: Nghien ciiu xi hdi, mau hinh qui chieu, nhin ibiic lu^n, quan didm ly thuydt, phuang phap luan, phuong phip ABSTRACT *'From the theoretical and methodological questions and difficulties that students encounter when doing research, this article explores the relationship between four key elements in the social research: epistemology theoretical perspective, methodology and methods The relationship between some of the four elements can be tendancies but nondeterministic These four elements clearly impact on many aspects of research product The combination of these elements generate diver.se forms of social research Key words: Social research, paradigm, epistemology, theoretical perspective, methodology, methods DAT VAN DE Trong mdt thim ciia chung tdi ve cac kbd khin thyc bidn nghidn cuu ciia sinh vidn xa hdi hgc, Trudng Dai dd tri ldi, nbung that kbdng nhu v^y, ^^ ^f vin dd d day la hidu kbai nidm "ly dmydt", "pbuong phap" nbu thd nao, d d p dp nao? ^^ ^.^I"'- " ^ ' ' ' f ^ l''" "^ ' ^ ' nam ba diuong neu len nhung kho khan ve cac ky thuat nghien cmi (ban hdi, tiep can dot t u g n g ) Trong smh vien nam ba, nam tu cbo biet khd khan ldn nhat la lam die nao not ket dugc cac dii kien tbSu thap dugc ym ly thuyet Trong thdi gian gan day, mgt em sinh vien goi email bdi; Thua Tbay, mgt cdng Uinh, phuong pbapnghiencm nao (dinb lugng hay dinh d l ! k i r , r ? I - T ' " " ''""'• " dung khong? Cau ho, thoat «en xem "f™"8 "-et nu quyen - Ly thuydt hiu hicn dai - Cac ly thuyet ctia cac bp mdn, chuyen nganh - w * Phutmg phap luan (3) Phuong phap (cu the) (4) - Nghien ciiu thyc - Ban hdi nghidm - Phin tich thdng ke • Nghien cuu dieu tra - Quan sal tham gia'' -Dan tpc hoc nhinhpc khdng tliam gia - Ly thuydt dat trdn du: -PVsau [den thiTC dja (grounded - Cich chpn mau tlieor>') • Thang - Nghien cuu hidn tirpng • PV nhdm lieu diem luan • Trudng hgp dien ciiu - Nghien cuu hanh ddng - PV tieu sir • Nghien ctiu tren quan - Tu thuat diem nir quydn - Cac phuong phao dan • Phan tich didn ngdn tpc hoc thi giac • w - Phan tich ihdng kc - Phan lich ddi chieu - Ban dd nhan Ihirc - Phin tich tu lieu - Phan tich npi dung • Phan tich dam thoai -w Nffiion- Nguyen Xudn Nt^hia tong her/? Crotti(I99}i) CarlL'i: Little (2007) Bnnian (20QH) SaunJL'M i t ^ w Tlwnihill (2()09f Trong vide di tim sach luge phu hpp de thyc hidn cac muc tidu cupc nghidn ciiu, rat nhidu kbi cac pbuong phap luan cd san cd thd giup ta Nhung ciing cd trudng hgp ngudi nghien ciiu phai ddi chidu nhidu phuong phap lu(in dd tao phuang phap luan tbich hgp nbai vdi nghien cim ciia minh Ngudi nghidn ciiu phii co dau dc bidn chiing cd quan didm ly tbuyet di ddi vdi phuang phap luan vi cac pbuong phip, nhung ciing cd nhQng ly thuydt khdng di ddi vdi mdi phuang phap luin nao, vi du ly thuydt gin nhan (labeling theorj') nghien ciiu hanh vi lech lac, hay ly thuydt the tuc boa lanh vyc tdn giao khdng nhat thiet di kem vdi nhiing phucmg phap luan, vdi cac phuang phip nhat djnh nao Cbiing la da dc cap cac mdi quan he lir trai sang phai vi tii pbai sang trii Chiing ta cung ed the thay cic hudng quan he tii tren xudng vi tu dudi len (cot 2) Hay ndi each kbac cd the phdi hgp hai quan diem '.Vhtiu Mch vi phuang phdp nghiSn cuu di cgp den nhiing vdn di ban the lugn (oniology), song sung vin nhung vdn di nhgn thuc ludn Ban thi lugn td b() man nghien cuu ve hiru thi (being), ve thuc tai (reality) Nhiiu van di bdn thi ludn vd nhdn ihvc lugn hod Idn van han nSa trvng tdi quan dtem ly ihuyei cOng da the hipn cdc casa bdn thi lugn, vd vi khang gian giai hgn cua hdi bag nin chiing ldi khong tdch cdc van di bdn thi lugn thdnh mgt mut neng Tmng gido trinh cua Saunders Le>vis vd Tht»ithill cdc tdc gid frinh bdy bon khuynh hudng iriit h^ic ty ihuyit thuv chung, ly thuyit ihuc, Iv thuvit hen gidi (inierpretivam) va ihuyel ihtc dyng (pragmatism) trin ca bmh di^n bdn thii lugn vd nhgn thuc turn (Stntnders, Lewis vd ThamhUI 2009 tr 1011-119) TAP CHf KHOA HOC Sc5 (24) 2012 pbuong phap luan Habermas di uanh luan vdi nha thdng dien bgc Hans-Georg Gadamer dd hinh thinh thdng didn hgc phd phan (critical hermeneuties) Chiing ta ciing nghe thay ly thuyet nii quydnphd phan, nii quydn hau hidn dai (postmodemist feminism) hay ly thuydt phd phan hiu hidn dai (postmodemist critical theory) BONG GOP, ANH HU'ONG CUA BON THANH T O TREN TRONG NGHIEN ClTU XA H O I J Ddng gdp cua nhdn thuc ludn cho nghien curu xd hpi chu yeu mang tinh ly thuyit Nhtmg day Id dieu khong trdnh khdi cho du nhd nghien cu-u co nhdn thirc duac £eu hay khong Vdi nhd nghien cuu cd tinh phan tu cao, thi se tich cjfc chu dgng ung dung quan diim nhgn thuc lugn da chgn lua vdo nghiin cuu, Vdi nhd nghien cuu it tinh phdn tu vd day Id diiu thudng xdy ra, cho dit khong y thuc, nhung tiin hdnh nghien cuu - co nghta Id tham gia qud trinh tgo kiin thdc - thi cung da mgc dinh thi ndo Id kiin thuc, no dttgrc cau tgo nhu thi ndo Va tir dd, nhan thuc luan inh hudng sau dam quan didm, quan he gida ngudi nghidn cim va ddi tugng khao sat, xem ddi tugng khio sit ed vai trd thy ddng hay chu ddng tham gia vao cugc nghidn ciiu Nhu vay nhan thuc luan inh hudng ddn each thiic tbd bipn tinh ehat eiia cac phuang phip Cuoi ciing, nhan thue luan anh hudng ddn hinh thiie, each thiic ldn tieng, trinh biy ciia phuang phap (Hinh 1) S.2 Dong gdp cda quan diim ly thuyit cho nghiin cuu Khi chpn lya mgt phuang phap luan, ta da ed mdt sd gii dinh Chiing ta ein lap luan nhiing g i i dmh li gl Diy chinh la dieu duge tbuc hidn dua mdt quan didm ly thuydt Ly thuydt dua lap luan ve nhirng gii djnh ta gin cho nhidm vu nghidn ciiu va phan anh phuang phip luin ta da hieu v i sii dyng Lay thi du, tidn hanh mgt dd tii tbeo ldi nghidn ciiu dan tdc hpe vi thau thip dii kidn bang quan sat tham gia, ta da dya vao nhung g i i dinb nao tien hanh nhu vay? Vdi pbuong phap quan sat tham gia, ta da cd nhung gia dinh vd ngdn ngiJ (phai hidu ngdn ngff Mpi ngudi dimg trdn I sip irudng cua ddi tugng k h i o sit), vd nhiing vin nhin thtic luan khac sd chgn lya dd lien chii the (intersubjectivity) (ta nhiing phuang phap luin khic Lay pbii hidu ddi tugng tu quan didm, kinh thi dy mpt nha nghien edu X nghien ciiu nghipm ciia hg), ve giao tiep (phai diau ve vide hiit thuoc li nidn Ndu hidu y nghia bdn trong, nbung suy nghT nha nghidn cihi diing tren quan diem thyc chu quan ciia ddi tugng ) Tai ta cbiing quan nidm cd thd ngbien ciiu mdt xem nh&ng gia dinh la quan trgng v i each khach quan vd kidn thirc, hanh vi, thai bidn minh cbiing nbu the nio? Bing cich dp, nidm tin eua ngudi dang hut thuoc li thi trinh bay quan didm Iy thuydt eua chiing ed thd tidn hanh mdt cupc didu tra kidn-thaita - nghia la cii nhin ciia ta vd thd gidi hanh-tin (KAPB survey; K: knowledge A: ngudi, vd ddi sdng xa hgi - va dd attitude P: practice, B: beUef) Nhung ndu chinh la ca sd ciia nhirng gia dinb Trong nhi nghidn ciiu cho ring \ipc hiit thuoc la vi du vua ndu, la Iy tbuydt tuang tic nidn la bieu hidn cua mpt pban bidu tugng (symbolic interaeiionism) ma ldp vin hoi (subculmre) mudn ty khang lip luan can ban la muon bidu dugc ddi dinb minh nha nghidn cuu cd thd theo ldi tugng khao sit ta pbai dat minb v i o vi tri tidp can nban hoc hay theo ly thuyet dat ca ciia bg, dd bidu dugc nhirng iing xii suy sd trdn dit klen thuc dia (grounded thetHy) nghT ciia hp dd lim hidu GIAO DUG - XA HOI Nhu va)' quan diem Iy thuydt cd vai phip Nd cdn ndi ket phuong phap luan va trd to Idn vide bidn minh cho vide nhin tbiic luan cua nghidn ciiu chem lya phuang phap luan vi phuang Hinh ADH hirdng nhan thirc luan, qnan diem ly thuyet, phirimg phap loan va phircmg phap doi voi nghien cihi xa hpi NHAN THUC LUAN - Quan he ngudi nc & ddi tugng dugc nc - The hipn sin pbam 3.3 Ddng gdp cua phuong phdp ludn doi vdi nghiin cuu Thdng thudng cic nghidn eiiu, cd nhan xet "Phuang phip luin niy dugc chgn thich hgp vdi mye tidu va cau hdi nghien ciiu", that tic ddng la hai chidu, phuang pbap luan anh hudng qua lai vdi muc tidu ngbien cihi, cau hdi nghidn ciiu vi thidt kd cupc nghidn cuu Trd lai nghidn ciiu vd hiit tbudc li trdn diy, ndu nhi nghidn ciiu chpn phucmg phip Iu|n dan tpc hpe thi xem vide hut tbudc la bidu hidn ciia phan ldp van boa nhi nghien ciiu se chpn mdt nbdm nidn biit tbudc li ciia mdt tnrdng, mpt td chiic dd lim ''tbuc dia" xam nb|ip Ndu nha nghidn euu chpn ndi tidp can hidn tugng luan thi se di tim ban chat, y nghTa cua kinh nghiem hiit tbudc la cua cac ci nhin liia tudi thanb nidn Neu ebpn ly tbuydt dit co sd tren dir kien thyc dia (grounded theory) tbi nba nghien cuu cd gang binh thanb mdt ly thuyet cy tbd vd vide hiit thude la d Ida tudi Ndu chpn ldi nghien ciiu hanh ddng (action research), ngudi nghidn ciiu se nham thay ddi vide hut tbudc li d mdt cgng ddng, mdt nhdm ihanh nien nao dd Nbuno n^uge Iai, mye tidu cau hdi vi viec thidt ke nghien ciiu ciing chi phdi chpn lua phuong pbap luan Trong nghidn ciiu vide hut thude li, ndu nhi nghidn ciiu chii trgng tim hidu van hoi ban la nbiing ea nhan thi se khdng chgn hidn tugng luin hay cac phuang phap luin ty sy (narrative methodologies), mi cd the chgn lya loi tidp can dan tdc hoc TAP CHf KHOA HOC SO (24) 2012 Pbuong phip luin cung inh hudng cac hoat ddng eiia tidn trinh nghidn curu Lay thi du, neu chpn ly thuydt dat ca sd trdn du kidn thue dia thi phai chpn mau theo ly thuydt (theoretical sampling), vdi hidn tugng luin va cac phuang phap luan ty sy viec chpn mau li kbdng bd budc 3.4 Donggop cua phuffng phdp cho cugc nghiin ciru Cac pbuong phap giup vide chon raaii thaii'thap, xii ly dir kidn phan lich va viet bao cao Trong nghidn cuu dinh lugng cac budc udn cd thd lich bidt va tuin ty didn theo dudng thing Nhung nghidn ciiu dinb tinh cac budc tren ndn hinh dung theo nhirng chu ky nhd lap lai, bdi le nguydn tac "phin tich trdn thyc dja" ("in spot analysis") cd the dua ddn vide dat lai gia thiel diliai each chpn mau Ddng gdp cua phucmg phap cd tinh thyc tidn nd quydt djnh san pham cudi ciing cua cudc nghidn cuu Ciing mdi de iai nghien ciiu, ciing mpt sich lirge ngbien ciru dinh lugng, nhung ndu chi chpn lya su dung dii lieu thdng kd cd san se eho mdt sin pham khii: vdi viec su dyng ban hdi Ciing vay vdi nghidn ciiu dinb linh ndu sir dung phdng van nhdm tidu didm thay vi phdng vin sau ci nhin, phdng van qua email thay vi didn ddi dien, quan sat thay cho sir dung m lipu se cho nbung dii kidn kbic Remy va Ruquoi cho la mpt thi du, cdng mdt van ban, su dung ba phuong phip phan tich ndi dung khic di cho nhirng kdt qua, Idi nhin khic (Remy, Ruquoi, 1990) Do do, chpn lua phuang phap, phai xic dinh ro muc tidu six dung ddng thdi phii ngbidm tiic thao tac SV* PHAN CHIA TRUYEN THONG GltTA NGHIEN ClTU DINH LU"QTVG VA DINH TINH VA NHLT*NG VAN Bt DO s y PHAN CHIA NAY DATRA 4.1 Tinh tutfng doi ctia su phdn chia truyin thong Co su phan bidt giiJa ngbien eiru dinh lugng va dinh linh nbung suphan bidt dugc xem nhu la nhirng sach luge (strategies) vi chi xiy trdn binh didn phuang phap Cac sich giio khoa ve phuang phap deu phan nghien euu dinh lugng gin lidn vdi cac phuang phap dinh lugng va nghidn cuu dinh tinh gin vdi cac phuang phap dinh tinh v i xem hai loai nghien ciiu niy tuang phin That sy phan bidi cd tinh each qui udc va tuong ddi Sir phin bidt cung nhic khdng cdn dupc bipn minh, bdi le "Hau nbu cac phuimg phap lugn ma chiing ta bidt dudi dang la '"nghidn ciiu dinh tinh" qua khii da dugc thyc hidn iiigt each hoan loan ihyc nghidm va tbyc chiing" (Crotti, 1998, Ur.15), liy thi du, Idi tidp cgn quy nap phan lich (analytic induction)- mgi idi tiep can djnh linh - da khdi dau lir y thyc chiing (Nguyen Xuan NghTa, 2011, tr 24-33) Sy phan bidt nghien ciru dinh lugng vi dmh tinh trudc day dugc dat ca sd trdn quan diem nhan thuc lugn khach thd va chu the, nhung ngiy cd nhidu quan diem nban thue luan va chiing eung kbdng dga trdn sy phan bidt rach rdi nhu Irdn Cic quan didm ly tbuydt, bj chi phdi bdi logic md (fuzzy logic) Quan didm thuc thua nhan tri Ihuc chap nhan dugc la nhung hien tugng quan sat dupc, nhung ddng thdi ihCra nhan vai trd cua cam giac, cua bdi eanh chi phdi nbiing hidn tugng Quan didm thyc dung di xa hon chu truang hidn tugng ta quan sit dugc v i y nghia chd quan ddu li uhim^ nhin tbuc cd the chap nhin dugc, vin de quan trpng la d ciu hdi nghidn cim Nhin tbiic luin cbii trgng tinh thyc tien, hdi nhip tit ca quan didm nao giup ly glai dii kidn (Saunders, 2009 tr 120) Ngay ca md hinh khoa bpe ty nhidn cung khdng cdn ddc tdn ly thuydt ihyc cbiing m i cdn chap nhan quan diem tbuc va ngugc lgi, chu truang ciia nghidn cim dinh tinh la ly thuydt phai xuat phit tu dii kidn thi thyc diy eung la '1y thuydt thyc chiing dugc che giau" ("''covert positivism") (Bryman, 2008, tr 589) GIAO DUC - XA HGI Cae ly thuyet dugc dua ciia cae nha xi hgi hgc ndi tidng gan diy nhu P Bourdieu vdi ly tbuydt ve tap U'nb (habitus) Iy thuyet ciu tnic phai sinh (structuralisme genetique) hay A Giddens vdi thuydt ciu true boa (stru duration) ddu li nhiing ed gang vugi ldn nban thuc luan nbi nguydn ehu tbd hay khach thd (Bourdieu 1980; Giddens, 2009 ir 89-90) thay khdng cd tuang quan giua nghidn ciiu dinh lugng vi dinh tinh vdi cic md hinh ly tbuydt Ritzer dua (2000 u 630632) Cung vay, nam 1986, Piatt lam mdt nghien ciiu Hch su vd xa hdi hgc My vi ndu rd ngudi ta da cudng didu mdi lien he tbudng de cap giiia ly thuyet ehiic nang vdi thuyet thyc cbiing vi didu tra xi hdi hoc (Bryman, 2008 tr.593) Trdn binh didn phuang phip luin, mdt phuang phap luan xemravin cd the tdn tgi bai quan didm nhan thue luin ddi nghich Trong ly thuyet dit ea sd trdn dii kipn thue dia (grounded theor>') ddng tbdi tdn tai quan didm khich thd ciia Strauss va Glaser va quan didm kidn tao luan cua Charmaz (Bryman, 2008, tr 548550; Nguydn Xuin NghTa 2010, tr.l7) 4.2 Cac phvong phap hon hop: phdi hop nghien cvu dinh lirgng va dinh tinh Cac nghien eiiu theo phuang phap hdn bgp cang gia tang, nhung khdng cd nghTa cac nha nghien ciiu deu chap nhan xu budng Nbung ngudi ehdng ddi vide phdi hgp nghien ciiu djnh lugng vdi nghien cuu dinh tinb dua ly ve nhirng rio cin vd ban the luin va nhin thtic luan cua hai ldi nghien ciiu niy: cbung ddi nghich va khdng thd phdi bgp Ngugc lai nhirng ngudi chu truong phdi hgp hai phuang phap quan niem rang mdi phuang phap thau thip du kien dinb lugng va dinh tinb ddu cd uu khuyet didm, ndn cin phdi hgp dd ban cbd bdt cae khuydt diem Hg ciing thira nhin hai ldi nghien ciiu trdn cd nhirng gii dinh nhan thiic luin khac nbung didu dd khdng hoan loan ciing nhac Hon nira, so vdi nhin thuc luan nhidu phuang phap mang linb trung lap phi Iy thuyet (atheorelical) va cd tinh ddc lap (Bryman, 2008, tr 606: Carter, 2007, tr 1324) Tir nhiing nam 1980, sy phit trien cua khuynh hudng nir quydn phd phin Idi nghien eiiu dinh lugng lai cang gia tang khuynh hudng phdi hpp cae pbuong phip Pourtois vi Desmet eudn sach vd phuang pbip luin cua minh ciing khang dinh, nen vugt qua Idi nhin "hoac li dinb Iugng hoac fa dinh tinb" (Pourtois, Desmet, 2007, ir I) Tdm lai, "Li nguy hiem ndu xem hai truydn thdng (dinh lugng va dinh tinh) nhu li hai "ehien tuyen" vdi cac ldi tidp can ngbien ciiu hoan loan khic nhau" (Giddens 2009 tr 49) Vd mat phuang phip, van cd quan nipm phuang phap dinh tinh - vi nhu, quan sat tham gia, phdng van sau - cho ta nim bit dugc y nghTa, suy nghT ciia ngudi dugc nghien eiiu va pbuong phap dinh lugng vi du ban hdi, cd sd trudng giup ta nim bit cac sy kidn, hinh vi khach quan The nhung viec sir dung cac tbang thii dp nhu thang Likert, cho phep ta ludng thii dp va qua dd tim hidu nhGng chuan mye gia tri (tiic la nhung y nghTa bdn trong) chl phdi ngudi tra lot Ky tbuat phan ti'ch nhan td li mdt kJ thuat thdng kd nhung nd cung cho ta khim pba eai Idgie ding sau cac lap luan Phuang phip phan tieh npi dung (content analysis) ihudng duge ung dung eho cac diJ kidn dinh tinh nhung phin ticb tin sd xuat bidn cua cac tir chii dd lai cho phep ta dinh lugng boa cac vin ban Nhu viy mdi lidn he giua nhan thiic luan, ly thuydt, phuang phap luin va phucmg phap khdng ed tinli lit djnh (deterministic) Ddi vdi mdt sd phuong pbap, mdi lidn hp niy li mpt xu hudng va rang budc giita chiing la kbdng chat che Nam 1976, Snizek da thdng kd 1.434 bai bao tren cac tap chi xa hdi hge My va cho 78 TAP CHf KHOA HOC S6 (24) 2012 Khuynh hudng su dung cac phuang nhiing loi nhin khac dd ngudi hpe phip hdn hgp nga>' cang dugc thira nhin bidt phe phin, nhung ddng thai cung cdi va phat tridn Nam 2003 A Tashakkori md chap nhin nhtrng quan didm diing din va C Teddlie viet cudn Sdch hudng ddn cua.ngudi khac Tinh thin niy cdn giiip ve phucmg phdp hon h(rp nghienngudi nghien cim bd ldi nhin giao dieu va cuu xa hgi vd hdnh vi ("Handbook of cd thd cd nhiing chpn lya sach luge thich Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral hgp cho van de nghidn ciiu ciia ridng minh Research", Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage) Nim 2007, tgp chi quoc te Joumal of TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Mixed Methods Research (Tap chi Cac Bourdieu R (1980), Le Sens Pratique phuang phap nghien eiiu hdn hgp) ddi Paris, Minuit Creswell, mgt cac tdng bidn tap cua Bryman A (2008), Social Research tap chi da cho thay phuong phap hdn Methods, 3"^ Edit, Oxford Univ Press bgp da phit tridn nhieu nginh khoa hoc xi hdi vi hanh vi, cing di siu vio cac Biii Tbd Cudng (eb) (2010), Phumg vin de eo bin nhu nban thiic lu^in, pbuong Phdp Nghien Cuu - Xd Hoi vd Lich phip lu^ (Creswell, 2008, 2009) Su Nxb Tu Didn Bach Khoa Ngiy nay, tuang quan vdi 4.CaiterS.M.,LittleM.(2007), "Justifying phuang phip, cic nghien ciiu cd thd di Knowledge, Justifying Method, theo mpt ba hudng: dan phuong taking Action: Epistemologies, phap (mono-method), da phuong phip Methodologies and Methods in (multiple-method) vi phuang phap hdn qualitative Research", Qualitative hgp (mixed method) (Saunders va tgk, Health Research, 17-2007 2009, tr 138, 152 ) Vd phuong phip hdn Chatterjee A (2011), "Ontology, hgp, cic tac gia ciing dua phin loai cac Epistemology and Multimethod logi hinh phuang phap hdn hgp dya trdn Research in Political Sciences" cac tidu chi: a) phai chgn hoic phuong phip Philosophy of Social Sciences, dinh Iugng hay djnh tinh, phuang phip nio August la chi'nh ydu, b) phuang phap nio se dugc Creswell J.W (2009) "Mapping the Field tidn hanh trude hay tien hinh song song of Mwed Methods Research", Joumal Cung da ed bii vidt bing phuong phap of Mixed Methods Research, N phan tich ngi dung da lidt kd cac phuang Creswell J W (2008) "Mbced thd phdi hgp hai loai phuang phip trdn, Methodology Across Disciplines" vi nhu: kidm tra eheo (triangulation), bd Joumal of Mixed Methods Research N sung cho (completeness), phat yidn cdng cu (instrument development), minh Crotti M (1998), The Foundations of hog (illustration), khing dinh vi kham pha Social Research Sage Publications (confirm and discover) (Bryman, 2008, Giddens A (2009), Sociology 6"' tr 607-608; Saunders, 2009, tr 152) Polity Nhiing dii kien trinh biy trdn eho 10 Cuba E., Lincoln Y (1994), thay mdi quan be giija nhin thiic luin, "Competing Paradigm in (Qualitative quan didm ty thuyet, phuong phip luan va Reseaerch", N K Denzin & phuong phap uong nghidn cuu xi bdi la Y S Lincohn (eds) Handbook of da chidu va da dang Do viy, truydn Qualitative Research London, Sage dgt kidn thuc ve phuang phap nghidn ciiu, 11 Hall B., Kirsten H (2008) "A can trinh bay vi cung cip cho ngudi hpe Synergistic Approach - Condicting GIAO DUC - XA HOI Mixed Methods Research with Typological and Systemic design" Journal of Mixed Methods Research N 12 Morgan D L (2007) "Paradigms Lost and Pragmatism Regained: Methodological Implications of Combining Qualitative and quantitative Methods", Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 13 Nguydn Xuin Nghia (2010), Ly thitydt dgt ca sd trdn dG kien tbyc dia: trmb bay vi so sanh vdi mdt sd tidp can dinh tinh Tgp chi Khoa hgc Xdh0is69{U5) 14 Nguyen Xuan NghTa (2011), ()ui ngp phin tich: mgt ldi tiep can ciia nghidn ciiu dinh tinb, Tgp chi Khoa hoc Xd hoi sd (149) 15 Pourtois J-P, Desmet H., (2007), Epistemologie et Instrumentation en Sciences Humaines Liege, Madaga 16 Remy J., Ruquoi D (eds) (1990), Methodes d'analyse de contenu et sociologie Bruxelles : Publications des Facultes Universitaires SaintLouis 17 Ritzer G., (2000), Sociological Theory 5'^ ed Me GrawHiil 18 Rawnsley M (1998), "Ontology, Epistemology and Methodology: a Clarification" Nursing Science Quaterly, 11 19 Saunders M., Lewis P., Thomhill A (2009), Research Methods for Business Students, 5* ed., Prentice Hall 20 Schwandt TA (2001), Dictionary ofQualitatve Inquiry, 2'"' Thousand Oaks, Sage Ngudi viet: Nguyen Xuan NghTa, giing vien Khoa XHH & CTXH DTDD: 0908890504 Email: nguyenxngbia@yahoo.com ... nha nghidn cihi diing tren quan diem thyc chu quan ciia ddi tugng ) Tai ta cbiing quan nidm cd thd ngbien ciiu mdt xem nh&ng gia dinh la quan trgng v i each khach quan vd kidn thirc, hanh vi,... cua hiiu thi- thuyit khdch Ihi quan mem cd mot ihvt tgi ben ngodi khdch quan vd OQC Igp v&i cdc lac nhdn xd h^i Thuyil chu thi quan niim ^h^tc lgi mang tinh cku quan bi chiphiji bdi y thuc cua... tugng ta quan sit dugc v i y nghia chd quan ddu li uhim^ nhin tbuc cd the chap nhin dugc, vin de quan trpng la d ciu hdi nghidn cim Nhin tbiic luin cbii trgng tinh thyc tien, hdi nhip tit ca quan